Abstract
The study of perinatal mortality rates has become increasingly popular. The results are quoted variously by politicians, sociologists and clinicians according to the point which they wish to make. Government spokesmen quote a fall in the perinatal mortality rate as vindication of their policies. Politicians in opposition and clinicians quote high national rates in comparison with selected other countries and claim that the government is not spending enough on maternity or neonatal services. Sociologists point to the differential mortality between advantaged and disadvantaged social groups and claim that better housing, or increased minimum wages, or decreased levels of unemployment would result in an improvement in perinatal mortality rates.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alberman A, Blatchley N, Botting B, Schuman J, Dunn A (1997) Medical causes on stillbirth certificates in England and Wales: distribution and results of hierarchical classifications tested by the Office for National Statistics. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104: 1043–1049
Allen J, Terry J (1979) Under-reporting of neonatal deaths -Georgia 1974–77. CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 28: 253–254
Ananth CV, Savitz DA (1994) Vaginal bleeding and adverse reproductive outcomes: a meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 8:62–78
Ashley D, McCaw-Binns A, Golding J et al. (1994) The perinatal mortality survey in Jamaica, aims & methodology. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 8(Supp 1):6–16
Auto-Harmainen H, Rapola J, Hoppu K, Osterlund K (1983) Causes of death in a paediatric hospital neonatal unit. Acta Paediatr Scand 72:333–337
Baird D (1980) Mortality enquiries: discussion. In: Chalmers I, Mcllwaine G (eds) Perinatal audit and surveillance. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London, p. 164
Baird D, Thomson AM (1969) The effects of obstetric and environmental factors on perinatal mortality by clinico-pathological causes. In: Butler NR, Alberman ED (eds) Perinatal Problems. Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 211–226
Baird D, Walker J, Thomson AM (1954) The causes and prevention of stillbirths and first week deaths. Part III. A classification of deaths by clinical cause. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 61;433–448
Bakketeig LS, Hoffman HJ, Oakley ART (1984) Perinatal mortality. In: Bracken MB (ed) Perinatal Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 99–151
Barros FC, Victoria CG, Vaughan JP, Estanislau HJ (1987) Perinatal mortality in southern Brazil: a population-based study of 7392 births. Bull WHO 65;95–104
Barson AJ, Tasker M, Lieberman BA, Hillier VF (1984) Impact of improved perinatal care on the causes of death. Arch Dis Child 59:199–207
Butler NR, Alberman ED (1969) Perinatal problems: the second report of the British National Perinatal Mortality Survey. Livingstone, Edinburgh
Butler NR, Bonham DG (1963) Perinatal mortality: the first report of the 1958 British Perinatal Mortality Survey. Livingstone, Edinburgh
Cahalane SF, Kennedy JD, McNicholl B, O’Dwyer E (1965) Perinatal mortality survey for County Galway, 18 months, October 1958 through March 1960. J Ir Med Assoc 57:135–141
Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy (CESDI) (1997) Fourth annual report. Maternal and Child Health Research Consortium, London
Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy (CESDI) (1998) Fifth annual report. Maternal and Child Health Research Consortium, London
Chalmers I (1985) Enquiry into perinatal death. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92: 545–549
Chamberlain R, Chamberlain G, Howlett B, Claireaux A (1975) British births 1970, volume 1. Heinemann Medical, London
Chen L-M, Sun C-A, Wu D-M, Shen M-H, Lee W-C (1998) Underregistration of neonatal deaths: an empirical study of the accuracy of infantile vital statistics in Taiwan. J Epidemiol Community Health 52:289–292
Claireaux AE (1962) Perinatal mortality in the United Kingdom. In: Keller RJ (ed) Modern trends in obstetrics 3. Butterworths, London, pp 191–211
Clarke CA, Mollison PL, Whitfield AGW (1985) Deaths from Rhesus haemolytic disease in England and Wales in 1982 and 1983. Br Med J 291:17–19
Cole SK, Hey EN, Thomson AM (1986) Classifying perinatal death: an obstetric approach. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93: 1204–1212..
Doornbos JPR, Nordbeck HJ (1985) Perinatal mortality. Obstetric factors in a community of mixed ethnic origin in Amsterdam. ICG Printing, Dordrecht
Duley LMM (1986) A validation of underlying causes of death, as recorded by clinicians on stillbirth and neonatal death certificates. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93:1223–1235
Edouard L (1982) Validation of the registered underlying causes of stillbirth. J Epidemiol Community Health 36:231–234
Elbourne D, Mutch L (1984) Do locally-based enquiries into perinatal mortality reduce the risk of perinatal death? In: Smith A (ed) Recent advances in community medicine, vol. 3. Churchill-Livingstone, London, pp 221–229
Fedrick J, Adelstein P (1973) The influence of pregnancy spacing on outcome of pregnancy. Br Med J 4: 753–756
Fedrick J, Adelstein P (1977) Preceding pregnancy loss as an index of risk of stillbirth or neonatal death in the present pregnancy. Biol Neonate 15:229–255
Fedrick J, Butler NR (1970a) Certain causes of neonatal death: I. Hyaline membranes. Biol Neonate 15:229–255
Fedrick J, Butler NR (1970b) Certain causes of neonatal death: II. Intraventricular haemorrhage. Biol Neonate 15: 257–290
Fedrick J, Butler NR (1971a) Certain causes of neonatal deaths: III. Pulmonary infection (a) Clinical factors. Biol Neonate 17:458–471
Fedrick J, Butler NR (1971b) Certain causes of neonatal death: III. Pulmonary infection (b) Pregnancy and delivery. Biol Neonate 18:45–57
Fedrick J, Butler NR (1971c) Certain causes of neonatal death: IV. Massive pulmonary haemorrhage. Biol Neonate 18: 243–262
Fedrick J, Butler NR (1971d) Certain causes of neonatal death: V. Cerebral birth trauma. Biol Neonate 18:321–329
Fedrick J, Butler NR (1972) Accuracy of registered causes of neonatal deaths in 1958. Br J Prev Soc Med 26:101–105
Fedrick J, Butler NR (1978) Intended place of delivery and perinatal outcome. Br Med J 1:763–765
FIGO Standing Committee on Perinatal Mortality and Morbidity (1982) Report of the Committee following a workshop on Monitoring and Reporting Perinatal Mortality and Morbidity. Chameleon, London
Gillies DRN, Lealman GT, Lumb KM, Congdon P (1984) Analysis of ethnic influence on stillbirths and infant mortality in Bradford 1975–81. J Epidemiol Community Health 38:214–217
Golding J (1990a) The epidemiology of perinatal death. In: Kiely M (ed) Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology. CRC Press, Boston, pp 401–436
Golding J (1990b) Maternal age and parity. In: Golding J (ed) The third report of the WHO study of social and biological effects on perinatal mortality. University of Bristol, Bristol, pp 183–218
Golding J (1990c) Other factors related to perinatal mortality statistics, in: Golding J (ed) The third report of the WHO study of social and biological effects on perinatal mortality. University of Bristol, Bristol, pp 299–332
Golding J (1990d) The outcome of twin pregnancy. In: Golding J (ed) The third report of the WHO study of social and biological effects on perinatal mortality. University of Bristol, Bristol, pp 67–104.
Golding J, Peters TJ (1988) Are hospital confinements really more dangerous for the fetus? Early Hum Devi 7:29–36
Golding J, Henriques J, Thomas P (1986) Unmarried at delivery, II. Perinatal morbidity and mortality. Early Hum Dev 14:217–228
Golding J, Greenwood R, McCaw-Binns A, Thomas P (1994) Associations between social and environmental factors and perinatal mortality in Jamaica. Paediat Perinat Epidemiol 8 (Suppl l):17–39
Goldstein H, Butler NR (1977) Definition of perinatal mortality. Lancet i:1254
Greb AE, Pauli RM, Kirby RS (1987) Accuracy of fetal death reports: comparison with data from an independent stillbirth assessment program. Am J Public Health 77: 1202–1206
Greenwood R, Foster-Williams K, Ashley D, Keeling J, Golding J (1994a) The epidemiology of antepartum fetal death in Jamaica. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 8 (Suppl 1):98–109
Greenwood R, Samms-Vaughan M, Golding J, Ashley D (1994b) Past obstetric history and risk of perinatal death in Jamaica. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 8 (Suppl l):40–53
Greenwood R, Golding J, McCaw-Binns A, Keeling J, Ashley D (1994c). The epidemiology of perinatal death in Jamaica. Paediatr Perinatal Epidemiol 8 (Suppl 1):143–157
Hanson P, Reynolds F (1998) Perinatal Profile: A review of South-East Thames perinatal statistics from 1988–1995. SE Thames Perinatal Monitoring Unit, Aylesford, Kent pp 49–50
Hey EN, Lloyd DJ, Wigglesworth JS (1986) Classifying perinatal death: fetal and neonatal factors. Br J Obstetr Gynaecol 93:1213–1223
Hilder L, Costeloe K, Thilaganathan B (1998) Prolonged pregnancy: evaluating gestation-specific risks of fetal and infant mortality. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:169–173.
Hobbs MST, Acheson ED (1966) Obstetric care in the first pregnancy. Lancet i: 761–764.
Hovatta O, Lipasti A, Rapola J, Karjalainen O (1983) Causes of stillbirth: a clinicopathological study of 243 patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 90:691–696.
Huisjes H J, Touwen BCL, Van Doorm JM (1979) Perinatal mortality and late sequelae in children born after abruptio placentae. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 9:45–49.
Hussain R (1998) The impact of consanguinity and inbreeding on perinatal mortality in Karachi, Pakistan. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 12:370–82
Imaizumi Y (1994) Perinatal mortality in single and multiple births in Japan. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 8:205–215
Joseph KS, Kramer MS (1996) Recent trends in Canadian infant mortality rates. Can Med Ass J 155:1047–1052
Kamimura K (1976) Epidemiology of twin births from a climatic point of view. Br J Prev Soc Med 30:175–179
Karlberg P, Golding J, Bolander A-M (1990) Sex differences. In: Golding J (ed) The third report of the WHO study of social and biological effects on perinatal mortality. University of Bristol, Bristol, pp 151–182
Keeling JW, MacGillivray I, Golding J, Wigglesworth J, Berry J, Dunn PM (1989) Classification of perinatal death. Arch Dis Child 64: 1345–1351
Keirse MJNC (1984) Perinatal mortality rates do contain what they purport to contain. Lancet i: 1166–1169
Kline J, Shrout P, Stein Z, Süsser M, Warburton D (1980) Drinking during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. Lancet ii: 176–180
Langhoff-Roos J, Borch-Christensen H, Larsen S, Lindberg B, Wennergren M (1996) Potentially avoidable perinatal deaths in Denmark and Sweden 1991. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 75:820–825
Langhoff-Roos J, Larsen S, Basys V, Lindmark G, Badokynote M (1998) Potentially avoidable perinatal deaths in Denmark, Sweden and Lithuania as classified by the Nordic-Baltic classification. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:1189–1194
Laukaran VH, van den Berg BJ (1980) The relationship of maternal attitude to pregnancy outcomes and obstetric complications: a cohort study of unwanted pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 136: 374–379
Lumley J, Bakoula C (1993) Perinatal mortality in Greece and to Greek-born women in Australia. What does a “natural experience” suggest? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 50:65–70
Macfarlane A, Mugford M (1984) Birth counts: statistics of pregnancy and childbirth. HMSO, London Machin GA (1975) A perinatal mortality survey in South East London 1970–73: the pathological findings in 726 necropsies. J Clin Pathol 28: 428–434
McCarthy BJ, Terry J, Rochat RW, Quave S, Tyler CW Jr (1980) The under registration of neonatal deaths: Georgia 1974–77. Am J Public Health 70: 977–982
McCaw-Binns A, Greenwood R, Ashley D, Golding J (1994a) Antenatal and perinatal care in Jamaica: do they reduce perinatal death rates? Paediat Perinat Epidemiol 8 (Suppl l):86–97
McCaw-Binns A, Greenwood R, Coard K, Ashley D, Golding J (1994b) Perinatal deaths as a result of immaturity in Jamaica. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 8 (Suppl 1):110—118
McCaw-Binns AM, Fox K, Foster-Williams KE (1996) Registration of births, stillbirths and infant deaths in Jamaica. Int J Epidemiol 25:807–813
Mcllwaine G, Howat RCL, Dunn F, MacNaughton MC (1979) The Scottish Perinatal Mortality Survey. Br Med J 2: 1103–1106
Meyer MB (1977) Definition of perinatal mortality. Lancet ii: 246–247
Mora JO, Clement J, Christiansen N, Suescun J, Wagner M, Herrera MG (1987) Nutritional supplementiation and outcome of pregnancy, III. Perinatal and neonatal mortality. Nutr Rep Int 18: 167
Mutch LMM, Brown NJ, Speidel BD, Dunn PM (1981) Perinatal mortality and neonatal survival in Avon. Br Med J 282: 119–122
Naeye RL (1977) Causes of perinatal mortality in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. JAMA 238: 228–229
Naeye RL (1978) Placenta praevia: predisposing factors and effects on the fetus and surviving infants. Obstet Gynecol 52: 521–525
Naeye RL (1979a) Causes of fetal and neonatal mortality by race in a selected US population. Am J Public Health 69: 857–861
Naeye RL (1979b) Weight gain and the outcome of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 135: 3–9
Naeye RL, Tafari N (1983) Risk factors in pregnancy and diseases of the fetus and newborn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Naeye RL, Harkness WL, Utts J (1977) Abruptio placentae and perinatal death: a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128: 740–746
Newton RW, Webster PAC, Binu PS, Maskrey N, Phillips AB (1979) Psychosocial stress in pregnancy and its relation to the onset of premature labour. Br Med J ii: 411–413
Northern Regional Health Authority Coordinating Group (1984) Perinatal mortality: a continuing collaborative regional survey. Br Med J 288: 1717–1720
Pharoah POD, Alberman ED (1988) Annual statistical review. Arch Dis Child 63:1511–1515
Phelan ST, Goldenberg R, Alexander G, Cliver SP (1998) Perinatal mortality and its relationship to the reporting of low-birth-weight infants. Am J Public Health 88:1236–1239
Rahman M, Mujibur Rahaman M, Wojtyniak B, Aziz KMS (1985) Impact of environmental sanitation and crowding on infant mortality in rural Bangladesh. Lancet ii: 28–31
Record RG, McKeown T (1956) Investigation of foetal mortality associated with placenta praevia. Br J Prev Soc Med 10:25–31
Rojas Ochoa, FR (1981) Investigacion perinatal, Institut de Desarrollo de la Salud. Editorial Cientifico-Tecnica, La Habana, Cuba
Ross SM, MacPherson TA, Naeye RL, Khatree MHD, Wallace IA (1982) Causes of fetal and neonatal mortality in a South African black community. S Afr Med J 12: 905–908
Rush D (1986) Nutrition in preparation for pregnancy In: Chamberlain G Lumley J (eds) Pregnancy care: a manual for practice. Wiley, London, pp 113–139
Rush D, Alvir JM, Kenny DA, Johnson SS, Horvitz DG (1988) Historical study of pregnancy outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr 48: 412–428
Scott M J, Ritchie JW, McClure BG, Reid MM, Halliday HL (1981) Perinatal death recording: time for a change? Br Med J 282: 707–710
Skjaervan R, Irgens LM (1988) Perinatal mortality and mother’s marital status at birth in subsequent siblings. Early Hum Dev 18: 199–212
Smits F (1981) De doeltreffendheid van het selectiessystetm binnen de verloskundige zorg. MD Thesis, Nijmegen, pp 66
Stevenson AC, Johnston HA, Steward MI, Golding DR (1966) Congenital malformations: a report of a study of series of consecutive births in 24 centres. Bull WHO 34 (Suppl):9–127
Tew M (1978) The case against hospital deliveries: the statistical evidence. In: Kitzinger S, Davies JA (eds) The place of birth. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 55–65
Tew M (1980) Facts not assertions of belief. Health Soc Serv J LXXXX (4710): 1194–1197
Tew M (1985) Place of birth and perinatal mortality. J Coll Gen Pract 35: 390–394
Tew M (1990) Safer childbirth? A critical history of maternity care. Chapman & Hall, London
Thomas J, Edwards J, Bowen-Simpkins P et al. (1985) Use of refined perinatal mortality rate trends to evaluate the effect of a confidential enquiry. Lancet ii: 197–199
Thornton CM, O’Hara MD (1998) A regional audit of perinatal and infant autopsies in Northern Ireland. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105:18–23
Tzoumaka-Bakoula C (1987) The Greek national perinatal survey: 1: Design, methodology, case ascertainment. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1: 43–55
Tzoumaka-Bakoula C (1990) Assessment of the incidence of perinatal deaths in Greece using two separate sources In: Golding J (ed) The third report of the WHO study of social and biological effects on perinatal mortality. University of Bristol, Bristol, pp 389–390
Tzoumaka-Bakoula C, Lekea-Karanika V, Matsaniotis NB, Golding J (1989) The Greek national perinatal survev. II: Socioeconomic factors and perinatal mortality in Greece. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 3: 43–54
Valdes-Dapena MA, Arey JB (1970) The causes of neonatal mortality: an analysis of 501 autopsies on newborn infants. J Pediatr 77: 366–375
Whitfield CR, Smith NC, Cockburn F, Gibson AAM (1986) Perinatally related wastage - a proposed classification of primary obstetric factors. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 93:694–703
Wigglesworth J (1980) Monitoring perinatal mortality: a pathophysiological approach Lancet ii: 684–686
Winbo IGB, Serenius FH, Dahlquist GG, Killen BAJ (1997) A computer-based method for cause of death classification in stillbirths and neonatal deaths. Int J Epidemiol 26:1298–1306
Winbo IGB, Serenius FH, Kallen BAJ (1998) Lack of precision in neonatal death classifications based on the underlying causes of death stated on death certificates. Acta Paediatr 87:1167–1172
World Health Organization (1967) Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, 8th rev, vol 1 WHO, Geneva
World Health Organization (1977) Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death, 9th rev, vol 1 WHO, Geneva
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Golding, J. (2001). Epidemiology of Fetal and Neonatal Death. In: Keeling, J.W. (eds) Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3682-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3682-8_6
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3684-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3682-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive