Abstract
This bibliography contains a list of Z references that are either available from the librarian or via electronic mail at the Programming Research Group (PRG), or as published papers, books or technical reports from other institutions. The bibliography is in alphabetical order by author name(s).
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References
Gregory D. Abowd. Agents: Communicating interactive processes. In Dan Diaper, David Gilmore, Gilbert Cockton, and Brian Shackel, editors, Human-Computer Interaction — INTERACT 90, pages 143–148. Elsevier Science Publishers, 1990.
Gregory D. Abowd, Jonathan P. Bowen, Alan Dix, Michael Harrison, and Roger Took. User interface languages: a survey of existing methods. Technical Report PRG-TR-5–89, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, October 1989.Alan Dix, Michael Harrison and Roger Took are members of the Human Computer Interaction Group, Department of Computer Science, University of York. This report was originally produced as part of ESPRIT II project no. 2487: REDO: Maintenance, Validation and Documentation of Software Systems. It covers a number of methods, including a chapter on modelling using Z.
Jean-Raymond Abrial. The B tool. In G. Goos and J. Hartmanis, editors, VDM — The Way Ahead. Proc. 2nd VDM-Europe Symposium, volume 328 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 86–87. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1988.
Jean-Raymond Abrial, S.A. Schuman, and B. Meyer. Specification language. In R.M. McKeag and A.M. Macnaghten, editors, On the Construction of Programs: An Advanced Course, pages 343–410. Cambridge University Press, UK, 1980.
Jean-Raymond Abrial and Ib H. Sorensen. KWIC-index generation. In J. Staunstrup, editor, Program Specification: Proceedings of a Workshop, volume 134 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 88–95. Springer-Verlag, 1981
D.B. Arnold, D.A. Duce, and G.J. Reynolds. An approach to the formal specification of configurable models of graphs systems. In Guy Maréchal, editor, Proc. European Computer Graphics Conference and Exhibition, pages 439–463. EUROGRAPHICS87, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. ( North-Holland ), 1987. The paper describes a general framework for the formal specification of modular graphics systems. The approach is illustrated by an example taken from the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) and uses the Z specification notation.
M. Bailey. Formal specification using Z. In Proc. Software Engineering anniversary meeting (SEAS), page 99. SEA, 1987.
Geoff Barrett. Formal methods applied to a floating-point number system. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 15(5):611–621, May 1989.This paper presents a formalisation of the IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic in Z. The formal specification is refined into four components. The procedures presented form the basis for the floating-point unit of the Inmos IMS T800 tra nsputer. This work resulted in a joint Queens Award for technological achievement for Inmos Ltd. and the Oxford University Computing Laboratory in 1990. It is estimated that the approach used saved a year in development time compared to traditional methods.
Geoff Barrett. Formal methods applied to a floating-point number system. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 15(5):611–621, May 1989.This paper presents a formalisation of the IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic in Z. The formal specification is refined into four components. The procedures presented form the basis for the floating-point unit of the Inmos IMS T800 tra nsputer. This work resulted in a joint Queens Award for technological achievement for Inmos Ltd. and the Oxford University Computing Laboratory in 1990. It is estimated that the approach used saved a year in development time compared to traditional methods.
S. Baxter. Executing Z specifications. Research and Technology memorandum RT31/009/88, British Telecom Research Laboratories, Martlesham Heath, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK, 1988.
Mike Benjamin. A message passing system: An example of combining CSP and Z. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 221–228. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Marc Benveniste. Operational semantics of a distributed object-oriented language and its Z formal specification. IRISA Technical Report 532, IRISA, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042, Rennes Cedex, France, April 1990. This report presents a Z specification of the operational semantics of a parallel object-based language, super-set of Modula-2. The specification is type-checked with J.M. Spiveys fuzz [156]. The report will be also available as an INRIA publication.
S. Bera. Structuring for the VDM specification language. In G. Goos and J. Hartmanis, editors, VDM–The Way Ahead. Proc. 2nd VDM-Europe Symposium, volume 328 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 2–25. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1988.
M.A. Best. Specification of a Z cross-reference facility. IBM Technical Report TR12.253, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire 5021 2JN, UK, September 1986.
D. Bjprner, C.A.R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors. VDM and Z - Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990. Proc. Third International Symposium of VDM-Europe, 17–21 April 1990, Kiel, Germany. A number of papers concerned with Z were presented [38, 50, 60, 66, 67, 71, 100, 142, 162, 176, 194].
David Blyth. The CICS application programming interface: Temporary storage. IBM Technical Report TR12.301, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire 5021 2JN, UK, December 1990. One of a number of reports on the CICS application programming interface. See also [86, 99, 124].
Jonathan P. Bowen. Formal specification and documentation of microprocessor instruction sets. In Harald Schumny and John Molgaard, editors, Proc. Euromicro 87, Microcomputers: Usage, Methods and Structures, volume 21, pages 223–230. EUROMICRO, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. ( North-Holland ), August 1987.
Jonathan P. Bowen. The formal specification of a microprocessor instruction set. Technical Monograph PRG-60, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, January 1987. The Z notation is used to define the Motorola M6800 8-bit microprocessor instruction set.
Jonathan P. Bowen, editor. Proc. Z Users Meeting, I Wellington Square, Oxford, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, December 1987. Oxford University Computing Laboratory. The 1987 Z Users Meeting was held on Friday 8 December at the Department of External Studies, Rewley House, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, UK. The LATEX [104] source of the Proceedings is available by sending the command
Jonathan P. Bowen. Formal specification in Z as a design and documentation tool. In Proc. Second IEE/BCS Conference on Software Engineering, volume 290, pages 164–168. IEE/BCS, July 1988.
Jonathan P. Bowen, editor. Proc. Third Annual Z Users Meeting, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, December 1988. Oxford University Computing Laboratory. The 1988 Z Users Meeting was held on Friday 16 December at the Department of External Studies, Rewley House, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, UK. Issued with A Miscellany of Handy Techniques by Ruaridh Macdonald, RSRE (9 pages), Practical Experience of Formal Specification: a programming interface for communications by John B. Wordsworth, IBM (18 pages), and a number of posters (20 pages). This is available from the Librarian at the PRG. The LATEX [104] source file for the main part of the document is available by sending the command send z proc88.tex via
Jonathan P. Bowen. Formal specification of window systems. Technical Monograph PRG-74, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, June 1989. Three existing window systems, X from MIT, WM from Carnegie-Mellon University and the Blit from ATandT Bell Laboratories are covered.
Jonathan P. Bowen. POS: Formal specification of a UNIX tool. Software Engineering Journal, 4 (1): 67–72, January 1989.
Jonathan P. Bowen. Formal specification of the ProCoS/safemos instruction set. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 14(10):631–643, December 1990. This article gives a preview of the work of two European government-sponsored projects investigating design methods for provable computer systems. a common interface both projects use subsets of Occam and the transputer instruction set. A number of transputer instructions are presented using Z. The article is part of a special issue on Formal aspects of microprocessor design, edited by Hussein Zedan. See also [148].
Jonathan P. Bowen. Z bibliography. Oxford University Computing Laboratory, February 1991. A master bibliography, maintained in BIBTEX database format, of both published and unpublished work related to Z. This is available via e-mail, together with a LATEX [104] file for printing the bibliography, by sending a message containing the command send z zbib.bib zbib. tex to the PRG archive server on 200]. Ruaridh Macdonald, RSRE, Malvern, initiated the Z bibliography and helped maintain it for a while. Joan Arnold, the industrial liaison secretary at the PRG, Oxford, will be helping to maintain it in the future. To add entries, please send as complete information as possible
Jonathan P. Bowen, Roger B. Gimson, and Stig Topp-Jorgensen. The specification of network services. Technical Monograph PRG-61, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, August 1987.
Jonathan P. Bowen, Roger B. Gimson, and Stig Topp-Jorgensen. Specifying system implementations in Z. Technical Monograph PRG-63, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, February 1988.
David J. Brown and Jonathan P. Bowen. The Event Queue: An extensible input system for UNIX workstations. In Proc. European Unix Users Group Conference, pages 29–52. EUUG, May 1987.
D. Brownbridge. Using Z to develop a CASE toolset. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 142–149. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
T. Bryant. Structured methodologies and formal notations: Developing a framework for synthesis and investigation. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 229–241. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Alan Burns and I.W. Morrison. A formal description of the structure attribute model. Software Engineering Journal, 4 (2): 74–78, March 1989.
Alan Burns and A.J. Wellings. Occams priority model and deadline scheduling. In Proc. 7th Occam User Group Meeting, Grenoble, 1987.
Alan Burns and A.J. Wellings. A formal description of Ada tasking in Z. Computer Science Report YCS122, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK, 1989.
Alan Burns and A.J. Wellings. Priority inheritance and message passing communication: A formal treatment. Computer Science Report YCS116, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK, 1989.
Paul Butcher. A behavioural semantics for Linda-2. Department of Computer Science, University of York, 1990.
D. Carrington, D. Duke, Roger Duke, Paul King, Gordon A. Rose, and Graeme Smith. Object-Z: An object-oriented extension to Z. In S. Vuong, editor, Formal Description Techniques, II (FORTE89), pages 281–296. North-Holland, 1990.
D. Carrington and Graeme Smith. Extending Z for object-oriented specifications. In Proc. 5th Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC90), pages 9–14, 1990.
Patrice Chalin and Peter Grogono. Z specification of an object manager. In D. Bjorner, C.A.R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors, VDM and Z — Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 41–71. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Bernie Cohen. Justification of formal methods for system specifications and A rejustification of formal notations. Software Engineering Journal, 4 (1): 26–38, January 1989.
B.P. Collins, John E. Nicholls, and Ib H. Sorensen. Introducing formal methods: the CICS experience with Z. In B. Neumann et al., editors, Mathematical Structures for Software Engineering. Oxford University Press, UK, 1991.
David Cooper. Educating management in Z. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 192–194. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
S. Croxall, Peter Lupton, and John B. Wordsworth. A formal specification of the CPI communications. IBM Technical Report TR12.277, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire 5021 2JN, UK, 1990.
Norman Delisle and David Garlan. Formally specifying electronic instruments. In Proc. Fifth International Workshop on Software Specification and Design. IEEE Computer Society, May 1989. Also published in ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 14(3).
Norman Delisle and David Garlan. A formal specification of an oscilloscope. IEEE Software, pages 29–36, September 1990. Unlike most work on the application of formal methods, this research uses formal methods to gain insight into system architecture. The context for this case study is electronic instrument design.
A.J.J. Dick, P.J. Krause, and J. Cozens. Computer aided transformation of Z into Prolog. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 71–85. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Antoni Diller. Specifying interactive programs in Z. School of Computer Science Research Report CSRP-90–13, University of Birmingham, UK, August 1990.
Antoni Diller. Z: An Introduction to Formal Methods. Wiley, Chichester, UK, June 1990. his book offers a comprehensive tutorial to Z from the practical viewpoint. Many natural deduction style proofs are presented and exercises are included.
David A. Duce. A simple example from GKS in Z. Technical Report RAL-86–082, Informatics Division, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon 0X11 OQX, UK, 1986.
D. Duke and Roger Duke. A history model for classes in Object-Z. Technical Report 120, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, Australia, 1989.
D. Duke and Roger Duke. Towards a semantics for Object-Z. In D. Bj0rner, C.A.R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors, VDM and Z — Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 244–261. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Roger Duke and D. Duke. Aspects of object-oriented formal specification. In Proc. 5th Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC90), pages 21–26, 1990.
Roger Duke, Ian J. Hayes, Paul King, and Gordon A. Rose. Protocol specification and verification using Z. In S. Aggarwal and K. Sabnani, editors, Protocol Specification, Testing, and Verification VIII, pages 33–46. North-Holland, 1988.
Roger Duke and Gordon A. Rose. A complete Z specification of an interactive program editor. Technical Report 71, Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, Australia, 4072, 1986.
Roger Duke, Gordon A. Rose, and A. Lee. Object-oriented protocol specification. In L. Logrippo, R.L. Probert, and H. Ural, editors, Protocol Specification, Testing, and Verification X, pages 325–338. North-Holland, 1990.
Roger Duke and Graeme Smith. Temporal logic and Z specifications. Australian Computer Journal, 21 (2): 62–66, May 1989.
E. Fergus and D. Ince. Z specifications and modal logic. In Patrick A.V. Hall, editor, Proc. Software Engineering 90, volume 1 of British Computer Society Conference Series. Cambridge University Press, July 1990.
L. William Flinn and Ib H. Sorensen. CAVIAR: A case study in specification. Technical Monograph PRG-48, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, July 1985.
Mike Flynn, Tim Hoverd, and David Brazier. Formaliser — an interactive support tool for Z. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 128–141. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
David Garlan. The role of reusable frameworks. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 15 (4): 42–44, September 1990.
David Garlan and Norman Delisle. Formal specifications as reusable frameworks. In D. Bjorner, C.A.R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors, VDM and Z — Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 150–163. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Susan L. Gerhart. Applications of formal methods: Developing virtuoso software. IEEE Software, pages 6–10, September 1990.
Stephen Gilmore. Correctness-Oriented Approaches to Software Development. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, The Queens University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK, September 1990. Development of a specification source-to-source translator from Z to VDM/SL with Z, VDM and algebraic specifications and proofs of properties of the implementation.
Roger B. Gimson. The formal documentation of a Block Storage Service. Technical Monograph PRG-62, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Kehle Road, Oxford, UK, August 1987.
Roger B. Gimson and C. Carroll Morgan. Ease of use through proper specification. In David A. Duce, editor, Distributed Computing Systems Programme. Peter Peregrinus, London, UK, 1984.
Roger B. Gimson and C. Carroll Morgan. The Distributed Computing Software project. Technical Monograph PRG-50, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, July 1985.
R. Di Giovanni and P.L. Iachini. HOOD and Z for the development of complex systems. In D. Bjorner, C.A.R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors, VDM and Z — Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 262–289. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Reinhard Gotzhein. Specifying open distributed systems with Z. In D. Bjorner, C.A.R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors, VDM and Z — Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 319–339. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Andy M. Gravell. Minimisation in formal specification and design. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 32–45. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Frank Halasz and Mayer Schwartz. The Dexter hypertext reference model. In NIST Hypertext Standardization Workshop, January 1990.
Anthony Hall. Seven myths of formal methods. IEEE Software, pages 11–19, September 1990. Formal methods are difficult, expensive, and not widely useful, detractors say. Using a case study and other real-world examples, this article challenges such common myths.
J.A. Hall. Using Z as a specification calculus for object-oriented systems. In D. Bjorner, C.A.R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors, VDM and Z — Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 290–318. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Patrick A.V. Hall. Towards testing with respect to formal specification. In Proc. Second IEE/BCS Conference on Software Engineering, volume 290, pages 159–163, Liverpool, UK, July 1988, July 1988. IEE/BCS.
Clare L. Harrold. Formal specification of a secure document control system for SMITE. RSRE Report no. 88002, Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, Ministry of Defence, Malvern, UK, February 1988.
Howard Haughton and Kevin C. Lano. Three dimensional maintenance. In Malcolm Munro and Peter Carroll, editors, Fourth Software Maintenance Workshop Notes, 18–20 September 1990. Centre for Software Maintenance, Durham, UK, 1990. This paper presents an object-oriented extension to Z with the aim to aid software maintenance.
Ian J. Hayes. Applying formal specification to software development in industry. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 11 (2): 169–178, February 1985.
Ian J. Hayes. Specification case studies. Technical Monograph PRG-46, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, July 1985 uperseded by [80].
Ian J. Hayes. Specification directed module testing. Technical Monograph PRG-49, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, July 1985.
Ian J. Hayes. Specifying the CICS application programmers interface. Technical Monograph PRG-47, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, July 1985.
Ian J. Hayes. Using mathematics to specify software. In Proc. First Australian Software Engineering Conference. Institution of Engineers, Australia, May 1986.
Ian J. Hayes, editor. Specification Case Studies. International Series in Computer Science. Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire HP2 4RG, UK, 1987. This book contains material from PRG Technical Monographs 46–50 [76, 78, 57, 77, 65]. It is edited by Ian Hayes and written mainly by members of the PRG. The contributors are Ian J. Hayes, L. William Flinn, Roger B. Gimson, C. Carroll Morgan, Ib H. Sorensen and Bernard A. Sufrin. The book forms a varied collection of case studies using Z.
Ian J. Hayes. A generalisation of bags in Z. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 113–127. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Ian J. Hayes. Specification of an oscilloscope. Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, 1990.
He Jifeng, C.A.R. Hoare, and J.W. Sanders. Data refinement refined. In B. Robinet and R. Wilhelm, editors, Proc. ESOP 86, volume 213 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 187–196. Springer-Verlag, 1986.
Brian Hepworth. ZIP: a unification initiative for Z standards, methods and tools. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 253–259. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Brian Hepworth. ZIP project overview. DTI IED Project No. 1639 Report ZIP/BAe/90/017, Software Technology Department, British Aerospace, Warton PR4 1AX, UK, December 1990.
Ian S.C. Houston. The CICS application programming interface: Automatic transaction initiation. IBM Technical Report TR12.300, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire 5021 2JN, UK, December 1990.One of a number of reports on the CICS application programming interface. See also [16, 99, 124].
Ian S.C. Houston and John B. Wordsworth. A Z specification of part of the CICS file control API. IBM Technical Report TR12.272, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire 5021 2JN, UK, 1990.
IEEE Software. IEEE Computer Society, September 1990. Special issue on Formal Methods.This is a special issue on Formal Methods with an emphasis on Z in particular. Published in conjunction with special Formal Methods issues of IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering and IEEE Computer. See also [44, 61, 70, 125, 161, 180].
Darrell C. Ince. An Introduction to Discrete Mathematics and Formal System Specification. Oxford Applied Mathematics and Computing Science Series. Oxford University Press, UK, 1988.
Inmos Ltd. Specification of instruction set and Specification of floating point unit instructions. In Transputer Instruction Set — A compiler writers guide, pages 127–161. Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire HP2 4RG, UK, 1988.Appendices F and G use a Z-like notation to give a specification of the instruction set of the IMS T212 and T414 transputers, and the T800 floating-point tra nsputer.
Jonathan Jacky. Formal specifications for a clinical cyclotron control system. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 15 (4): 45–54, September 1990.
M. Johnson and P. Sanders. From Z specifications to functional implementations. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 86–112. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
P. Johnson. Using Z to specify CICS. In Proc. Software Engineering anniversary meeting (SEAS), page 303. SEA, 1987.
Mark Josephs. The data refinement calculator for Z specifications. Information Processing Letters, 27 (1): 29–33, 1988.
Mark Josephs. A state-based approach to communicating processes. Distributed Computing, 3:9–18, 1988.A theoretical paper on combining features of CSP and Z.
D.H. Kemp. Specification of Viperl in Z. RSRE Memorandum no. 4195, Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, Ministry of Defence, Malvern, UK, October 1988.
D.H. Kemp. Specification of Viper2 in Z. RSRE Memorandum no. 4217, Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, Ministry of Defence, Malvern, UK, October 1988.
Paul King. Printing Z and Object-Z ISTEX documents. Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, May 1990. A description of a Z style option oz.sty, an extended version of Mike Spiveys zed. sty [160], for use with the LATEX document preparation system [104]. It is particularly useful for printing Object-Z documents [36, 50]. The style file and the guide are available electronically by sending
Steve King. The CICS application programming interface: Program control. IBM Technical Report TR12.302, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire 5021 2JN, UK, December 1990.One of a number of reports on the CICS application programming interface. See also [16, 86, 124].
Steve King. Z and the refinement calculus. In D. Bjorner, C.A.R. Hoare, and H. Langmaack, editors, VDM and Z–Formal Methods in Software Development, volume 428 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 164–188. VDM-Europe, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Steve King. Z and the refinement calculus. Technical Monograph PRG-79, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, February 1990. lso published as [100].
Steve King and Ib H. Sorensen. Specification and design of a library system. In The Theory and Practice of Refinement: Approaches to the Formal Development of Large-Scale Software Systems. Butterworths, London, UK, 1989.
Steve King, Ib H. Sorensen, and James C.P. Woodcock. Z: Grammar and concrete and abstract syntaxes. Technical Monograph PRG-68, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, 1988.
Leslie Lamport. LATEX Users Guide 8 Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, USA, 1986. Z specifications may be produced using the document preparation system LATEX together with a special LATEX style option. The most widely used style files are fuzz. sty [156], zed. sty [160] and oz. sty [98].
Kevin Lano and Peter T. Breuer. From programs to Z specifications. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 46–70. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Ralph L. London. Specifying reusable components using Z: Sets implemented by bit vectors. Technical Report CR-88–14, Tektronix Laboratories, P.O. Box 500, MS 50–662, Beaverton, Oregon 97077, USA, November 1988.
is also in the Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Software Specification and Design, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 19–20 May 1989.
Ralph L. London and Kathleen R. Milsted. Specifying reusable components using Z: Realistic sets and dictionaries. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 14 (3): 120–127, May 1989.
John A. McDermid. Special section on Z. Software Engineering Journal, 4(1):25–72, January 1989.A special issue on Z, introduced and edited by Prof. John McDermid. See also [23, 158, 189].
John A. McDermid, editor. The Theory and Practice of Refinement: Approaches to the Formal Development of Large-Scale Software Systems. Butterworths, London, UK, 1989.Papers from the Refinement Workshop at the University of York, held on 7–8 January 1988, including several on Z.
John A. McDermid. Formal methods: Use and relevance for the development of safety critical systems. In P.A. Bennett, editor, Safety Aspects of Computer Control. Butterworth Heineman, 1991. To appear.This paper discusses a number of formal methods and summarises strengths and weaknesses in safety critical applications; a major safety-related example is presented in Z.
Mike A. McMorran and John E. Nicholls. Z user manual. Technical Report TR12.274, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire SO21 2JN, UK, July 1989. Version 1. 0.
B. Meyer. On formalism in specifications. IEEE Software, 2 (1): 6–26, January 1985.
Brian Q. Monahan. Book review. Formal Aspects of Computing, 1(1):137–142, January—March 1989. review of Understanding Z: A Specification Language and Its Formal Semantics by J.M. Spivey [159].
C. Carroll Morgan. Data refinement using miracles. Information Processing Letters, 26(5):243–246, January 1988. lso reprinted in [121].
C. Carroll Morgan. Procedures, parameters, and abstraction: Separate concerns. Science of Computer Programming, 11(1), October 1988. lso reprinted in [121].
C. Carroll Morgan. The specification statement. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), 10(3), July 1988. lso reprinted in [121].
C. Carroll Morgan. Types and invariants in the refinement calculus. In Proc. Mathematics of Program Construction Conference, June 1989.
C. Carroll Morgan. Programming from Specifications. International Series in Computer Science. Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire HP2 4RG, UK, 1990.
C. Carroll Morgan and Ken A. Robinson. Specification statements and refinement. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 31(5), September 1987. Also reprinted in [121].
C. Carroll Morgan, Ken A. Robinson, and Paul H.B. Gardiner. On the refinement calculus. Technical Monograph PRG-70, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, October 1988.
C. Carroll Morgan and Jeff W. Sanders. Laws of the logical calculi. Technical Monograph PRG-78, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 11 Keble Road, Oxford, UK, September 1989. This document records some important laws of classical predicate logic. It is designed as a reservoir to be tapped by users of logic, in system development.
C. Carroll Morgan and Bernard A. Sufrin. Specification of the Unix filing system. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 10 (2): 128–142, March 1984.
P. Mundy and John B. Wordsworth. The CICS application programming interface: Transient data and storage control. IBM Technical Report TR12.299, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories Ltd., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hampshire 5021 2JN, UK, October 1990. One of a number of reports on the CICS application programming interface. See also [16, 86, 99].
K.T. Narayana and Sanjeev Dharap. Formal specification of a look manager. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 16(9):1089–1103, September 1990. A formal specification of the look manager of a dialog system is presented in Z. This deals with the presentation of visual aspects of objects and the editing of those visual aspects.
K.T. Narayana and Sanjeev Dharap. Invariant properties in a dialog system. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 15 (4): 67–79, September 1990.
T.C. Nash. Using Z to describe large systems. In John E. Nicholls, editor, Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing, pages 150–178. Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Dave Neilson. Hierarchical refinement of a Z specification. In Proc. Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, December 1987.
John E. Nicholls. Working with formal methods. Journal of Information Technology, 2 (2): 67–71, June 1987.
John E. Nicholls, editor. Z in the Development Process, Oxford, UK, June 1989. Oxford University Computing Laboratory. Proceedings of a discussion workshop held on Thursday 15 December in Oxford, UK, with contributions by Peter Collins, David Cooper, Anthony Hall, Patrick Hall, Brian Hepworth, Ben Potter and Andrew Ricketts. It is available from the Librarian at the PRG.
John E. Nicholls, editor. Z User Workshop, Oxford 1989, Workshops in Computing. Springer-Verlag, 1990. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Z User Meeting, 15 December 1989, Oxford, UK. Published in collaboration with the British Computer Society. For the opening address see [134]. For individual papers, see [11, 29, 30, 41, 45, 58, 68, 81, 84, 92, 105, 127, 135, 152, 163, 178].
C.J. Nix and B.P. Collins. The use of software engineering, including the Z notation, in the development of CICS. Quality Assurance, 14 (3): 103–110, September 1988.
M. Norris. Z — a rigorous system specification technique. STARTS debrief report, The National Computing Centre Ltd., Oxford Road, Manchester M1 7ED, UK, 1986. Other reports in the series include: SLIM, PRICE S, ARTEMIS, VDM, SOFCHIP, JSD, SDL, SAFRA and CORE.
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PRG archive server. Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 1991. A computer-based archive server at the Programming Research Group in Oxford is available for use by anyone with access to electronic mail. This allows people interested in Z (and other things) to access various archived files. In particular, back issues of the Z FORUM electronic newsletter [201] and a Z bibliography [25] are available. To access the archive server, send
vol. 5.1–5.3 (1990). Z FORUM is a moderated electronic mailing list. It was initiated as a newsletter by Ruaridh Macdonald of RSRE, Malvern, and is now maintained by Jonathan Bowen at the PRG. Contributions should be sent to the moderator via Requests to join or leave the list should be sent to Messages are now forwarded to the list directly to ensure timeliness. A list of back issues of newsletters and other Z-related material is also available via email by sending a message of index z to the PRG archive server [200] on For a particular issue, send a message such as send z 5. 3.
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Bowen, J. (1991). Selected Z Bibliography. In: Nicholls, J.E. (eds) Z User Workshop, Oxford 1990. Workshops in Computing. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3540-1_23
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