Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Infection in Pregnancy and the Neonatal Period

  • Chapter
Book cover Fetal and Neonatal Pathology

Abstract

Precise information on the frequency of occurrence of infection in pregnancy is not available. Well-defined clinical diseases are easily and accurately documented, whereas infections causing nonspecific symptoms and asymptomatic disease are less likely to be investigated and diagnosed. In a prospective study of 30 000 pregnancies, Sever and White (1968) showed that 5.2% were complicated by at least one clinically recognisable illness. Influenza or influenza-like illness was most frequently identified, and specific infections such as mumps, rubella, varicella and measles occurred at rates between 1 and 15 per 10 000 pregnancies. Serological investigations showed these figures to be an underestimate produced by a combination of incorrect clinical diagnoses and asymptomatic infection. Estimates of the frequency of bacterial infection of the fetus and gestation sac are particularly difficult. Symptoms are often non-specific and, in addition, there may be problems related both to the acquisition of appropriate samples for culture and to the interpretation of laboratory investigations. Viral infection in pregnancy, although less common, may be more amenable to study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahlfors K, Ivarsson SA, Johnsson T, Svanberg L (1979) A prospective study of congenital and aquired cytomegalovirus infection in infants. Scand J Infect Dis 11: 177–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlfors K, Harris S, Ivarsson S, Svanberg L (1981) Secondary maternal cytomegalovirus infection causing symptomatic congenital infection. N Engl J Med 305: 284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlfors K, Ivarsson SA, Johnsson T, Svanberg L (1982) Primary and secondary maternal CMV infections and their relation to congenital infection. Analysis of maternal sera. Acta Paediatr Scand 71: 109–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alford CA, Neva FA, Weller TH (1964) Virologic and serologic studies on human products of conception after maternal rubella. N Engl J Med 271: 1275–1281.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alford CA, Stagno S, Reynolds DW (1974) Congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical, laboratory and therapeutic considerations with special reference to subclinical disease. Bull NY Acad Med 50: 160–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alford CA, Stagno S, Pass R (1980) Natural history of perinatal cytomegaloviral infection. In: Ciba Foundation Symposium 77. Perinatal infections. ASP Elsevier Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 125–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ancona RJ, Ferrieri P, Williams PP (1980) Maternal factors that enhance the acquisition of group B streptococci by newborn infants. J Med Microbiol 13: 273–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker CJ, Barrett FF (1977) Transmission of Group B streptococci among parturient women and their neonates. J Pediatr 83: 919–925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker CJ, Edwards MS (1983) Group B streptococcal infections. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (eds) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 820–881.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barsky P, Beale AJ (1957) The transplacental transmission of poliomyelitis. J Pediatr 51: 207–211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battisti O, Mitchison R, Davies PA (1981) Changing blood culture isolates in a referral neonatal intensive care unit. Arch Dis Child 56: 775–780.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beem MO, Saxon EM (1977) Respiratory-tract colonisation and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in infants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. N Engl J Med 296: 306–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett R, Eriksson M, Zetterstrom R (1981) Increasing incidence. of neonatal septicaemia: causative organism and predisposing risk factors. Acta Paediatr Scand 70: 207–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkovich S, Smithwick EM (1968) Transplacental infection due to ECHO virus type 22. J Pediatr 72: 94–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berman PK, Banker BQ (1966) Neonatal meningitis. A clinical and pathological study of 29 cases. Pediatrics 38: 6–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry PJ, Nagington J (1982) Fatal infection with echovirus 11. Arch Dis Child 57: 22–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biegeleisen JZ, Scott LV, Lewis V (1959) Rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections with fluorescent antibody. Science 129: 640–641.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop RF, Hewstone AS, Davidson GP et al. (1976) An epidemic of serotypes of E. coli diarrhoea in human neonates involving a reovirus-like agent and enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli. J Clin Pathol 29: 46–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blanc WA (1981) Pathology of the placenta, membranes and umbilical cord in bacterial, fungal and viral infections in man. In: Naeye RL, Kissane JM, Kaufman N (eds) Perinatal disease. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 67–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond PR, Caul EO, Usher J et al. (1986) Intrauterine infection with parvovirus. Lancet I: 448–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boué A, Loffredo V (1970) Avortment causé par le virus d l’herpes type II. Isolement du virus à partir de cultures de tissues zygotiques. Presse Med 78: 103–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boué A, Nicolas A, Montagnin B (1971) Reinfection with rubella in pregnant women. Lancet I: 1251–1253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer KM, Papiernak CK, Gazala CA et al. (1984) Transplacental passage of IgG antibodies to Group B Streptococcus serotype 1a. J Pediatr 1044: 618–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braude AI (1973) Current concepts of pyelonephritis. Medicine 5: 257–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • British Association for Perinatal Paediatrics and Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre (1983) Surveillance of necrotising enterocolitis 1981–2. Br Med J 287: 824–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown GC, Evans TN (1967) Serologic evidence of coxsackie virus etiology of congenital heart disease. J Am Med Assoc 199: 183–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown T, Anand A, Ritchie DL et al. (1984) Intrauterine parvovirus infection associated with hydrops fetalis. Lancet II: 1033–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown T, Ritchie LD (1985) Infection with parvovirus during pregnancy. Br Med J I: 559–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumfitt HW (1975) The effects of bacteriuria in pregnancy on maternal and fetal health. Kidney Int [Suppl] 4: S113-119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunell PA (1967) Varicella-zoster infections in pregnancy. J Am Med Assoc 199: 315–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler NR (1973) Intrauterine infections. In: CIBA Foundation Symposium 10. ASP Elsevier Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 155–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter C (1985) Other pathogenic viruses. In: Mandell G, Douglas JE, Bennett RG (eds) Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester, pp 1218–1226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catalano LW, Sever JL (1971) The role of viruses as causes of congenital diseases. Annu Rev Microbiol 25: 255–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang CH, Stulberg C, Bollinger RO, Walker R, Brough AJ (1972) Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii in tissue culture. J Pediatr 81: 790–791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clewley JP (1985) Detection of human parvovirus using a molecularly cloned probe. J Med Virol 15: 173–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey VF, Jessop WJE (1959) Maternal influenza and congenital deformities. A prospective study. Lancet II: 935–938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen BJ, Mortimer PP, Pereira MS (1983) Diagnostic assays with monoclonal antibodies for the human serum parvovirus-like virus (SPLV). J Hyg 91: 113–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cossart YE, Field AM, Cant B et al. (1975) Parvovirus-like particles in human sera. Lancet I: 72–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Covell G (1950) Congenital malaria. Trop Dis Bull 47: 1147–1167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies PA, Gothefors L (1984) ‘Bacteraemia’. Infections of central nervous and respiratory systems. In: Bacterial infections in the fetus and newborn infant. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 122–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derso A, Boxall EH, Tarlow MJ, Flewett TH (1978) Transmission of HBsAg from mother to infant in four ethnic groups. Br Med J I: 949–952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desmonts G, Couvreur J (1974) Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy and its transmission to the fetus. Bull NY Acad Med 50: 146–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desmonts G, Couvreur J (1979) Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective study of the offspring of 542 women who acquired toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Pathophysiology of congenital disease. In: Thalhammer O, Baumgarten K, Pollak A (eds) Proceedings of the sixth European congress on perinatal medicine, Vienna, 1978. Thième, Stuttgart, pp 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmonts G, Naot Y, Remington JS (1981) Immunoglobulin M-immunosorbent agglutination assay for diagnosis of acute congenital diseases: diagnosis of acute congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis infections. J Clin Microbiol 14: 486–491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietzman DE, Matthew EB, Madden DL et al. (1972) The occurrence of epidemic hepatitis in chronic carriers of Australia antigen. J Pediatr 80: 577–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dietzman DE, Fischer GW, Schoenknecht FD (1974) Neonatal E. coli septicaemic-bacterial counts in blood. J Pediatr 85: 128–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doll R, Hill AB, Sakula J (1960) Asian influenza in pregnancy and congenital defects. Br J Prev Soc Med 14: 167–172.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drew JH (1973) Echo 11 virus outbreak in a nursery associated with myocarditis. Aust J Paediatr 9: 90–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Easmon CS, Hastings MJ, Clare AJ et al. (1981) Nosocomial transmission of group B streptococci. Br Med J 283: 459–461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman R, Levine MM (1983) Summary of a workshop on enteropathogenic E. coli. J Infect Dis 147: 1108–1118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eden AN (1966) Perinatal mortality caused by Vibrio fetus. Review and analysis. J Pediatr 68: 297–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Editorial (1977) Cytomegalovirus in adults. Lancet II: 541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Editorial (1981) Neonatal infection with Group B streptococci. Lancet II: 181–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Embree JE, Krause VW, Embil JA, MacDonald S (1980) Placental infection with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticun: clinical correlation. Obstet Gynecol 56: 475–481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eschenbach D (1977) Significance for the fetus of sexually acquired maternal infection with Mycoplasma, Chlamydia and N. gonorrhoeae. Semin Perinatol 11: 11–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabiani G, Marsoin J, Cartier F et al. (1976) Rechèrche par copro-culture des porteurs de listeria chez les transplants renaux. Med Malad Infect 6: 15–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fish SA (1960) Maternal death due to disseminated varicella. J Am Med Assoc 173: 978–981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiumara NJ, Lessell S (1970) Manifestations of late congenital syphilis. An analysis of 271 patients. Arch Dematol 102: 78–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleck DG (1979) Perinatal and neonatal infections: toxoplasmosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 5 (Suppl A): 87–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Florman AL, Gerson AA, Blackett PR, Nahmias AJ (1973) Intrauterine infection with herpes simplex virus: resultant congenital malformations. J Am Med Assoc 225: 129–132.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frantz ID, L’heureux P, Engel RR et al. (1975) Necrotising enterocolitis. J Pediatr 86: 259–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon RA (1968) Transplacental inoculation of fatal herpes simplex in the newborn. Report of 2 cases. Obstet Gynecol 31: 682–684.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner PS, McQuillan J, Black MM, Richardson J et al (1968) Rapid diagnosis of herpesvirus hominis infection in superficial lesions by immunofluorescent antibody techniques. Br Med J 4: 89–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gear JH, Measroch V (1973) Coxsackie virus infections of the newborn. Prog Med Virol 15: 42–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George R (1982) Infections in the neonate. In: Barson AJ (ed) Fetal and neonatal pathology. Praeger, Eastbourne, pp 247–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershon AA (1975) Varicella in mother and infant: problems old and new. In: Krugman S, Gershon AA (eds) Infections of the fetus and the newborn infant. Progress in clinical and biological research, vol 3. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 79–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldacre MJ (1976) Acute bacterial meningitis in childhood. Incidence and mortality in a defined population. Lancet I: 28–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray ES, Anand A, Brown T (1986) Parvovirus infections in pregnancy. Lancet I: 208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg NM (1941) Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Aust 3: 35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths PD (1981) The presumptive diagnosis of primary cytomegalovirus infection in early pregnancy by means of a radioimmunoassay for specific-IgM antibodies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 88: 582–587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths PD (1983) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. In: Waterston AP (ed) Recent advances in clinical virology 3. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths PD, Stagno S, Pass RF et al. (1982) Congenital CMV infection: diagnostic and prognostic significance of the detection of specific IgM antibodies in cord serum. Paediatrics 69: 544–549.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths PD, Panjwani DD, Stirk PR (1984) Rapid diagnosis of CMV infection in immunecompromised patients by detection of early antigen fluorescent foci. Lancet II: 1242–1244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross RJ, Rowe B, Henderson A et al. (1976) A new Escherichia coli O-group 0159 associated with outbreaks of enteritis in infants. Scand J Infect Dis 8: 195–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurwith M, Hinde D, Gross R, Rowe B (1978) A prospective study of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in endemic diarrhoeal disease. J Infect Dis 137: 292–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall S (1983) Congenital toxoplasmosis in England and Wales, and N. Ireland. Some epidemiological problems. Br Med J 287: 453–455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handsfield HH, Hodson WA, Holmes KK (1973) Neonatal gonococcal infection. 1. Orogastric contamination with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. JAMA 225: 697–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanshaw JB, Scheiner AP, Moxley AW et al. (1976) School failure and deafness after’ silent’ congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 295: 468–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanshaw JB, Dudgeon JA, Marshall WC (1985a) Rubella: In: Viral diseases of the fetus and newborn, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, 13–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanshaw JB, Dudgeon JA, Marshall WC (1985b) Herpes simplex infection of the fetus and newborn. In: Viral diseases of the fetus and newborn, 2nd edn, vol 17. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 132–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanshaw JB, Dudgeon JA, Marshall WC (1985c) Varicella-zoster infections. In: Viral diseases of the fetus and newborn, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 161–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris JW (1919) Influenza in pregnant women. J Am Med Assoc 72: 978–981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harter C, Benirschke K (1976) Fetal syphilis in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124: 705–710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes K, Billson FA, Jack I et al. (1973) Cell culture isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from an infant with unusual occular features. Med J Aust 1: 1297–1299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hindi RD, Azimi PH (1980) Congenital malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. Pediatrics 66: 977–979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan MJ (1951) Ocular toxoplasmosis. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 1–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingall D, Musher MD (1983) Syphilis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (eds) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 335–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs SI, Holzel A, Wolman B et al. (1970) Outbreak of infantile gastroenteritis caused by Escherichia coli 0114. Arch Dis Child 45: 656–663.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey H, Mitchison R, Wigglesworth JS, Davies PA (1977) Early neonatal bacteraemia. Arch Dis Child 52: 683–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen CS, Littauer J, Sagild U (1977) Measles as a cause of fetal defects. Acta Paediatr Scand 66: 367–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kampelmacher EH, Van Noorle-Jansen L (1972) Further studies on the isolation of L. monocytogenes in clinically healthy individuals. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 221: 70–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kass EH (1960) Bacteriuria and pyelonephritis of pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 105: 194–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kass EH (1982) Infectious disease and perinatal morbidity. Yale J Biol Med 55: 231–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keleman A (1958) Toxoplasmosis and congenital deafness. Arch Otolaryngol 68: 547–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein JO, Marcy SM (1976) Bacterial infection. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (eds) Infectious disease of the fetus and newborn infant. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 747–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman H, Prince JT, Mathey WE et al. (1962) ECHO 9 virus infection and congenital abnormalities. A negative report. Pediatrics 29: 261–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knott PD, Welply GA, Anderson MJ (1984) Serologically proved intrauterine infection with parvovirus. Br Med J 284: 1660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koskimies O, Lapinleimu K, Saxen L (1978) Infections and other maternal factors as risk indicators for congenital malformations: a case-control study with paired serum samples. Pediatrics 61: 832–837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krous HF, Dietzman D, Ray CG (1973) Fatal infections with Echovirus types 6 and 11 in early infancy. Am J Dis Child 126: 842–846.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kucera J (1970) Down’s syndrome and infectious hepatitis. Lancet I: 569–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kundsin RB, Driscoll SG (1970) Mycoplasmas and human reproductive failure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 131: 89–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz B, Tomlinson AH, Pearson J (1982) Mumps virus isolated from a fetus. Br Med J 284: 471.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamprecht C, Schauf V, Warren D, Nelson K, Northrop R, Christiansen M (1982) An outbreak of congenital rubella in Chicago. JAMA 247: 1129–1133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landsman JB, Grist NR, Ross CA (1964) Echo 9 virus infection and congenital malformations. Br J Prev Soc Med 18: 152–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leck I (1963) Incidence of malformations following influenza epidemics. Br J Prev Soc Med 17: 70–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee AKY, Ip HMH, Wong VCW (1978) Mechanisms of maternal-fetal transmission of hepatitis B virus. J Infect Dis 138: 668–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefrère JJ, Dumez Y, Courouce AM et al. (1986) Letter. Lancet I: 449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd D, Belgaumkar T, Scott K et al. (1979) Prevention of group B β-haemolytic streptococcal septicaemia in low birth weight neonates by penicillin administered within 2 hours of birth. Lancet I: 713–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundstrom R (1962) Rubella during pregnancy. A follow-up study of children born after an epidemic of rubella in Sweden 1951. Acta Pediatr Scand [Suppl] 133: 1–110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald AD (1961) Maternal health in early pregnancy and congenital defect. Final report on a prospective enquiry. Br J Prev Soc Med 19: 154–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald H, Tobin JO’H (1978) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a collaborative study on epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings. Dev Med Child Neurol 20: 471–482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor JD, Avery JG (1974) Malaria transmission and fetal growth. Br Med J 3: 433–436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCracken GH, Sarff LD, Glode MP, Mize SG (1974) Relation between Escherichia coli K, capsular polysaccharide antigen and clinical outcome in neonatal meningitis. Lancet II: 246–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manson MM, Logan WPD, Loy RM (1960) Rubella and other. virus infections during pregnancy. Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects 110. HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menser MA, Forrest JM, (1974) High incidence of defects in children considered normal at birth. Med J Aust 1: 123–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram JW (1974) Osseous changes in toxoplasmosis. Arch Pathol 97: 150–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller E, Cradock-Watson JE, Pollock TM (1982) Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. Lancet II: 781–784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modlin JF (1980) Fatal echovirus 11 disease in premature neonates. Pediatrics 66: 775–780.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monif GRG, Sowards DL, Eitzman DL (1972) Serologic and immunologic evaluation of neonates following materna influenza infection during the second and third trimesters o gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 114: 239–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery R, Youngblood L, Medearis DN (1972) Recovery of cytomegalovirus from the cervix in pregnancy. Pediatric 49: 524–531.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan-Capner P, Hambling MH, Coleman TJ, Watkins RP Stern H, Banatvala JE et al. (1985) Detection of rubella specific IgM in subclinical rubella reinfection in pregnancy. Lancet I 244–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer PP (1980) Hepatitis A and its virus. In: Waterson AI (ed) Recent advances in clinical virology 3. Churchill Living stone, Edinburgh, pp 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer PP, Cohen BJ, Buckley MM et al. (1985) Humar parvovirus and the fetus. Lancet II: 1012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munday PE, Porter R, Folder PF et al. (1984) Spontaneous abortion, an infectious aetiology. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 91 (12) 1177–1180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy JF, Sykes G, Gardiner M et al. (1982) Group B streptococ cal carrier rate in pregnant women and their newborn infants J Infect 4: 165–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naeye RL (1979) Coitus and associated amniotic-fluid infections N Engl J Med 301: 1198–1199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagington J, Wreghitt TG, Gandy G, Roberten NRC, Berry P (1978) Fatal echovirus 11 infections in outbreak in specia care baby unit. Lancet II: 725–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nahmias AJ, Roizman B (1973) Infection with herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. N Engl J Med 289: 781–789.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahmias AJ, Alford CA, Korones SB (1970) Infection of the new born with herpes virus hominis. In: Schulman I (ed) Advances in pediatrics. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago pp 185–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahmias AJ, Josey WE, Naid ZM et al. (1971) Perinatal risk associated with maternal genital herpes simplex virus infection Am J Obstet Gynecol 110: 825–837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Reimer C et al. (1975) Herpes simple virus infection of the fetus and newborn. In: Krugman S, Gershon AA (eds) Infections of the fetus and the newborn infant Progress in clinical and biological research. Alan R Liss, New York, pp 63–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naib ZM, Nahmias AJ, Josey WE, Wheeler JH (1970) Association of maternal genital herpetic infection with spontaneous abortion. Obstet Gynecol 35: 260–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norden CW, Kass CH (1968) Bacteriuria of pregnancy—a critica appraisal. Am Rev Med 19: 431–470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie MM, Tearne CF (1980) Spontaneous abortion after hand foot-and-mouth disease caused by Coxsackie virus A16. B Med J 281: 1527–1528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overall JC (1970) Neonatal bacterial meningitis. Analysis of predisposing factors and outcome compared with matched control subjects. J Pediatr 76: 499–511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overall JC, Glasgow LA (1970) Virus infections of the fetus and newborn infant. J Pediatr 77: 315–333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pantelakis SN, Chryssostomidou O-M, Alexiou D, Valaes T, Doxiadis SA (1970) Sex chromatin and chromosome abnormalities among 10,412 liveborn babies. Arch Dis Child 45: 87–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker T (1979) Infections with group B streptococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 5A: 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne RA, Isaac M, Francis JM (1982) An enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) using antibody class capture for the detection of antitoxoplasma IgM. J Clin Pathol 358: 892–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peckham C, Marshall WC (1983) Infections in pregnancy. In: Barron SL, Thomson, AM (eds) Obstetric epidemiology. Academic, London, pp 209–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peckham CS, Chin KS, Coleman JC, Henderson K, Hurley R, Preece PM (1983) Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Preliminary findings from a prospective study. Lancet I: 1352–1355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philip AGS, Larson EJ (1973) Overwhelming neonatal infection with ECHO 19 virus. J Pediatr 82: 391–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pleydell MJ (1960) Anencephaly and other congenital abnormalities. Br Med J I: 309–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier M (1978) Analyse de l’epidemie de listeriose survenue en Angou en 1975–76. Thèse de Medicine, Angers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pryse-Davies J, Hurley R (1979) Infections and perinatal mortality. J Antimicrob Chemother5A: 59–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh RCB, Dudgeon JA (1954) Fatal neonatal poliomyelitis. Arch Dis Child 29: 381–384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pyati SP, Pildes RS, Ramamurthy RS, Jacobs N (1981) Decreasing mortality in neonates with early-onset Group B streptococcal infection: reality or artefact? J Pediatr 98: 625–628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn TC, Jacobs RF, Mertz GJ et al. (1982) Congenital malaria: A report of 4 cases and a review. J Paediatr 101: 220–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn PA, Shewchuk AB, Shuber J et al. (1983) Serologic evidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in women with spontaneous pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 145: 245–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ransome-Kuti O (1972) Malaria in childhood. Paediatrics 19: 319–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid TM (1975) Emergence of group B streptococci in obstetric and perinatal infections. Br Med J II: 533–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt MC (1980) Effects of parasitic infections in pregnant women. In: Ciba Foundation Symposium 77. Perinatal infections. ASP Elsevier Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 149–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Relier JP (1979) Perinatal and neonatal infections: listeriosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 5A: 51–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remington JS (1973) Toxoplasmosis. In: Charles D, Finlaid L (eds) Obstetric and perinatal infections. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remington JS, Desmonts G (1983) Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (eds) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 144–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds DW, Stagno S, Stubbs KG et al. (1974) Inapparent congenital cytomegalovirus infection with elevated cord IgM levels. Causal relation with auditory and mental deficiency. N Engl J Med 290: 291–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rindge ME (1957) Poliomyelitis in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 256: 281–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins JB, McCracken GH, Gorschlick EC et al. (1974) Escherichia coli K, capsular polysaccharide antigen associated with neonatal meningitis. N Engl J Med 290: 1216–1220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers MF, Thomas RM, Selik RM et al. (1985) Surveillance for Aids in children. Abstracts of 1st international conference on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Atlanta, Georgia, April 1985. Report ISSN0025729X.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross CA, Bell EJ, Kerr MM et al. (1972) Infective agents and embryopathy in the west of Scotland 1966–1970. Scott Med J 17: 252–258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rotimi VO, Duerden BI (1981) The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates. J Med Microbiol 14: 51–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryder RW, Wachsmuth IK, Buxton AE et al. (1976) Infantile diarrhoea produced by heat stable enterotoxigenic E. coli. N Engl J Med 295: 849–853.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarff LD, McCracken GH, Schiffer MS et al. (1975) Epidemiology of Escherichia coli K, in healthy and diseased newborns. Lancet I: 1099–2004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savage WF, Hajj SN, Kass EH (1967) Demographic and prognostic characteristics of bacteriuria in pregnancy. Medicine 46: 385–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter J, Grossman M, Holt J et al. (1979) Prospective study of chlamydial infection in neonates. Lancet II: 377–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter J, Grossman M, Holt J, Sweet R, Goodner E, Mills JL (1979) Prospective study of chlamydial infection in neonates. Lancet II: 377–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schopfer K, Lauber E, Krech V (1978) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborn infants of mothers infected before pregnancy. Arch Dis Child 53: 536–539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder SA, Aserkoff B, Brackman PS (1968) Epidemic salmonellosis in hospitals and institutions. N Engl J Med 279: 674–678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer IL, Moseley JW, Aschcavai M et al. (1973) Factors influencing neonatal infection by hepatitis B virus. Gastroenterology 65: 277–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwer M, Moosa A (1978) Effects of hepatitis A and B in pregnancy on the mother and fetus. S Afr Med J 54: 1092–1095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott GB, Fischl N, Klimas M et al. (1985) Mothers of infants with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Outcome of subsequent pregnancies. Abstracts of 1st international conference on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Atlanta, Georgia, April 1985. Report ISSN0025729X.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger HRP (1976) Notion actuelle sur l’epidémiologie de la listeriose. Med Malad Infect 6: 10–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeliger HPR, Finger H (1983) Listeriosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO (eds) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, 2nd edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 333–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sever J, White LR (1968) Intrauterine viral infections. Annu Rev Med 19: 471–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sever JL, Ellenberg JH, Evans D (1978) Urinary infections during pregnancy: maternal and paediatric findings. In: Kass EH, Brumfitt HW (eds) Infections of the urinary tract. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sever JL, Larson JW, Grossman JH (1979) Gonorrhoea. In: Handbook of perinatal infections. Little Brown, Boston, pp 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegal M, Fuerst HT (1966) Low birth weight and maternal virus diseases. A prospective study of rubella, measles, mumps, chickenpox and hepatitis. J Am Med Assoc 197: 680–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegal M, Greenberg M (1956) Poliomyelitis in pregnancy: effect on fetus and newborn infant. J Pediatr 49: 280–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegal M, Fuerst HT, Peress NS (1966) Comparative fetal mortality in maternal virus disease. A prospective study on rubella, measles, chickenpox and hepatitis. N Engl J Med 274: 768–771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegal M, Fuerst HT, Guinee VF (1971) Rubella epidemicity and embryopathy. Am J Dis Child 121: 469–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel JD, McCracken GH, Threlkeld N et al. (1980) Single dose penicillin prophylaxis against neonatal group B streptococcal infection. N Engl J Med 303: 769–775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smithells RW, Sheppard G, Holzel H, Dickson A (1985) National Congenital Rubella Surveillance Programme 1 July 1971–30 June 1984. Br Med J 291: 40–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • South MA, Tompkins WAF, Morris R, Rawls WE (1969) Congenital malformations of the central nervous system associated with genital type (type 2) herpes infection. J Pediatr 75: 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stagno S (1980) Congenital toxoplasmosis. Am J Dis Child 134: 635–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stagno S, Reynolds DW, Tsiantos A et al. (1975) Cervical cytomegalovirus excretion in pregnant and non-pregnant women: suppression in early gestation. J Infect Dis 131: 522–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stagno S, Reynolds DW, Huang E-S et al. (1977a) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Occurrence in an immune population. N Engl J Med 296: 1254–1258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stagno S, Reynolds DW, Amos CS et al. (1977b) Auditory and visual defects resulting from symptomatic and subclinical congenital cytomegaloviral and Toxoplasma infections. Pediatrics 59: 669–678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stagno S, Brasfield DM, Brown MB et al. (1981) Infant pneumonitis associated with cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia, Pneumocystis and Ureoplasma: a prospective study. Pediatrics 68: 322–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern H, Tucker SM (1973) Prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Br Med J II: 268–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewardson-Krieger PB, Gotoff SP (1978) Risk factors in early onset group B streptococcal infections. Infection 6: 50–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoller A, Collmann RD (1965) Evidence of infective hepatitis followed by Down’s syndrome nine months later. Lancet II: 1221–1223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JN, Das BL (1983) Investigation of an outbreak of infection with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in a special care baby unit. J Hosp Infect 71: 42–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer J, Crees-Morris A, Young S et al. (1981) Group B streptococcal systemic disease in Great Britain. J Infect 3: 385–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin JO’H (1975) Herpes virus hominis infection in pregnancy. Proc R Soc Med 68: 371–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin JO’H, Sheppard S, Smithells RW et al. (1985) Rubella in the UK 1970–1983. Rev Infect Dis 71: 47–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torres CM (1927) Affinité de l’encephalitozoon chagasi agent etiologique d’une meningoencephalomyelitis congénitale avec myocardité et myosite chez l’homme. C R Soc Biol Paris 97: 1797–1799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker-Smith J (1978) Rotavirus gastroenteritis. Arch Dis Child 53: 355–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitley RJ, Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Fleming CL, Alford AL (1980) The natural history of herpes simplex virus infection. of mother and newborn. Pediatrics 66: 489–494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JD, Reeves DS, Condie AP et al. (1978) Significance of bacteriuria in pregnancy. In: Kass EH, Brumfitt HW (eds) Infections of the urinary tract. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp 8–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, Reynolds DW (1980) Development of adverse sequelae in children born with sub-clinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics 66: 767–774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson R, Kauto WP, McCarthy VSJ et al. (1981) Epidemiologic characteristics of necrotising enterocolitis: a population based study. Am J Epidemiol 114: 880–887.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witzleben CL, Driscoll SG (1965) Possible transplacental transmission of herpes simplex infection. Pediatrics 36: 192–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf A, Cowen D (1959) Perinatal infections of the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 18: 191–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo D, Cummins M, Davies PA et al. (1979) Vertical transmission of hepatic B surface antigen in carrier mothers in two West London hospitals. Arch Dis Child 54: 670–675.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright DJ, Berry CL (1974) Liver involvement in congenital syphilis. Br J Vener Dis 50: 241 (letter).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyler DJ (1983) Malaria—resurgence, resistance and research. N Engl J Med 308: 875–878, 934-940.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Wilson C, StGeme JW Jr (1974) Transmission of live, attenuated mumps virus to the human placenta. N Engl J Med 290: 710–717.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yen SSC, Reagan JW, Rosenthal MS (1965) Herpes simplex infection in female genital tract. Obstet Gynecol 25: 479–492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young SE (1982) Bacteraemia 1975–80. A survey of cases reported to the PHLS. Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. J Infect 5: 19–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Helen Holzel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. John Radcliffe Maternity Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK

    Jean W. Keeling MB, BS, FRCPath (Consultant Paediatric Pathologist) (Consultant Paediatric Pathologist)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Holzel, H. (1987). Infection in Pregnancy and the Neonatal Period. In: Keeling, J.W. (eds) Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3523-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3523-4_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3525-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3523-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation