Abstract
The liver forms initially as a diverticulum from the endoderm of the mid-gut around the 25th day of gestation. It develops by dichotomous branching after giving off an unpaired diverticulum, the future gallbladder. Extending into the mesenchyme of the septum transversum, which gives rise to the interstitial tissues and capsule, the irregularly arranged cords of liver cells are mixed with capillary loops, which eventually form sinusoids. The arrangement of definitive liver lobules arises from a series of right-angled branches arising from the primary cell cords, and from these branches a further series of radiating branches develops. These give rise to lobules and the axial cells from which the branches arise differentiate into the branch of the hepatic duct system that drains the lobule.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aagenaes O, Fagerhol M, Elgjo K, Munthe E, Hovig T (1974) Pathology and pathogenesis of liver disease in Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient individuals. Postgrad Med J 50: 365
Alagille D (1984) Extrahepatic biliary atresia. Hepatology 4: 7S
Alagille D, Odievre M, Gautier M, Dommergnes JP (1975) Hepatic ductular hypoplasia associated with characteristic facies, vertebral malformations, retarded physical, mental and sexual development, and cardiac murmur. J. Pediatr 86: 63
Allen JT, Gillett M, Holton JB, King GS, Pettit BR (1980) Evidence of galactosaemia in utero. Lancet I: 603
Alpert LI, Strauss L, Hirschhorn K (1969) Neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia associated with trisomy 17–18 syndrome. N Engl J Med 280: 16
Amedee-Manesme O, Bernard O, Brunelle F, Hadchouel M, Polonovski C, Baudon JJ, Beguet P, Alagille D (1987) Sclerosing cholangitis with neonatal onset. J Pediatr 111: 225
Andersen DH (1956) Familial cirrhosis of the liver with storage of abnormal glycogen. Lab Invest 5: 11
Anonymous (1982) Clouds over galactosaemia. Lancet II: 1379
Anonymous (1986) Sudden infant death and inherited disorders of fat oxidation. Lancet II: 1073
Balazs Marta, Denes J, Lukacs VF (1978) Fine structure of multiple neonatal haemangioendothelioma of the liver. Virchows Arch [A] 379: 157
Bamford MFM, de Bono D, Pickering D, Keeling JW (1980) An arteriovenous malformation of the liver giving rise to persistent transitional (fetal) circulation. Arch Dis Child 55: 244
Berg NO, Eriksson S (1972) Liver disease in adults with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. N Engl J Med 287: 1264
Berk PD, Bloomer JR, Howe RB, Berlin NI (1970) Constitutional hepatic dysfunction (Gilbert’s syndrome). A new definition based on kinetic studies with unconjugated radiobilirubin. Am J Med 49: 296
Bernstein J, Chang CH, Brough AJ, Heidelberger KP (1977) Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia in infancy associated with parenteral alimentation. J Pediatr 90: 361
Berry CL (1987) Live lesions in an autopsy population. Huml Toxicol 6: 209
Berry CL (1989) Reye’s syndrome and other causes of sudden natural death in infancy. In: Mason MK (ed) Paediatric forensic medicine and pathology. Chapman and Hall, London
Berry PJ, Nagington J (1982) Fatal infection with Echovirus 11. Arch Dis Child 57: 22
Bhagwat AG, Walisa BNS, Koshy A, Banerjee K (1983) Will the real Indian childhood cirrhosis please stand up? Cleve Clin 50: 323
Bhave SA, Pandit AN, Pradhan AM et al. (1982) Liver disease in India. Arch Dis Child 57: 922
Blisard KS, Bartow SA (1986) Neonatal hemochromatosis. Hum Pathol 17: 376
Blyth H, Ockenden BG (1971) Polycystic disease of kidneys and liver presenting in childhood. J Med Genet 8: 257
Boggs JD, Lawson EE (1974) Long-term follow up of neonatal hepatitis: Safety and value of surgical exploration. Paediatrics 53: 650
Boichis H, Passwell J, David R et al. (1973) Congenital hepatic fibrosis and nephronophthisis. Q J Med 62: 221
Brough AJ, Bernstein J (1974) Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in early infancy. A reassessment of liver biopsy. Hum Pathol 5: 507
Burn J, Dunger D, Lake B (1982) Liver damage in a neonate with Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency due to phenotype PiZ null (Z-). Arch Dis Child 57: 311
Claireaux AE (1960) Neonatal hyper-bilirubinaemia. Br Med J I: 1528
Cohen KL, Rubin PE, Echevarria RA, Sharp HL, Teague PO (1973) Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, emphysema and cirrhosis in an adult. Ann Intern Med 78: 227
Cook GC, Hutt MSR (1967) The liver after Kwashiorkof. Br Med J III: 454
Cook PJL (1974) Genetic aspects of the Pi system. Postgrad Med J 50: 362
Cossart YE (1974) Acquisition of hepatitis B antigen in the newborn period. Postgrad Med J 50: 334
Cottrall K, Cook PJL, Mowat AP (1974) Neonatal hepatitis syndrome and Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency: an epidemiological study in south-east England. Postgrad Med J 50: 376
Cox DW, Markovic VD, Teshima IE (1982) Genes for immunoglobulin heavy chains and for α 1-antitrypsin are localised to specific regions of chromosome 14q. Nature 297: 428
Craig JM, Haddad H, Shwachman H (1957) The pathological changes in the liver in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Am J Dis Child 93: 357
Crawfurd M A, Jackson P, Kohler HG (1978) Case report: Meckel’s syndrome (dysencephalia splanchnocystica) in two Pakistani sibs. J Med Genet 15: 242
Crigler JF, Najjar VA (1952) Congenital familial non-haemolytic jaundice with kernicterus. Paediatrics 10: 169
Danks DM, Campbell PE, Jack I, Rogers J, Smith AL (1977) Studies of the aetiology of neonatal hepatitis and biliary atresia. Arch Dis Child 52: 360
Dehner LP, Ishak KG (1971) Vascular tumours of the liver in infants and children. Arch Pathol 92: 101
Deutsch J, Smith AL, Danks DM, Campbel PE (1985) Long term prognosis for babies with neonatal liver disease. Arch Dis Child 60: 447
De Virgiliis S, Fiorelli G, Gargion S, Gornacchia G, Sanna G, Cossu P, Murgia V, Cao A (1980) Chronic liver disease in transfusion-dependent thalassaemia: hepatitis B virus marker studies. J Clin Pathol 33: 949
di Sant’ Agnese PA, Blanc WA (1956) Distinctive type of biliary cirrhosis of the liver associated with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Recognition through signs of portal hypertension. Pediatrics 15: 387
Dubin IN, Johnson FB (1954) Chronic idiopathic jaundice with unidentified pigment in liver cells. Medicine 33: 155
Dupuy JM, Frosmmel D, Alagille D (1975) Severe viral hepatitis type B in infancy. Lancet I: 191
Fellows IW, Lowe JS, Ogilvie AL, Stevens A, Toghill PJ, Atkinson M (1983) Type III glycogenosis presenting as liver disease in adults with atypical histological features. J Clin Pathol 36: 431
Fienberg R (1960) Perinatal idiopathic hemochromatosis: giant cell hepatitis interpreted as an inborn error of metabolism. Am J Clin Pathol 33: 480
Gilbert A, Lereboullet P (1901) La cholémie simple familiale. Sein Med (Paris) 21: 241
Glasgow JFT, Hercz A, Levison H, Lynch MJ, Sass-Kortsak A (1971) Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AT) deficiency with both cirrhosis and chronic obstructive lung disease in two sibs. Pediatr Res 5: 427
Goldberg SJ, Fonkalsrud E (1969) Successful treatment of hepatic hemangioma with corticosteroids. JAMA 208: 2473
Goodman SI, Stene DO, McCabe ERB, Norenberg MD, Shikes RH, Stumpf DA, Blackburn GK (1982) Glutaric acidemia type II: clinical, biochemical and morphologic considerations. J Pediatr 100: 946
Hamilton WJ, Boyd JD, Mossman HW (1972) Human embryology. Heffer, Cambridge, p 342
Harries JT (ed) (1977) Essentials of paediatric gastroenterology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 327
Harris RC, Anderson DH (1960) Intrahepatic bile duct atresia. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Society, May 5, 1960
Hope PL, Hall MA, Millward-Sadler GH, Normand ICS (1982) Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency presenting as a bleeding diathesis in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 57: 68
Howard ER, Mowat AP (1977) Extrahepatic biliary atresia: recent developments in management. Arch Dis Child 52: 825
Howard ER, Johnston DI, Mowat AP (1976) Spontaneous perforation of common bile duct in infants. Arch Dis Child 51: 883
Howell RR, Stevenson RE, Philiky RL, Berry DH (1976) Hepatic adenomata in patients with Type I glycogen storage disease (Von Gierke’s). J Am Med Assoc 236: 1481
Hurwitz ES, Barrett MJ, Bregman D, Gunn WJ, Schonberger CB, Fairweather WR, Drage JS, La Montaigne JR, Kaslow RA, Burlington DB, Winnan GV, Parker RA, Phillips K, Pinsky P, Dayton D, Dowle WR (1985) Public Health Service study on Reye’s syndrome and medications: report of the pilot phase. N Engl J Med 313: 849
Ito J, Johnson WW (1969) Hepatoblastoma and hepatoma in infancy and childhood. Light and electron microscopic studies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 87: 259
Ivemark BI (1955) Implications of the agenesis of the spleen on pathogenesis of cono-truncal anomalies in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 44 [Suppl 104]: 1
Ivemark B, Oldfelt V, Zetterstrom R (1959) Familial dysplasia of kidneys, liver, and pancreas: a probably genetically determined syndrome. Acta Paediatr 48: 1
Jafife R, Konery B, Kunz R, Esquivel CO, Starzl TE (1987) The pathology of adenovirus hepatitis in paediatric liver transplantation. Society for Paediatric Pathology abstract. Lab Invest 56: 3P
Johnson AM, Alper CA (1970) Deficiency in childhood liver disease. Pediatrics 46: 921
Jorgensen M (1971) A case of abnormal intrahepatic bile duct arrangement submitted to three-dimensional reconstruction. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] 79: 303
Jorgensen M (1972) Three-dimensional reconstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts in a case of polycystic disease of the liver in an infant. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A] 80: 201
Kasai M, Watanabe J, Ohi R (1972) Follow-up studies of long-term survivors after hepatic portoenterostomy for ‘non-correctable’ biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg 10: 173
Kato T, Hebiguchi T, Kassai M (1980) Etiology of congenital choledochal cyst. Tohoku J Exp Med 141: 135
Keeling JW (1971) Liver tumours in infancy and childhood. J Pathol 103: 69
Kerr DNS, Harrison CV, Sherlock S, Milnes Walker R (1961) Congenital hepatic fibrosis. J Med N S XXX 117: 91
Klass HJ, Kelly JK, Warnes TW (1980) Indian childhood cirrhosis in the United Kingdom. Gut 21: 344
Landing BH (1974) Considerations of the pathogenesis of neonatal hepatitis, biliary atresia and choledochal cysts: the conception of infantile obstructive cholangiopathy. Prog Paediatr Surg 6: 113
Landing BH, Wells TR, Claireaux AE (1980) Morphometric analysis of liver lesions in cystic disease of childhood. Hum Pathol 2: Suppl 549
Lathe GH (1974) Newborn jaundice: bile pigment metabolism in the fetus and newborn infant. In: Davis GA, Dobbing J (eds) In: Scientific foundation of paediatrics. Heinemann, London, p 105
Laurell CB, Eriksson S (1963) The electrophoretic Alpha-1-globulin pattern of serum in Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 15: 132
Leading article (1969) Br Med J II: 204
Lee SS, Min PC, Kim GS, Hong PW (1969) Choledochal cyst. A report of nine cases and review of the literature. Arch Surg 99: 19
Lichtenstein PK, Heubi DE, Daugherty Cynthia C, Farrell MK, Sokol RJ, Rothbaum R, Suchy FJ, Balistreri WF (1983) Grade I Reye’s syndrome. A frequent cause of vomiting and liver dysfunction after varicella and upper respiratory tract infection. N Engl J Med 309: 133
Lieberman E, Salinas-Madrigal L, Gwinn JL, Brennan LP, Fine RN, Landing BH (1971) Infantile polycystic disease of the kidneys and liver. Medicine 50: 277
Linderkamp O, Hopner F, Klose H, Riegel KC, Hecker W (1976) Solitary hepatic hemangioma in a newborn infant complicated by cardiac failure, consumption coagulopathy, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and obstructive jaundice. Eur J Pediatr 124: 23
Lorimer AR, McGee J, McAlpine SG (1967) Congenital hepatic fibrosis. Postgrad Med J 43: 770
Manolaki AG, Larcher VF, Mowat AP, Barrett JJ, Portmann B, Howard ER (1983) The prelaparotomy diagnosis of extra-hepatic biliary atresia. Arch Dis Child 58: 591
Masera G, Jean G, Conter V, Terzoli S, Mauri RA, Cazzaniga M (1980) Sequential study of liver biopsy in thalassaemia. Arch Dis Child 55: 800
Misugi K, Reinger CB (1965) A malignant true teratoma of liver in childhood. Arch Pathol 80: 409
Misugi K, Okajima H, Misugi N, Newton WA Jr (1967) Classification of primary malignant tumours of liver in infancy and childhood. Cancer 20: 1760
Montgomery AH (1940) Solitary nonparasitic cysts of the liver in children. Arch Surg 41: 422
Morse JO (1978a) Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. I. N Engl J Med 299: 1045
Morse JO (1978b) Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. II. N Engl J Med 299: 1099
Moser AE, Singh I, Brown FR et al (1984) The cerebro-hepatorenal (Zellweger) syndrome. Increased levels and impaired degradation of very-long-chain fatty acids and their use in prenatal diagnosis. N Eng J Med 310: 1141
Mowat AP, Psacharopoulos HT, Williams R (1976) Extra-hepatic biliary atresia versus neonatal hepatitis. Review of 137 prospectively investigated infants. Arch Dis Child 51: 763
Nagington J, Wreghitt TG, Gandy G, Robertson NCR, Berry PJ (1978) Fatal echovirus 11 infections in outbreak in a special care baby unit. Lancet II: 725
Nayak NC, Sagreiya K, Ramalingaswami V (1969) Indian childhood cirrhosis. Arch Pathol 88: 631
Opitz JM, Howe JJ (1969) The Meckel syndrome (dysencephalia splanchnocystica, the Gruber Syndrome). Birth Defects 5: 167
Oppenheimer EH, Esterly JR (1975) Hepatic changes in young infants with cystic fibrosis: Possible relation to focal biliary cirrhosis. J Pediatr 5: 683
Parker RGF (1956) Fibrosis of the liver as congenital anomaly. J Pathol 71: 359
Peden VH, Witgleben CL, Skelton MA (1971) Total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr 78: 180
Powell CS, Sawyers JL, Reynolds VH (1981) Management of adult choledochal cysts. Ann Surg 193: 666
Psacharopoulos HT, Mowat AP, Cook PJL, Cadile PA, Portman B, Rodeck CH (1983) Outcome of liver disease associated with α1antitrypsin deficiency (PiZ). Implications for genetic counselling and antenatal diagnosis. Arch Dis Child 58: 882
Remmington PL, Rowley D, McGee H, Hall NN, Monto AS (1986) Decreasing trends in Reye’s syndrome and aspirin use in Michigan 1979 to 1984. Pediatrics 77: 93
Rennebohm RM, Heubi JE, Dougherty CC, Daniels SR (1985) Reye’s syndrome in children receiving salicylate therapy for connective tissue disease. J Pediatr 107: 877
Reye RDK, Morgan G, Barai J (1963) Encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera: a disease entity in children. Lancet 11: 749
Risdon RA, Barry M, Flynn DM (1975) Transfusional iron overload: the relationship between tissue iron concentration and hepatic fibrosis in thalassaemia. J Pathol 116: 83
Roberts PL (1985) PiZZ α 1antitrypsin deficiency in a 20 week fetus. Hum Pathol 16: 188
Rosenthal IM, Spellberg MA, McGrew EA, Rozenfeld IH (1961) Absence of interlobular bile ducts. Report of a case of probable intrahepatic bile duct agenesis with severe hypercholesterolemia, xanthomatosis, and glomerular lipid deposition. Am J Dis Child 101: 228
Rotor AB, Manahan L, Florentin A (1948) Familial nonhemolytic jaundice with direct van der Bergh reaction. Acta Med Philippina 5: 37
Rushton DI (1987) Liver and gallbladder. In: Keeling JW (ed) Fetal and neonatal pathology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Paris Tokyo, p 340
Sass-Kortsak A, Bowden DH, Brown RJK (1956) Congenital intrahepatic biliary atresia. Pediatrics 17: 383
Sharp H, Freier E, Bridges R (1968) Alpha-1-globulin deficiency in a familial infant liver disease. Pediatr Res 2: 298
Sparkman RS (1954) Hepatic rupture: report of 8 cases with survival. Am Surg 139: 690
Spitz L (1978) Choledochal cyst. Surg Gynecol Obstet 144: 444
Stanley CA, Hale DE, Coates PM (1983) Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in children with non-ketotic hypoglycemia and low carnitine levels. Pediatr Res 17: 877
Stanley RJ, Dehner LP, Hesker AE (1973) Primary malignant mesenchymal tumours (mesenchymoma) of the liver in childhood. Cancer 32: 973
Stocker TJ, Ishak KG (1981) Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: a study of 21 pediatric cases. Cancer 48: 336
Syderman SE (1981) Clinical aspects of disorders of the urea cycle. Pediatrics 68: 284
Talbot IC, Mowat AP (1975) Liver disease in infancy: histological features and relationship to Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotype. J Clin Pathol 28: 559
Tobin JO’H, Macdonald H, Brachey M, Macauley D (1975) Cytomegalovirus infection and exchange transfusion. Br Med J IV: 404
Valman HB, France NE, Wallis PG (1971) Prolonged neonatal jaundice in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 46: 805
Walshe JM (1962) Wilson’s disease: The presenting symptoms. Arch Dis Child 37: 253
Waterlow JC (1948) Fatty liver disease in infants in the British West Indies. HMSO, London (Medical Research Council special report series, no. 263)
Weichsel ME, Luggatti L (1965) Trisomy 17–18 syndrome with congenital extrahepatic biliary and congenital amputation of the left foot. J Pediatr 67: 324
Whitington PF, Black DD (1980) Cholelithiasis in premature infants treated with parenteral nutrition and furosemide. J Pediatr 97: 647
Witzleben CL, Sharp AR (1982) “Nephrophthisis—congenital hepatic fibrosis”: an additional hepatorenal disorder. Hum Pathol 13: 728
Woo D, Cummins M, Davies PA, Harvey DR, Hurley R, Waterson AP (1979) Vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen in carrier mothers in two west London hospitals. Arch Dis Child 54: 670
Wright R, Perkins JR, Bower BD, Jerrome DW (1970) Cirrhosis associated with the Australia antigen in an infant who acquired hepatitis from her mother. Br Med J IV: 719
Yandza T, Valuyer J (1986) Benign tumours of the liver in children: analysis of a series of 20 cases. J Pediatr Surg 21: 419
Yarborough SM, Evashnick G (1956) Case of teratoma of the liver with 14 years post-operative survival. Cancer 9: 848
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Berry, C.L., Keeling, J.W. (1989). Liver and Gallbladder. In: Berry, C.L. (eds) Paediatric Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3337-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3337-7_6
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3339-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3337-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive