Skip to main content

Introduction

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Clinical Medicine and the Nervous System ((CLIN.MED.NERV.))

Abstract

Vertigo is an unpleasant distortion of static gravitational orientation, or an erroneous perception of motion of either the sufferer or the environment. It is not a well-defined disease entity, but rather may be the outcome of many pathological or normal processes. It is best described as a multisensory syndrome which is induced either by stimulation of the intact sensory systems by motion, or by pathological dysfunction. Different treatments are appropriate for different types of vertigo, and may include drug therapy, physical therapy (exercises), surgery and psychotherapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abzug C, Maeda M, Peterson BW, Wilson VJ (1974) Cervical branching of lumbar vestibulo-spinal axons. J Physiol (London) 243:499–522

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allum JHJ, Pfaltz CR (1985) Visual and vestibular contributions to pitch sway stabilization in the ankle musclcs of normals and patients with bilateral peripheral vestibular deficits. Exp Brain Res 58:82–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloh RW, Monrubia V. Konrad HR (1977) Ewald’s second law re-evaluated. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 83:475–479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barret HJ, Hood JD (1988) Transfer of optokinetic activity to vestibular nystagmus. Acta Otolarynogol (Stockh) 105:318–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bechterew W von (1883) Ergebnisse der Durchschneidung des N. acusticus, nebst Erörterung der Bedeutung der semicirculären Kanäle für das Körpergleichgewicht. Pflügers Arch Ges Physiol 30:312–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt Th (1986a) Vertigo and dizziness. In: Asbury AK, McKhann, GM, McDonald I (eds) Diseases of the nervous system. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 561–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt Th (1986b) Episodic vertigo. In: Rakel RE (ed) Connys current therapy. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 741–746

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt Th, Daroff RB (1980) The multisensory physiological and pathological vertigo syndromes. Ann Neurol 7:195–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt Th, Paulus W (1989) Postural retraining in exceptional populations. In: Wollacott M, Shumwav-Cook A (eds) Posture and gait across the lifespan. University of South Carolina Press, 299–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt Th, Krafczyk S, Malsbenden I (1981) Postural imbalance with head extension: improvement by training as a model for ataxia therapy. Ann NY Acad Sci 374:646–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt Th, Büchele W, Krafczyk S (1986) Training effects on experimental postural instability: A model for clinical ataxia therapy. In: Bles W, Brandt Th. (eds) Disorders in posture and gait. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 353–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Büchele W, Knaup H, Brandt Th (1984) Time course of training effects on balancing on one foot. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Suppl 406:140–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen B, Henn V (1988) Representation of three-dimensional space in the vestibular, oculomotor, and visual systems. Ann NY Acad Sci 545

    Google Scholar 

  • Courjon JH, Jeannerod M (1979) Visual substitution of labyrinthine defect. In: Granit R, Pompeiano O (eds) Progress in brain research. Vol 50, Reflex control of posture and locomotion, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 783–792

    Google Scholar 

  • Courjon JH, Flandrin JM, Jeannerod M, Schmid R (1982) The role of the flocculus in vestibular coinpensation after hemilabyrinthectomy. Brain Res 239:251–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Courjon JH, Jeannerod M, Ossuzio I, Schmid R (1977) The role of vision in compensation of vestibulo-ocular reflex after hemilabyrinthectomy in the cat. Exp Brain Res 28:235–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener HC, Dichgans J, Guschlbauer B, Mau H (1984) The significance of proprioception on postural stabilization as assessed by ischemia. Brain Res 296:103–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dieringer N, Precht W (1977) Modification of synaptic input following unilateral labyrinthectomy. Nature 269:431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dieterich M, Brandt Th, Fries W (1989) Otolith function in man: Results from a case of otolith Tullio phenomenon. Brain 112:1377–1392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz V, Ouintern J, Sillem M (1987) Stumbling reactions in man: Significance of proprioceptive and pre-programmed mechanism. J Physiol (London) 386:140–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewald JR (1892) Physiologische Untersuchungen über das Endorgan des N. octavus. Bergmann, Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  • Ez-Zaher L, Lacour M (1988) Effects of an extract of ginkgo biloba on vestibular compensation in the cat. In: Claussen CF, Kirtane MV, Schütter K (eds) Vertigo, nausea, tinnitus and hypoacusia in metabolic disorders. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 595–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Fetter M, Zee DS (1988) Recovery from unilateral labyrinthectomy in rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 59:370–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fetter M, Zee DS, Proctor LR (1988) Effect of lack of vision and of occipital lobectomy upon recovery from unilateral labyrinthectomy in rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 59:349–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Flohr H, Bienhold H, Abeln W, Macskovics I (1981) Concepts of vestibular compensation. In: Flohr H, Precht W (eds) Lesion-induced neuronal plasticity in sensorimotor systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 153–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Flohr H, Abeln W, Lüneburg U (1985) Neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems involved in vestibular compensation. In: Berthoz A, Melvill Jones G (eds) Adaptive mechanisms in gaze control. Facts and theories. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 269–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries W, Dieterich M, Brandt Th (1988) Otolithic control of posture: Vestibulo-spinal reflexes in a patient with a Tullio phenomenon. Adv Oto-Rhino-Laryng 41:162–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graf W, Brunken WJ (1984) Elasmobranch oculomotor organization: Anatomical and theoretical aspects of the phylogenetic development of vestibulo-oculomotor connectivity. J Compar Neurol 227:569–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graf W, Ezure K (1986) Morphology of vertical canal related second order vestibular neurons in the cat. Exp Brain Res 63: 35–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graf W, McCrea RA, Baker R (1983) Morphology of posterior canal-related secondary vestibular neurons in rabbit and cat. Exp Brain Res 52:125–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graf W, Simpson JI (1981) The relations between the semicircular canals, the optic axis, and the extraocular muscles in lateral-eyed and frontal-eyed animals. In: Fuchs AF, Becker W (eds) Progress in oculomotor research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 409–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines RF (1974) Effect of bed rest and exercise on body balance. J Appl Physiol 36:323–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes BF, Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Mason P, Fauci AS (1980) Cogan syndrome: Studies in 13 patients, long-term follow up, and a review of the literature. Medicine 59:426–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS (1988) A clinical sign of canal pareses. Arch Neurol 45: 737–739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igarashi M (1984) Vestibular compensation. An Overview. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Supp I 406, 78–82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Igarashi M (1986) Compensation for peripheral vestibular disturbances -animal studies. In: Bles W, Brandt Th (eds) Disorders of posture and gait. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 337–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii M, Igarashi M (1986) Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on vestibular compensation in primates. Am J Otolaryngol 7:177–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa K, Togawa K (1988) Effect of blindfolding one eye on vestibular compensation in guinea pigs. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Suppl 447:55–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacour M (1984) Réapprentissage et période postopératoire sensible dans la restauration des fonctions nerveuses. Exemple de la compensation vestibulaire et implications cliniques. Ann Oto-Laryng (Paris) 101:177–187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacour M, Xerri C (1980) Compensation of postural reaction to free-fall in the vestibular neurectomized monkey. Role of the visual motion cues. Exp Brain Res 40:103–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacour M, Xerri C (1981) Vestibular compensation: new perspectives. In: Flohr H, Precht W (eds) Lesion-induced neuronal plasticity in sensorimotor systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 240–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Leigh RJ, Zee DS (1990) Neurology of eye movements, 2nd Edn. FA Davis, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Markham CH (1987) Vestibular control of muscular tone and posture. Can J Neurol Sci 14:493–496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markham CH, Yagi T (1984) Brainstem changes in vestibular compensation. Acta Otolaryngol(Stockh) Suppl 406:83–86

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe BF, Ryu JH, Sekitani T (1972) Further experiments on vestibular compensation. Laryngoscope 82:381–396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melvill Jones G, Watt DG (1971) Muscular control of landing from unexpected fall in man. J Physiol 219:729–737

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrosini L (1987) Behavioural recovery from unilateral vestibular lesion is facilitated by GM, ganglioside treatment. Behav Brain Res 23:117–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Precht W, Shimazu H, Markham CH (1966) A mechanism of central compensation of vestibular function following hemilabyrinthectomy. J Neurophysiol 29:996

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts TDM (1978) Neurophysiology of Postural Mechanism, 2nd Edn. Butterworth, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Shinoda Y, Ohgaki T, Sugiuchi Y, Futami T (1988) Structural basis for three-dimensional coding in the vestibulo-spinal reflex. In: Cohen B, Henn V (eds) Representation of three-dimensional space in the vestibular, oculomotor, and visual Systems. Ann NY Acad Sci 545:216–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder LH, King WM (1988) Vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex in the cat: Asymmetry and adaptation. J Neurophysiol 59:279–298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takagi A, Sando I, Takahashi H (1989) Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction of semicircular canals and their cristae in man. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 107:362–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi S, Fetter M, Koenig E, Dichgans J (1990) The clinical significance of head-shaking nystagmus in the dizzy patient. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 109:8–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor HL, Henschel A, Brozek J, Keys A (1949) Effect of bed rest on cardiovascular function in work performance. J Appl Physiol 2:223–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson VJ, Maeda M (1974) Connection between semicircular canals and neck motor neurones in the cat. J Neurophysiol 37:346–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson VJ, Peterson BW (1978) Peripheral and central substrates of vestibulo-spinal reflexes. Physiol Rev 58:80–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wist ER, Brandt Th, Krafczyk S (1983) Oscillopsia and retinal slip. Evidence supporting a clinical test. Brain 106:153–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xerri C, Lacour M (1980) Compensation des déficits posturaux et cinétiques après neurectomie vestibulaire unilatérale chez le chat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 90:414–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zee DS (1978) Ophthalmoscopy in examination of patients with vestibular disorders. Ann Neurol 3:373–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zee DS (1988) The management of patients with vestibular disorders. In: HO Barber, J A Sharpe (eds) Vestibular disorders. Yearbook Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 254–274

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brandt, T. (1991). Introduction. In: Vertigo: Its Multisensory Syndromes. Clinical Medicine and the Nervous System. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3342-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3342-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3344-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3342-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics