Skip to main content
  • 241 Accesses

Abstract

The development of the epidermis is outlined in Table 27.1.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anton-Lamprecht I (1983) Genetically induced abnormalities of epidermal differentiation and ultrastructure in ichthyoses and epidermolyses; pathogenesis, heterogenicity, fetal manifestations and prenatal diagnosis. J Invest Dermatol 81:1495–1565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anton-Lamprecht I, Schnyder UW (1973) EB dystrophica dominant, a defect in anchoring fibrils. Dermatologica 147:289–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold ML, Rauskolb R, Anton-Lamprecht I, Schnizel A, Schmid W (1984) Prenatal diagnosis of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Prenat Diagn 4:85–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arvin AM and Prober CG (1997) Herpes simplex virus Type 2 — a persistent problem. New Engl J Med 337:1158–1159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atherton DJ, Rook A (1986) The newborn; In: Rook A, Wilkinson DS, Ebling FJG, Champion RH, Burton JL (eds) Textbook of dermatology, 4th edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 229–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baden HP (1982) Keratinization in the harlequin fetus. Arch Dermatol 118:14–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassukas I D (1992) Is erythema toxicum neonatorum a mild self-limited acute cutaneous graft versus host reaction form maternal-to-foetal lymphocytes transfer? Med Hypothesis 38:334–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black CM, Gathercole LJ, Bailey AJ, Beighton P (1980) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: an analysis of the structure of the collagen fibres of the skin. Br JDermatol 102:85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bo SJD, Kapsenberg ML (1993) The skin immune system: progress in cutaneous biology. Immunol Today 14: 75–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bo SJD, Sillevis-Smith JH, Krieg SR, Bakker PM, Vos GD, van Zaane DJ (1984) Acute disseminated histiocytosis X. J Cutan Pathol 11:59–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breathnach AS (1971) The Herman Beerman lecture: embryology of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 57:133–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breathnach AS, Robin SJ (1969) Ultrastructural features of epidermis of a 14 mm (6 weeks) human embryo. J Dermatol 81:504–516.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breathnach AS, Wylie LM (1965) Electron microscopy of melanocytes and Langerhans’ cells in human fetal epidermis at 14 weeks (menstrual dates). J Invest Dermatol 44:51–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggaman RA, Wheeler CE (1975) EB dystrophica recessive. A possible role of anchoring fibrils in the pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 65:203–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brough AJ, Jones D, Page RH, Mizukami I (1967) Dermal erythro-poiesis in neonates. A manifestation of intrauterine viral disease. Pediatrics 40:627–635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruckner-Tuderman L, Mitsuhashi Y, Schnyder UW, Bruckner P (1989) Anchoring fibrils and Type VII collagen are absent from skin in severe recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 93:3–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burge SM and Wilkinson JD (1992) Darrier-White disease: a review of the clinical features in 163 patients. JAm Acad Dermatol 27:40–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhart CG and Gohara A (1981) Dermal melanocyte hamartoma. A distinctive new form of dermal malanocytosis. Arch Dermatol 117:102–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton JL (1994) Keratin genes and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Lancet 344:1103–1104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byers PH (1994) Ehlers Danlos syndrome: recent advances and current understanding of the clinical and genetic heterogeneity. J Invest Dermatol 103:47S–52S.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carney RG (1976) Incontinentia pigmenti — a world statistical analysis. Arch Dermatol 112:535–542

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer SF (1988) The melanocytic differentiation pathway in congenital melanocytic nevi: theoretical considerations. Pediatr Pathol 8:253–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe FW, Schull WJ (1953) Diagnostic importance of café au lait spot in neurofibromatosis. Arch Intern Med 91:758–766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dale BA, Holbrook KA, Fleckman P, Kimball JR, Brumbaugh S, Sybert VP (1990) Heterogeneity in harlequin ichthyosis, an inborn error of epidermal keratinization: variable morphology and structural protein expression and a defect in lamellar granules. J Invest Dermatol 94:6–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Dobelere G, Heenen M, Song M, Achten G (1982) Collodion baby skin. Ultrastructural and autoradiographic study. J Cutan Pathol 9:196–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dompmartin A, Leroy D, Labbé D, Letessier JB, Mandard JC (1989) Dermal malignant melanoma developing from a nevus of Ota, Int J Dermatol 28:535–536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman DH, Glaser JH (1990) Congenital syphilis presenting in infants after the newborn period. N Engl J Med 323:1299–1302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eady RAJ (1987) Babes, blisters and basement membranes: from sticky molecules to epidermolysis bullosa. Clin Exp Dermatol 12:161–170)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elias PM (1989) The stratum corneum as an organ of protection; old and new concepts. In: Fritsch P, Schuler G, Hintner H (eds) Immunodeficiency and skin. Current problems in dermatology 18th edn. pp 10–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias PM, Fritsch P, Epstein EH (1977) Review: staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Arch Dermatol 113:207–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein EJ, Williams ML, Elias PM (1981) Editorial: steroid sulphatase, X linked ichthyosis and stratum corneum cell cohesion. Arch Dermatol 117:761–763

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fallowfield ME, Cook M (1990) Lymphatics in primary cutaneous melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 14:370–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber EM, Mullen RH, Jacobs AH, Nall L (1986) Infantile psoriasis: a follow up study. Pediatr Dermatol 3:237–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Favara BE (1991) Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis: pathology and pathogenesis. Semin Oncol 18:3–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fine J, Couchman JR (1989) Chondroitin-6-sulphate proteoglycan but not heparin-sulphate proteoglycan is abnormally expressed in skin basement membrane from patients with dominant and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 92:611–616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fine J, Hintner H, Katz SI (1987) Immunofluorescent studies in epidermolysis bullosa utilising polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In: Beutner EH, Chorzelski TP, Kumar V (eds) Immunopathology of the skin, 3rd edn. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp399–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlay JL, Noe JM, Arndt KA, Rosen S (1984) Port wine stains. Arch Dermatol 120:1453–1455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis DP, Herrmann KL, MacMahon, JR, Chaviguy KJ, Sanderlin KC (1975) Nosocomial and maternally acquired herpes virus hominis infections. Am JDis Child 129:889–893

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francoi SJ (1984) Incontinentia pigmenti and retinal change. Br J Ophthalmol 68:19–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frieden IJ (1989) Blisters and pustules in the newborn. Curr Probl Pediatr 19:551–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman SJ, Winkelmann RK (1989) Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn: light, ultrastructural and histochemical microscopic studies. J Cutan Pathol 16:99–105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frost P, van Scott EJ (1966) Ichthyosiform dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 94:113–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukamizu H, Matsumoto K, Inoue K, Moriguchi T (1983) Familial occurrences of aplasia cutis congenita. JDermatol Surg Oncol 9:712–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulk CS (1984) Primary disorders of hyperpigmentation. JAm Acad Dermatol 10:1–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gari LM, River SJK, Kopf AW (1988) Melanomas arising in large congenital nevocytic nevi; a prospective study. Pediatr Dermatol 5:151–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gellis SS (1977) Constrictive bands in the human. Birth Defects XIII (1):259–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Golkar L and Bernhard JD (1997) Mastocytosis. Lancet 349:1379–1385.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goltz RW, Henderson RR, Hitch JM, Ott JE (1970) Focal dermal hypoplasia. Arch Dermatol 101:1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorlin RJ, Anderson RC, Blaw M (1969) Multiple lentigines syndrome. Am J Dis Child 117:652–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb SK, Fisher BK, Violin GA (1973) Focal dermal hypoplasia, 9 year follow-up. Arch Dermatol 108:551–553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groh V, Gadner H, Radaszkiewicz T et al, (1988) The phenotypic spectrum of histiocystosis X-cells. J Invest Dermatol 90:441–447

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross BD, Forman D, Ansell PE et al. (1990) The prevalence and characteristics of congenital pigmented lesions in newborn babies in Oxford. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 4:448–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrier CJW, Wong CK (1974) Ultrastructural evolution of the skin in incontinentia pigmenti. Dermatologica 149: 10–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen RC (1983) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome and Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 30 (3):533–544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto K, Gross BG, DiBella RJ, Lever WF (1966) The ultra-structure of the skin of human embryos. IV Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 47:317–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazell M, Marks R (1985) Clinical, histologic, and cell kinetic discriminants between lamellar ichthyosis and nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma. Arch Dermatol 121:489–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held JL, Haber RS, Silvers DN, Grossman ME (1990) Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis: review and description of a patient with unusually persistent lesions. Pediatr Dermatol 7:63–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook KA, Byers PH (1982) Structural abnormalities of the dermal collagen and elastic matrix from the skin of patients with inherited connective tissue disorders. J Invest Dermatol 7:7s–16s

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook KA, Ödland GF (1975) The fine structure of developing human epidermis: light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the periderm. J Invest Dermatol 65:16–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honig PJ (1983) Diaper dermatitis. Postgrad Med 74(6):79–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honour JW, Goolamali SK, Taylor NF (1985) Prenatal diagnosis and variable presentation of recessive X-linked ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol 112:423–430

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyes AD (1968) Electron microscopy of the surface layer (periderm) of human foetal skin. JAnat 103:321–336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurwitz S (1983) Epidermal nevi and tumours of epidermal origin. Pediatr Clin North Am 30(3):483–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs AH, (1983) Vascular nevi. Pediatr Clin North Am 30 (3):465–482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs AH, Walton RG (1976) The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate. Pediatrics 58:218–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jimbow K. Fitzpatrick TB, Szabo G, Hori Y (1975) Congenital circumscribed hypomelanosis; a characterisation based on electron microscopic study of tuberous sclerosis, nevus depigmentosus and piebaldism. J Invest Dermatol 64:50–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruisinski PA, Saurat J (1989) Transplacentally transferred dermatosis. Pediatr Dermatol 6:166–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler F, Holmes SC (1989) Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome in the neonate. J R Soc Med 82:165–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledoux-Corbusier M (1983) Cutis laxa, congenital form with pulmonary emphysema; an ultrastructural study. J Cutan Pathol 10:340–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee LA (1993) Neonatal lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol. 100:9–13S

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee CW, Park MH, Lee H (1988) Recurrent cutaneous Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in infancy. Br J Dermatol 119:259–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leung AKC, Telmesani AMA (1989) Salmon patches in Caucasian children. Pediatr Dermatol 6:185–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim W, Sadick N, Gupta A, Kaplin M, Pahwa S (1990) Skin diseases in children with HIV infection and their association with degree of immunosuppression. Int J Dermatol 29:24–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luders D (1960) Histologic observations in erythema toxicum neonatorum. Pediatrics 26:219–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marghoob AA, Schoenbach SP, Kopf AW et al (1996) Large congenital naevi and the risk for the development of malignant melanoma. Arch Dermatol 132:170–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mark GJ, Mihm MC, Liteplo MG, Reed RJ, Clark WH (1973) Congenital melanocytic naevi of small and garment type; clinical, histologic and ultrastructural studies. Hum Pathol 4:395–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Pascual A, de Unamuno P, Aparicio M, Herreros V (1977) Anhidrotic (or hypohidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia. Dermatologica 154:235–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy T, Sanders P (1978) The origin and circulation of the amniotic fluid. In: Fairweather DVI, Eskes TKAB (eds) Amniotic fluid research and clinical application, 2nd edn. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald CJ (1988) Structure and function of the skin: are there differences between black and white skin? Dermatol Clin 6:343–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaurin CI (1988) Pediatric dermatology in black patients. Dermatol Clin 6:457–473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellerio JE, Dunnill MGS, Allison W, Ashton GHS, Christiano AM, Uitto J, Eady RAJ and McGrath JA (1997) Recurrent mutations in the Type VII collagen gene (COL 7AI) in patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J. Invest. Dermatol. 109:246–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner ME, O’Guin WM, Holbrook KA et al (1992) Abnormal lamellar granules in harlequin ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol 99:824–829

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss C and Savin JA (1995) Dermatology and the new genetics. Oxford Science, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanda A, Kaur, S, Bhakoo ON, Dhall K (1989) Survey of cutaneous lesions in Indian newborns. Paediatr Dermatology 6:39–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickoloff BJ, Walton R, Pregerson-Rodnan K, Jacobs AH, Cox AJ (1986) Immunohistologic patterns of congenital nevocellu-lar nevi. Arch Dermatol 122:1263–1268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson NY, Lindsley CB (1987) Neonatal lupus syndrome. Am J Dis Child 141:908–910

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osburn K, Schosser RH, Evertt MA (1987) Congenital pigmented and vascular lesions in newborn infants. JAm Acad Dermatol 16:788–792

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen DR, Chu ML and Kitto J (1988) Expression of basement membrane zone genes coding for Type IV procollagen and laminin by human skin fibroblasts in vitro; elevated od (IV) collagen mRNA levels in lipoid proteinosis. J Invest Dermatol 90:734–738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paltzik RL, Laude TA (1978) Childhood pemphigus treated with gold. Arch Dermatol 114:768–769

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierard GE, van Neste D, Letot B (1979) Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Dermatologica 158:168–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro M, Freire-Maia N (1983) Dermoodontodysplasia; an eleven number, four generation pedigree with an apparently hitherto undescribed pure ectodermal dysplasia. Clin Genet 24:58–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard ZE, Harley RD, Calhoun J (1976) Dermoid cysts in children. Pediatrics 57(3):379–382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pope FM, Nicholl AC (1986) Collagen genes and proteins in human diseases. In: Chapman RH (ed) Recent advances in dermatology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope FM, Narcisi P, Nicholls AC, Liberman N, Oorthuy SJWE (1988) Clinical presentation of Ehler-Danlos syndrome type IV. Arch Dis Child 63:1016–1025

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen HB, Teisner B, Chemnitx J, Rasmussen JM, Brandrup F (1989) Localisation of fetal antigen 2 (FA-2) in fetal and adult human skin. Br J Dermatol 121:433–442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rehfield SJ, Palchy WZ, Williams ML, Elias PM (1988) Calorimetric and electron spin resonance examination of lipid phase transitions in human stratum corneum: molecular basis for normal cohesion and abnormal desquamatikon in recessive X-linked ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol 91:499–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes AR (1983) Pigmented birthmarks and precursor melanocytic lesions of cutaneous melanoma identifiable in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 30:435–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes AR (1986) Congenital nevomelanocytic nevi: histologic patterns in the first year of life and evolution during childhood. Ach Dermatol 122:1257–1262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes AR, Melski J (1982) Small congenital nevocellular nevi and the risk of cutaneous melanoma. J Pediatr 100: 219–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes AR, Silverman RA, Harrist TJ, Melski JW (1985) A histologic comparison of congenital and acquired nevomelanocytic nevi. Arch Dermatol 121:1266–1273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth RR, James WD (1989) Microbiology of the skin: resident flora, ecology, infection. JAm Acad Dermatol 20:367–390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothnagel JA, Domney AM, Demsey et al (1992) Mutations in the rod domain of keratin 1 and 10 in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Science 257:1128–1130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothnagel JA, Wojeiks S, Leifer K M et al. (1995) Mutations in the IA domain of keratin-9 in patients with epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. J Invest Dermatol 104:430–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Runsenko KW, Gammon WR, Fine J, Briggaman RA (1989) The carboxyl-terminal domain of type VII collagen is present at the basement membrane in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Invest Dermatol 92:623–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sagebiel RW, Odland GF (1970) Ultrastructural identification of melanocytes in early human embryos. J Invest Dermatol 54:96 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandler A, Snedeker JD (1987) Cytomegalovirus infection in an infant presenting with cutaneous vasculitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6:422–423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schachner L, Lazarus GS, Dembitzer H (1977) Epidermolysis bullosa herditaria letalis; pathology, natural history and therapy. Br J Dermatol 96:51–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schamburg-Lever G, Lever WF (1973) Electron microscopy of incontinentia pigmenti. J Invest Dermatol 61:151–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro LJ, Weiss R, Webster D, France JT (1978) X linked ichthyosis due to steroid sulphatase deficiency. Lancet 1:70–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada S, Katz SI (1988) The skin as an immunologic organ. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112:231–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sigg C, Pelloni F, Schnyder UW (1990) Frequency of congenital nevi, nevi spili and café au lait spots and their relation to nevus count and skin complexion in 939 children. Dermatologica 180:118–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith LT, Holbrook KA (1986) Embryogenesis of the dermis in human skin. Pediatr Dermatol 3:271–280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith LT, Sakai LY, Burgeson RE, Holbrook KA (1988) Ontogenesis of structural components a the dermalepidermal junction in human embryonic and fetal skin: the appearance of anchoring fibrils and type VII collagen. J Invest Dermatol 90:480–485

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon LM, Keuer EJ (1980) The ectodermal dysplasias. Problems of classification and some newer syndromes. Arch Dermatol 116:1295–1299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stingl G, Steiner G (1989) Immunological host defence of the skin. In: Fritsch P, Schuler G, Hintner H (eds) Immunodeficiency and skin. Current problems in dermatology, 18, pp. 22–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Straka BF, Whitaker DL, Morrison SH, Oleske JM, Grant-Kels JM (1988) Cutaneous manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children. JAm Acad Dermatol 18:1089–1102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sulica VI, Cooper PH, Pope FM, Hambrick GW, Gerson BM, McKusick VA (1979) Cutaneous histologic features in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: study of 21 patients. Arch Dermatol 115:40–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdlow AJ, English JSC, Qiao Z (1995) The risk of melanoma in patients with congenital naevi: a cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 32:595–599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sybert VP, Dale B A, Holbrook KA (1988) Palmar-plantar keratoderma. A clinical, ultrastructural and biochemical study. J Am Accd Dermatol 18:75–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takematsu H, Terui T, Torinuki W et al. (1986) Incontinentia pigmenti: eosinophilic chemotactic activity of the crusted scales in the vesiculo-bullous stage. Br JDermatol 115:61–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travis WD, Li C, Bergstralh EJ, Yam LT, Swee RG (1988) Systemic mast cell disease: analysis of 58 cases and literature review. Medicine 67:345–368

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tunnessen WW (1983) Cutaneous infections. Pediatr Clin North Am 30(3):515–532

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vandersteen PR, Muller SA (1972) Lamellar ichthyosis. Enzyme histochemical, light and EM study. Arch Dermatol 106:694–701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh SS, Robson WJ (1988) Granuloma gluteale infantum: an unusual complication of napkin dermatitis. Arch Emergency Med 5:113–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wessels NK (1967) Differentiation of epidermis and epidermal derivatives. N Engl J Med 277(1):21–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whimster IW (1976 The pathology of lymphangioma circumscriptum. Br J Dermatol 94:473–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams ML (1992) Ichthyosis: mechanisms of disease. Paediatric Dermatol 9: 365–368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams ML, Elias PM (1985) Heterogeneity in autosomal recessive ichthyosis. Arch Dermatol 121:477–488

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams ML, Elias PM (1987) Genetically transmitted generalised disorders of cornification. The Ichthyoses. Dermatol. Clin. 5:155–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfson SL, Botero F, Hurwitz S, Pearson HA (1981) “Pure” cutaneous histiocytosis X. Cancer 48:2236–2238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yancey KB (1995) Adhesion Molecules: II interactions of keratinocytes with epidermal basement membrane. Prog Dermatol 104/6:1008–1014

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Millard, P.R. (2001). The Skin. In: Keeling, J.W. (eds) Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3682-8_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3682-8_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3684-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3682-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics