Abstract
Male and female reproductive systems develop in close relation to the urinary tract. Until approximately 7 weeks gestation, the human embryo remains sexually bipotential. Subsequently, in males, testis-inducing factors cause differentiation from the default female phenotype. As the testis forms, testosterone and other androgens drive the formation of the external genitalia and internal male reproductive structures, while other testicular factors cause regression of female reproductive organ precursors. Androgens also play a role in the descent of the testicles from their origin in the upper abdomen. Germ cells enter an arrested phase of maturation in the first trimester. A surge of testosterone in the neonatal period plays a role in testicular development, but it is not until the largest androgen surge of puberty that gonadarche occurs with the onset of spermatogenesis. In this chapter, we review the formation and maturation of the reproductive system, with an emphasis on hormonal factors and aspects relevant to clinical care of male reproductive patients.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- AGD:
-
Anogenital distance
- AMH:
-
Anti-Müllerian hormone
- CDGP:
-
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty
- CF:
-
Cystic fibrosis
- CFTR:
-
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CGRP:
-
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CSL:
-
Cranial suspensory ligament or cranial mesonephric ligament
- DHT:
-
Dihydrotestosterone
- FSH:
-
Follicle-stimulating hormone
- GnRH:
-
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- INSL3:
-
Insulin-like factor 3
- LH:
-
Luteinizing hormone
- MIS:
-
Müllerian-inhibiting substance
- PGC:
-
Primordial germ cell
- SRY:
-
Sex-determining region of the Y chromosome
- TDS:
-
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome
References
Schmahl J, Eicher EM, Washburn LL, Capel B. SRY induces cell proliferation in the mouse gonad. Development. 2000;127:65–73.
McKenney JK, Heerema-McKenney A, Rouse RV. Extragonadal germ cell tumors: a review with emphasis on pathologic features, clinical prognostic variables, and differential diagnostic considerations. Adv Anat Pathol. 2007;14:69–92.
Terada M, Goh DW, Farmer PJ, Hutson JM. Ontogeny of gubernacular contraction and effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mouse. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29:609–11.
Foresta C, Zuccarello D, Garolla A, Ferlin A. Role of hormones, genes, and environment in human cryptorchidism. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:560–80.
Raman JD, Nobert CF, Goldstein M. Increased incidence of testicular cancer in men presenting with infertility and abnormal semen analysis. J Urol. 2005;174:1819–22.
Jacobsen R, Bostofte E, Engholm G, Hansen J, Olsen JH, Skakkebaek NE, et al. Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. BMJ. 2000;321:789–92.
Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-DeMeyts E, Main KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod. 2001;16:972–8.
Kraft KH, Bhargava N, Schast AW, Canning DA, Kolon TF. Histological examination of solitary contralateral descended testis in congenital absence of testis. J Urol. 2011;187:676–80.
Rey RA, Grinspon RP. Normal male sexual differentiation and aetiology of disorders of sex development. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25:221–38.
Coppens L, Bonnet P, Andrianne R, de Leval J. Adult mullerian duct or utricle cyst: clinical significance and therapeutic management of 65 cases. J Urol. 2002;167:1740–4.
Dork T, Dworniczak B, Aulehla-Scholz C, Wieczorek D, Bohm I, Mayerova A, et al. Distinct spectrum of CFTR gene mutations in congenital absence of vas deferens. Hum Genet. 1997;100:365–77.
Brioude F, Bouligand J, Trabado S, Francou B, Salenave S, Kamenicky P, et al. Non-syndromic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: clinical presentation and genotype-phenotype relationships. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;162:835–51.
Eisenberg ML, Hsieh MH, Walters RC, Krasnow R, Lipshultz LI. The relationship between anogenital distance, fatherhood, and fertility in adult men. PLoS One. 2011;6:e18973.
Berensztein EB, Sciara MI, Rivarola MA, Belgorosky A. Apoptosis and proliferation of human testicular somatic and germ cells during prepuberty: high rate of testicular growth in newborns mediated by decreased apoptosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:5113–8.
Schoenwolf GC, Larsen WJ. Larsen’s human embryology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2009. Chapter 15: Development of the urogenital system. Images modified and/or used with permission from Elsevier.
Yoshida S, Sukeno M, Nakagawa T, Ohbo K, Nagamatsu G, Suda T, et al. The first round of mouse spermatogenesis is a distinctive program that lacks the self-renewing spermatogonia stage. Development. 2006;133:1495–505.
Palmert MR, Dunkel L. Clinical practice. Delayed puberty. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:443–53.
Matsumoto AM, Bremner WJ. Chapter 19: Testicular disorders. In: Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, editors. Williams textbook of endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2012.
Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:724–31.
Barbaro M, Wedell A, Nordenstrom A. Disorders of sex development. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;16:119–27.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rao, P.K., Burnett, A.L. (2013). Development of the Male Reproductive System. In: Kavoussi, P., Costabile, R., Salonia, A. (eds) Clinical Urologic Endocrinology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4405-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4405-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-4404-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-4405-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)