Abstract
One of the most critical events of birth is the conversion of the fluid-filled lung, unimportant to fetal intrauterine existence, into a hollow organ distended with air and capable of gaseous exchange sufficient to support life. Indeed, it has been argued that the major determinant of perinatal survival is respiratory function (Wigglesworth and Desai 1982).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott TR (1968) Complications of prolonged nasotracheal intubation in children. Br J Anaesth 40: 347–353
Ablow RC, Driscoll SG, Effman EL et al. (1976) A comparison of early onset Group streptococcal neonatal infection and the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. N Engl J Med 294: 65–70
Agosti E, Filippi G, Chiussi F (1974) Generalized familial bronchomalacia. Acta Pediatr Scand 63: 616–618
Areechon W, Reid L (1963) Hypoplasia of lung with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Br Med J 1: 230–233
Askenazi SS, Perlman M (1979) Pulmonary hypoplasia: lung weight and radial alveolar count as criteria of diagnosis. Arch Dis Child 54: 614–618
Bale PM (1979) Congenital cystic malformation of the lung. Am J Clin Pathol 71: 411–442
Belmont JR, Grundfast K (1984) Congenital laryngeal stridor (laryngomalacia). Etiologic factors and associated disorders. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 93: 430–437
Benjamin B (1984) Tracheomalacia in infants and children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 93: 438–442
Blanc WA (1976) Commentary: yellow lung in premature infants. J Pediatr 89: 131–132
Bonikos DS, Beusch KG, Northway WH Jr, Edwards DKE (1976) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the pulmonary pathologic sequel of necrotizing bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Hum Pathol 7: 643–666
Booth JB, Berry CL (1967) Unilateral pulmonary agenesis. Arch Dis Child 42: 361–374
Boriewiecke B, Croft CB (1977) Experimental animal model of subglottic stenosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 86: 835–840
Boros SJ, Mammel MC, Lewallen PK, Coleman JM, Gordon MJ, Ophoven J (1986) Necrotizing tracheobronchitis: a complication of high-frequency ventilation. J Pediatr 109: 95–100
Bozic (1969) Lésions dues a l’intubation endotrachéale des nouveau-nés. Helv Paediatr Acta 24: 458–462
Bozic (1974) Ectopic fetal adrenal cortex in the lung of the newborn. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 363: 371–374
Bray RJ, Lamb WH (1988) Tracheal stenosis or agenesis in association with tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia. Anaesthesia 43: 654–658
Brown MJ, Olver RE, Ramsden CA, Strang LB, Walters DV (1983) Effects of adrenaline and of spontaneous labour on the secretion and absorption of lung liquid in the fetal lamb. J Physiol 344: 137–152
Buntain WL, Isaacs H Jr, Payne VC, Lindesmith GG (1974) Lobar emphysema, cystic adenomatoid malformation, pulmonary sequestration, and bronchogenic cyst in infancy and childhood: a clinical group. J Pediatr Surg 9: 85–93
Carrillo P (1985) Palatal groove formation and oral endotracheal intubation. Am J Dis Child 139: 859–880
Cater G, Thibeault DW, Beatty EC Jr, Kilbride HW, Huntrakoon M (1989) Misalignment of lung vessels and alveolar capillary dysplasia: a cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr 114: 293–300
Chellam VG (1988) Rhabdomyomatous dysplasia of the lung: a case report with review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol 8: 391–394
Chen MF, Onerheim R, Wang NS, Huttner I (1991) Rhabdomyomatosis of the newborn lung. Pediatr Pathol 11: 123–129
Chi JG, Shong Y-K (1982) Diffuse striated muscle heteroplasia of the lung. An autopsy case. Arch Pathol Lab Med 106: 641–644
Clements BS, Warner JO (1987) Pulmonary sequestration and related congenital bronchopulmonary-vascular malformations: nomenclature and classification based on anatomical and embryological considerations. Thorax 42: 401–408
Cogbill TH, Moore FA, Accurso FJ, Lilly JR (1983) Primary tracheomalacia. Ann Thorac Surg 35: 538–541
Cole VA, Normand ICS, Reynolds EOR, Rivers RPA (1973) Pathogenesis of haemorrhagic pulmonary edema and massive pulmonary haemorrhage in the newborn. Pediatrics 51: 175–186
Cooke RWI (1991) Factors associated with chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child 66: 776–779
Cooney TP, Thurlbeck WM (1982) The radial alveolar count method of Emery and Mithal: a reappraisal. Thorax 37: 580–583
Cotton RT, Richardson MA (1981) Congenital laryngeal anomalies. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 14: 203–218
de la Monte SM, Hutchins GM, Moore GW (1986) Respiratory epithelial cell necrosis is the earliest lesion of hyaline membrane disease of the newborn. Am J Pathol 123: 155–160
DeVine WA, Debich DE, Anderson RH (1991) Dissection of congenitally malformed hearts, with comments on the value of sequential segmental analysis. Pediatr Pathol 11: 235–260
De Santo LW, De Vine KD, Weiland LH (1970) Cysts of the larynx. Classification. Laryngoscope 80: 145–176
Diaz EM, Adams JM, Hawkins HK, Smith RJH (1989) Tracheal agenesis. A case report and literature review. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 115: 741–745
Domitzio P, Liesner RJ, Dicks-Mireaux C, Risdon RA (1990) Malignant mesenchymoma associated with a congenital lung cyst in a child. Case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol 10: 785–797
Duke PM, Coulson JD, Santos JI, Johnson JD (1976) Cleft palate associated with prolonged orotracheal intubation in infancy. J Pediatr 89: 990–991
Emery JL, Mithal A (1960) The number of alveoli in the terminal respiratory unit of man during late intrauterine life and childhood. Arch Dis Child 35: 544–547
Engellener W, Kaplan C, Van de Vegte GL (1989) Pulmonary agenesis association with non-immune hydrops. Pediatr Pathol 9: 725–730
Erenberg A, Nowak AJ (1984) Palatal groove formation in neonates and infants with orotracheal tubes. Am J Dis Child 138: 974–975
Esterly JR, Oppenheimer EH (1970) Lymphangiectasis and other pulmonary lesions in the asplenia syndrome. Arch Pathol 90: 553–560
Farrell PM, Avery ME (1975) Hyaline membrane disease. Am Rev Resp Dis 3: 657–688
Ferguson MWJ (1991) The orofacial region. In: Wigglesworth JS, Singer DB (eds) Textbook of fetal and perinatalpathology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 843–880
Fisher JE, Nelson SJ, Allen JE, Holzman RS (1982) Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. A unique variant. Am J Dis Child 136: 1071–1074
Floyd J, Campbell DC, Dominey DE (1962) Agenesis of the trachea. Am Rev Resp Dis 86: 557–560
France NE, Brown RJK (1971) Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis. Arch Dis Child 46: 528–532
Frank L, Sosenko IRS (1987) Development of lung antioxidant enzyme system in late gestation: possible implications for the prematurely born infant. J Pediatr 110: 9–14
Frank L, Sosenko IRS (1991) Failure of premature rabbits to increase antioxidant enzymes during hyperoxic exposure: increased susceptibility to pulmonary oxygen toxicity compared with term rabbits. Pediatr Res 29: 292–296
Friedman EM, Vastola P, McGill TJI, Healy GB (1990) Chronic pediatric stridor: etiology and outcome. Laryngoscope 100: 277–280
Gersony WM (1973) Persistence of the fetal circulation. A commentary. J Pediatr 82: 1103–1106
Gibson RL, Redding GJ, Henderson WR, Truog WE (1991) Group Streptococcus induces tumor necrosis factor in neonatal piglets. Am Rev Resp Dis 143: 598–604
Gifford GH Jr, Swanson L, MacCollum DW (1972) Congenital absence of the nose and anterior nasopharynx. Plast Reconstr Surg 50: 5–12
Gorenflo M, Vogel M, Obladen M (1991) Pulmonary vascular changes in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a clinical pathologic correlation in short and long term survivors. Pediatr Pathol 11: 851–866
Gould SJ (1988) The pathology of neonatal endotracheal intubation and its relationship to subglottic stenosis. J Laryngol Otol [Suppl] 17: 3–6
Gould SJ, Howard S (1985) The histopathology of the larynx in the neonate following endotracheal intubation. J Pathol 146: 301–311
Gould SJ, Howard S (1988) Long term pathological sequelae of neonatal endotracheal intubation. J Laryngol Otol 103: 622–625
Gravett MG, Nelson P, DeRouen T, Critchlow C, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK (1986) Independent associations of bacterial vaginosis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection with adverse pregnancy outcome. JAMA 256: 1899–1903
Gupta CM TG, Goldberg SJ, Lewis E, Fonkalsrud EW (1968) Congenital bronchomalacia. Am J Dis Child 115: 88–90
Haidar A, Ryder TA, Wigglesworth JS (1991) Epithelial cell morphology and airspace size in hypoplastic human fetal lungs associated with oligohydramnios. Pediatr Pathol 11: 839–850
Hamilton WJ, Boyd JD, Mossman HW (1972) Human embryology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 291–377
Han RNN, Buch S, Freeman BA, Post M, Tanswell AK (1992) Platelet-derived growth factor and growth-related genes in rat lung. II. Effect of exposure to 85% O2 Am J Physiol 262:L140–146
Hanson JW, Smith DW, Cohen MM (1976) Prominent lateral palatine ridges: developmental and clinical relevance. J Pediatr 89: 54–58
Harding R, Hooper SB, Dickson KA (1990) A mechanism leading to reduced lung expansion and lung hypoplasia in fetal sheep during oligohydramnios. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163: 1904–1913
Harley HRS (1971) Laryngotracheal obstruction complicating tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation with assisted respiration. A critical review. Thorax 26: 493–533
Haworth SG (1988) Pulmonary vascular remodeling in neonatal pulmonary hypertension. State of the art. Chest 93: 133S–138S
Haworth SG, Reid L (1976) Persistent fetal circulation: newly recognized structural features. J Pediatr 88: 614–620
Heithoff KB, Sane SM, Williams HJ (1976) Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. A unifying etiological concept. Am J Roentgenol 126: 46–55
Hislop AA, Howarth SG (1989) Airway size and structure in the normal fetal and infant lung and the effect of premature delivery and artificial ventilation. Am Rev Resp Dis 140: 1717–1726
Hislop AA, Howarth SG (1990) Pulmonary vascular damage and the development of cor pulmonale following hyaline membrane disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 9: 152–156
Hislop A, Reid L (1974) Growth and development of the respiratory system—anatomical development. In: Davis JA, Dobbing J (eds) Scientific foundations of paediatrics. Heinemann Medical, London, pp 214–254
Hislop A, Hey E, Reid L (1979) The lungs in congenital bilateral renal agenesis and dysplasia. Arch Dis Child 54: 32–38
Hislop AA, Wigglesworth JS, Desai R (1986) Alveolar development in the human fetus and infant. Early Hum Dev 1: 1–12
Holder MP, Wooler GH (1970) Tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia: results of 30 years’ experience. Thorax 25: 406–412
Janney CG, Askin FB, Kuhn C 3rd. (1981) Congenital alveolar capillary dysplasia: an unusual cause of respiratory distress in the newborn. Am J Clin Pathol 76: 722–727
Kassner EG, Kauffman SL, Yoon JJ, Semiglia M, Kozinn PJ, Goldberg PL (1981) Pulmonary candidiasis in infants: clinical, radiologic, and pathologie features. Am J Roentgenol 137: 707–716
Keller MA, Sellers BB, Melish ME, Kaplan GW, Miller KE, Mendoza SA (1977) Systemic candidiasis in infants. Am J Dis Child 131: 1260–1263
Khong TY, Frappell J, Steel HM, Stewart CM, Burke M (1986) Perinatal listeriosis. A report of six cases. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 93: 1083–1087
Kitterman JA (1984) Fetal lung development. J Dev Physiol 6: 67–82
Knowles S, Thomas RM, Lindenbaum RH, Keeling JW, Winter RM (1988) Pulmonary agenesis as part of the VACTERL sequence. Arch Dis Child 63: 723–726
Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D, Wigglesworth JS, Furr PM, Evans RT, Elder MG (1987) The role of mycoplasmas, Ureaplasmas and chlamydiae in the genital tract of women presenting in spontaneous early preterm labour. J Med Microbiol 24: 253–257
Landing BH (1984) Five syndromes (malformation complexes) of pulmonary symmetry, congenital heart disease, and multiple spleens. Pediatr Pathol 2: 125–151
Landing BH, Dixon LG (1979) Congenital malformations and genetic disorders of the respiratory tract. Am Rev Resp Dis 120: 151–185
Landing BH, Wells TR (1973) Tracheobronchial anomalies in children. In: Rosenberg HS, Bolande RP (eds) Perspectives in pediatric pathology, vol 1. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 1–32
Langston C, Kida K, Reed M, Thurlbeck WM (1984) Human lung growth in late gestation and in the neonate. Am Rev Respir Dis 129: 607–613
Langston C (1991) Misalignment of pulmonary veins and alveolar capillary dysplasia. Pediatr Pathol 11: 163–170
Laurence KM (1959) Congenital pulmonary lymph-angiectasis. J Clin Pathol 12: 62–69
Liggins GC, Vilos GA, Campos GA, Kitterman JA, Lee CH (1981) The effect of bilateral thoracoplasty in lung development in fetal sheep. J Dev Physiol 3: 275–282
Lim TA, Spanier SS, Kohut RI (1979) Laryngeal clefts: a histopathologic study and review. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 88: 837–845
Loeff DS, Filler RM, Vinograd I et al. (1990) Congenital tracheal stenosis: a review of 22 patients from 1965-1987. J Pediatr Surg 25: 492–495
McDougall J, Smith JF (1975) The development of the human type 2 pneumocyte. J Path 115: 245–251
McMillan WG, Duvall AJ (1968) Congenital subglottic stenosis. Arch Otolaryngol 87: 272–278
McNie DJM, Pryse-Davies J (1970) Tracheal agenesis. Arch Dis Child 45: 143–144
Margraf LR, Tomashefski JF Jr, Bruce MC, Dahms BB (1991) Morphometric analysis of the lung in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am Rev Resp Dis 143: 391–400
Mendelson CR, Boggaram V (1989) Regulation of pulmonary surfactant protein synthesis in fetal lung: a major role of glucocorticoids and cyclic AMP. Trends in Endocrinol Metabol 1: 20–25
Merritt TA (1982) Oxygen exposure in the newborn guinea pig lung lavage cell populations, chemotactic and elastase response: a possible relationship to neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res 16: 798–805
Metlay LA, Macpherson TA, Doshi N, Milley JR (1987) Necrotizing tracheobronchitis in intubated newborns: a complication of assisted ventilation. Pediatr Pathol 7: 575–584
Mitchell DB, Irwin C, Bailey CM, Evans NG (1987) Cysts of the infants larynx. J Laryngol Otol 101: 833–837
Nicolini U, Fisk NM, Rodeck CH, Talbert DG, Wigglesworth JS (1989) Low amniotic pressure in oligohydramnios. Is this the cause of pulmonary hypoplasia? Am J Obstet Gynecol 161: 1098–1101
Nimrod C, Varela-Gittings F, Machin G, Campbell D, Wesenberg R (1984) The effect of prolonged membrane rupture on fetal development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 148: 540–543
Northway WH, Rosan RC, Porter DY (1967) Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med 276: 357–368
O’Brodovich HM, Mellins RB (1985) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am Rev Resp Dis 132: 694–709
Olver RE, Strang LB (1974) Ion fluxes across the pulmonary epithelium and the secretion of lung liquid in the foetal lamb. J Physiol 241: 327–357
Oppenheimer EH, Dahms BB (1981) Congenital syphilis in the fetus and neonate. In: Rosenberg HS, Bernstein J (eds) Perspectives in pediatric pathology, vol 6. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 112–138
Ostor AG, Stillwell R, Fortune DW (1978) Bilateral pulmonary agenesis. Pathology 10: 243–248
Page DV, Stocker JT (1982) Anomalies associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. Am Rev Resp Dis 125: 216–221
Pagon RA, Graham JM (1981) Coloboma, congenital heart disease and choanal atresia with multiple anomalies: CHARGE association. J Pediatr 99: 223–227
Raine J, Hislop AA, Redington AN, Haworth SG, Shinebourne EA (1991) Fatal persistent pulmonary hypertension presenting late in the neonatal period. Arch Dis Child 66: 398–402
Ramenofsky ML, Leape LL, McCauley RGK (1979) Bronchogenic cyst. J Ped Surg 14: 219–224
Rasche RFH, Kuhns LR (1972) Histopathologic changes in airway mucosa of infants after endotracheal intubation. Pediatrics 50: 632–637
Robertson B (1991) The origin of neonatal lung injury. Pediatr Pathol 11: iii–vi (editorial)
Rooney SA (1989) Fatty acid synthesis in developing fetal lung. Am J Physiol 257: L195–L207
Salyer DC, Salyer WR, Eggleston JC (1977) Benign developmental cysts of the mediastinum. Arch Pathol Lab Med 101: 136–139
Saugstad OD (1990) Oxygen toxicity in the neonatal period. Acta Paediatr Scand 79: 881–892
Schild JP, Wuilloud A, Kollberg H, Bossi E (1976) Tracheal perforation as a complication of nasotracheal intubation in the neonate. J Pediatr 4: 631–632
Schmidt B, Vegh P, Weitz J, Johnson M, Caco C, Roberts R (1992) Thrombin/antithrombin III complex formation in the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Resp Dis 145: 767–770
Serlin SP, Daily WJR (1975) Tracheal perforation in the neonate: complication of endotracheal intubation. J Pediatr 86: 596–597
Silver MM, Thurston WA, Patrick JE (1988) Perinatal pulmonary hyperplasia due to laryngeal atresia. Hum Pathol 19: 110–113
Smith II, Bain AD (1965) Congenital atresia of the larynx. A report of nine cases. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 74: 338–349
Smith BT, Post M (1989) Fibroblast pneumocyte factor. Am J Physiol 257: L174–L178
Sotomayor JJ, Godinez RI, Borden S, Wilmott RW (1986) Large airway collapse due to acquired tracheobronchomalacia in infancy. Am J Dis Child 140: 367–371
Stahl GE, Spear ML, Hamosh M (1992) Lipid Infusions and pulmonary function abnormalities. In: Polin RA, Fox WW (eds) Fetal and neonatal physiology. Saunders, London, 346–352
Stewart PA, Becker AE, Wladimiroff JW, Essed CE (1984) Left atrial isomerism associated with asplenia: prenatal echocardiography detection of complex congenital cardiac malformations. J Am Coll Cardiol 4: 1015–1020
Stocker JT, Drake RM, Madewell JE (1978) Cystic and congenital lung disease in the newborn. In: Rosenberg HS, Bolande RP (eds) Perspectives in pediatric pathology, vol 4. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 93–148
Swischuk LE, Richardson CJ, Nichols MM, Ingman MJ (1979) Primary pulmonary hypoplasia in the neonate. J Pediatr 95: 573–577
Taghizadeh A, Reynolds EOR (1976) Pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia following hyaline membrane disease. Am J Pathol 82: 241–264
Tucker GF, Ossoff RH, Newman AN, Holinger LD (1979) Histopathology of congenital subglottic stenosis. Laryngoscope 89: 866–876
Ueda K, Gruppo R, Unger F, Martin L, Bove (1977) Rhabdomyosarcoma of the lung arising in a congenital adenomatoid malformation. Cancer 40: 383–388
Vawter GF (1981) Perinatal listeriosis. In: Rosenberg HS, Bernstein J (eds) Perspectives in pediatric pathology, vol 6. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 153–156
Wagenvoort CA (1986) Misalignment of lung vessels: a syndrome causing persistent neonatal pulmonary hypertension. Hum Pathol 17: 727–730
Walters DV, Ramsden CA (1987) The secretion and absorption of fetal lung liquid. In: Walters DV, Strang LB, Geubelle F (eds) Physiology of the fetal and neonatal lung. MTP Press Ltd, England, pp 61–75
Whyte RK, Hussain Z, De Sa DJ (1982) Antenatal infections with Candida. Arch Dis Child 57: 528–535
Wigglesworth JS (1977) Pathology of neonatal respiratory distress. Proc R Soc Med 70: 861–863
Wigglesworth JS (1987a) Factors affecting fetal lung growth. In: Walters DV, Strang LB, Geubelle F (eds) Physiology of the fetal and neonatal lung. MTP Press Ltd, England, pp 25–36
Wigglesworth JS (1987b) Pathology of the lung in the fetus and neonate, with particular reference to problems of growth and maturation. Histopathology 11: 671–689
Wigglesworth JS, Desai R (1981) Use of DNA estimation for growth assessment in normal and hypoplastic fetal lungs. Arch Dis Child 56: 601–605
Wigglesworth JS, Desai R (1982) Is fetal respiratory function a major determinant of perinatal survival? Lancet i: 264–267
Wigglesworth JS, Desai R, Guerrini P (1981) Fetal lung hypoplasia: biochemical and structural variations and their possible significance. Arch Dis Child 56: 606–615
Wigglesworth JS, Desai R, Hislop AA (1987) Fetal lung growth in congenital laryngeal atresia. Pediatr Pathol 7: 515–525
Winter RM, Knowles SAS, Bieber FR, Baraitser M (1988) The malformed fetus and stillbirth. Wiley, New York
Wright JR, Clements JA (1987) Metabolism and turnover of pulmonary surfactant. Am Rev Resp Dis 136: 426–444
Zaaijman J du T, Wilkinson AR, Keeling JW, Mitchell RG, Turnbull AC (1986) Spontaneous premature rupture of the membranes: bacteriology, histology and neonatal outcome J Obstet Gynecol 2: 155–160
Zaw-Tun HIA (1988) Development of congenital laryngeal atresias and clefts. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 97: 353–358
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gould, S.J. (1993). The Respiratory System. In: Keeling, J.W. (eds) Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3802-0_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3802-0_17
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3804-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3802-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive