Abstract
The development of new techniques for the histological study of muscle and peripheral nerve has led to fresh concepts of the pathogenesis and classification of these disorders, and to a more rational and hopeful approach to both diagnosis and treatment. Naturally, new problems and controversies have also arisen.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Afifi AK, Smith JW, Zellweger H (1965) Congenital nonprogressive myopathy, Central core and nemaline myopathy in one family. Neurology (Minneap) 15: 371
Allen DE, Johnson AG, Woolf AL (1969) The intramuscular nerve endings in dystrophia myotonica, A biopsy study by vital staining and electron microscopy. J Anat 105: 1
Argov Z, Mastaglia FL (1979) Drug-induced peripheral neuropathies. Br Med J is 663
Armstrong RM, Königsberger R, Mellinger J, Lovelace RE (1971) Central core disease with congenital hip dislocation, A study of two families. Neurology (Minneap) 21: 369
Arnason BGW (1975) Inflammatory polyradiculoneuritis. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH (eds) Peripheral neuropathy, vol 2. Saunders, London Philadelphia, p 1110
Asbury AK (1973) Renaut bodies, A forgotten endoneurial structure. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 32: 334
Bank WJ, DiMauro S, Bonilla E, Capcizzi DM, Rowland LP (1975) A disorder of lipid metabolism and myoglobinuria. N Engl J Med 292: 443
Banker BQ (1975) Dermatomyositis of childhood, Ultrastructural alterations of muscle and intramuscular blood vessels. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 34: 46
Banker BQ, Victor M (1966) Dermatomyositis (systemic angiopathy) of childhood. Medicine (Baltimore) 45: 261
Barbeau A (1966) The syndrome of hereditary late-onset ptosis and dysphagia in French Canada. In: Kuhn E (ed) Symposium über progressive Muskeldystrophie. Springer, Berlin, p 102
Barchi RL (1975) Myotonia: An evaluation of the chloride hypothesis. Arch Neurol 32: 175
Becker PE (1962) Two new families of benign sex-linked recessive muscular dystrophy. Rev Can Biol 21: 551
Behan PO, Simpson JA, Dick (1973) Immune response genes in myasthenia gravis. Lancet 2: 1033
Bell CD, Conen PE (1968) Histopathological changes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Neurol Sci 7: 529
Berenberg RA, Pollock JM, DiMauro S, Schotland DL, Bonilla E, Eastwood A, Hays A, Vicale CT, Behrens M, Chutarian A, Rowland LP (1977) Lumping or splitting? Ophthalmoplegia plus or Kearns—Sayre syndrome. Ann Neurol 1: 37
Bethlem J, van Gool J, Hülsmann WC, Meijer AEFH (1966) Familial non-progressive myopathy with muscle cramps after exercise, A new disease associated with cores in the muscle fibres. Brain 89: 569
Bethlem J, Meijer AEFH, Schellens JPM, Uvran JJ (1968) Centronuclear myopathy. Eur Neurol 1: 325
Bethlem J, van Wijngaarden GK, Meijer AEFH, Hülsmann WC (1969) Neuromuscular disease with type 1 fibre atrophy, central nuclei and myotube-like structures. Neurology (Minneap) 19: 705
Bischoff A (1975) Neuropathy in leucodystrophies. In: Dyck PJ, Lambert EH, Thomas PK (eds) Peripheral neuropathy. Saunders, London Philadelphia, p 891
Bohan A, Peter JB (1975) Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 292: 344 and 403
Bradley WG (1969) Ultrastructural changes in adynamia episodica hereditaria and normokalaemic periodic paralysis. Brain 92: 379
Bradley WG, Jones MZ, Mussini J-M, Fawcett PRW (1978) Becker-type muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1: 111
Brooke MH (1966) The histological reaction of muscle to disease. In: Buskey EJ, Cassens R, Trautman J (eds) The physiology and biochemistry of muscle as a food. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, p 151
Brooke MH, Kaiser KK (1970) Muscle fibre types, How many and what kind? Arch Neurol 23: 369
Brooke MH (1973) A neuromuscular disease characterised by fibre type disproportion. In: Kakulas PA (ed) Clinical studies in myology. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 147 (ICS no. 295 )
Brooke MH, Engel WK (1966) The histologic diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases, A review of 79 biopsies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 47: 99
Brooke MH, Engel WK (1969a) The histographic analysis of human muscle biopsies with regard to fibre types 1. Adult male and female. Neurology (Minneap) 19: 221
Brooke MH, Engel WK (1969b) The histographic analysis of human muscle biopsies with regard to fibre types, 4 children’s biopsies. Neurology (Minneap) 19: 591
Brownell B, Oppenheimer DR, Spalding JMK (1972) Neurogenic muscle atrophy in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 34: 311
Brunberg JA, McCormick WF, Schochet SS Jr (1971) Type 3 glycogenosis: An adult with diffuse weakness and muscle wasting. Arch Neurol 25: 171
Bundey S (1972) Genetic study of infantile and juvenile myasthenia gravis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35: 41
Bundey S, Carter CO, Soothill JF (1970) Early recognition of heterozygotes for the gene of dystrophia myotonica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 33: 279
Carpenter S, Karpati G, Rothman S, Watters G (1976) The childhood type of dermatomyositis. Neurology (Minneap) 26: 952
Cavanagh JB (1964) The significance of the `dying back’ process in experimental and human neurological disease. Int Rev Exp Pathol 7: 219
Cavanagh JB, Mellick RS (1965) On the nature of the peripheral nerve lesions associated with acute intermittent perphyria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 28: 320
Cazzato G (1970) Myopathie changes in denervated muscle: A study of biopsy material in various neuromuscular diseases. In: Walton JN, Canal N, Scarlato G (eds) Muscle disease. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 392 (ICS no. 199 )
Cheah JS, Tock EPC, Tan Sp (1975) The light and electron microscopic changes in the skeletal muscles during paralysis in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Am J Med Sci 269: 365
Chou SM (1968) Myxovirus-like structures and accompanying nuclear changes in chronic polymyositis. Arch Pathol 86: 649
Chou SM, Gutmann L (1970) Picornavirus-like crystals in subacute polymyositis. Neurol (Minneap) 20: 205
Cochrane RG, Davey TF (eds) (1964) Leprosy in theory and practice, 2nd edn. Wright, Bristol
Cöers C (1975) Motor innervation of myasthenic muscles related to age. Lancet 2: 55
Cöers C, Desmedt JE (1959) Mise en évidence d’une malformation caracteristique de la jonction neuromusculare dans la myasthenie. Acta Neurol Belg 59: 539
Cöers C, Telerman-Toppet N (1976) Morphological and histological changes of motor units in myasthenia. Ann NY Acad Sci 274: 6
Cöers C, Woolf AL (1953) The innervation of muscle. Blackwell, Oxford
Cook CD, Rosen FS, Banker BQ (1963) Dermatomyositis and focal scleroderma. Pediatr Clin North Am 10: 979
Conomy JP, Levinsohn M, Fanaroff A (1975) Familial infantile myasthenia gravis: A cause of sudden death in young children. J Pediatr 87: 428
Crews J, Kaiser KK, Brooke MH (1976) Muscle pathology of myotonia congenita. J Neurol Sci 28: 449
Currie S, Naronha M, Harriman DGF (1974) `Minicore’ disease (Abstract). Third International Congress on Muscle Disease. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 12 (ICS no. 334)
Davidenkow S (1939) Scapulo-peroneal amyotrophy. Arch Neurol 41: 694
Dawkins RL, Mastaglia FL (1973) Cell-mediated cytotoxicity muscle in polymyositis. N Engl J Med 288: 434
Drachman DA (1968) Ophthalmoplegia plus The neurodegenerative disorders associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Arch Neurol 18: 654
Drachman DB, Angus CW, Adams RN, Michelson JD, Hoffman GJ (1978) Myasthenic antibodies cross-link acetylcholine receptors to accelerate degradation. N Engl J Med 298: 1116
Drachman DB, Murphy SR, Nigam MP, Hills JR (1967) `Myopathie’ changes in chronically denervated muscle. Arch Neurol 16: 14
Dreyfus JS, Shapiro G Demos J (1960) Etude de la creatinekinase serique chez les myopathies et leur familles. Revue Française d’Etudes Cliniques et Biologiques 5: 384
Dubowitz V (1978) Muscle disorders in childhood. In: Major problems in clinical pediatrics, vol XVI. Saunders, London
Dubowitz V, Brooke MH (1973) Muscle biopsy A modern approach. Saunders, London
Dubowitz V, Roy S (1970) Central core disease of muscle, Clinical histochemical and electron microscopal studies of an affected mother and child. Brain 93: 133
Dunn HG, Lake BD, Dolman CL, Wilson J (1969) The neuropathy of Krabbe’s infantile cerebral sclerosis (globoid cell leucodystrophy). Brain 92: 329
Dyck PJ (1966) Histologic measurements and fine structure of biopsied sural nerve, Normal and in peroneal muscular atrophy, hypertrophie neuropathy and congenital sensory neuropathy. Mayo Clin Proc 41: 742
Dyck PJ (1975) Pathologic alterations of the peripheral nervous system of man. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH (eds) Peripheral neuropathy. Saunders, London Philadelphia p 296
Dyck PJ, Lambert EH (1968a) Lower motor and primary sensory neuron diseases with peroneal muscular atrophy I. Neurologic, genetic and electrophysiologic findings in hereditary polyneuropathies. Arch Neurol 18: 603
Dyck PJ, Lambert EH (1968b) Lower motor and primary sensory neuron diseases with peroneal muscular atrophy Il. Neurologic, genetic and electrophysiologic findings in various neuronal degenerations. Arch Neurol 18: 619
Dyck Pi, Lambert EH, Thomas PK (1975) Peripheral neuropathy (2 vols). Saunders, London Philadelphia
Edstrom L, Kugelberg E (1968) Histochemical composition, distribution of fibres and fatiguability of single motor units Anterior tibial muscle of the rat. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 31: 424
Ellis FR, Kearney NP, Harriman DGF (1973) Histopathological and neuropharmacological aspects of malignant hyperpyrexia. Proc R Soc Med 66: 60
Emery AEH, Smith CAB, Sanger R (1969) The linkage reactions of the loci for benign ( Becker type) X-borne muscular dystrophy, colour blindness and the Xg blood groups. Ann Hum Genet 32: 261
Engel AG (1970a) Acid maltase deficiency in adults: Studies in four cases of syndrome which may mimic muscular dystrophy or other myopathies. Brain 93: 599
Engel AG (1970b) Evolution and content of vacuoles in primary hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. Mayo Clin Proc 45: 774
Engel AG, Angelini C, Gomez MR (1972) Finger-print body myopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 47: 377
Engel AG, Gomez MR, Seybold ME, Lambert EH (1973) The spectrum and diagnosis of acid maltase deficiency. Neurology (Minneap) 23: 95
Engel AG, Lindstrom JM, Lambert EH, Lennon VA (1977) Ultrastructural localization of the acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis and its experimental autoimmune model. Neurology (Minneap) 27: 307
Engel AG, Mokri B, Jerusalem F, Sakakibara H, Paulson OB (1977) Ultrastructural clues in Duchenne dystrophy. In: Rowland CP (ed) Pathogenesis of human muscular dystrophies. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 310 (ICS no 404 )
Engel WK (1961) Muscle target fibres, a newly recognised sign of denervation. Nature 191: 389
Engel WK (1965) Muscle biopsy. Clin Orthop 39: 80
Engel WK (1970) Selective and non-selective susceptibility of muscle fibre types, A new approach to human neuromuscular disease. Arch Neurol 22: 97
Engel WK (1971) `Ragged-red fibres’ in opthalmoplegia syndromes and their differential diagnosis. In: Abstract. Second International Congress on Muscle Diseases. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 28 (ICS no. 237)
Engel WK, Brooke MH (1966) Histochemistry of the myotonic disorders. In: Kuhn E (ed) Progressive Muskeldystrophie, Myotonie, Myästhenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p. 203
Engel WK, McFarlin De (1966) Discussion. Ann NY Acad Sci 135: 68
Engel WK, Resnick JS (1966) Late-onset rod myopathy: A newly recognised, acquired and progressive disease. Neurology (Minneap) 16: 308
Engel WK, Brooke MH, Nelson PG (1966) Histochemical studies of denervated or tenotomized cat muscle, illustrating difficulties in relating experimental animal conditions to human neuromuscular diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci 138: 160
Famborough D, Drachman DB, Satyamart S (1973) Neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis: Decreased acetylcholine receptors. Science 182: 293
Fardeau M, Harpey J-P, Caille B (1975) Disproportion congénitales des différentes types de fibre musculaire avec petitesse relative des fibres de type 1, Documents morphologiques concernant les biopsies musculaires prélevées chez trois membres d’une même famille. Rev Neurol (Paris) 131: 745
Fenichel GM, Shy GM (1963) Muscle biopsy experience in myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol 9: 237
Fried K, Emery AEH (1971) Spinal muscular atrophy Type II A separate genetic and clinical entity from type 1 (WerdnigHoffman disease) and type III ( Kugelberg—Welander disease ). Clin Genet 2: 203
Gamstorp I (1956) Adynamia episodica hereditaria. Acta Paediatr 108: 1
Gardner Medwin D, Walton JN (1974) Clinical examination of voluntary muscles In: Walton JN (ed) Disorders of voluntary muscle, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingstone, London, p 546
Gauthier GF (1976) The motor end-plate: Structure. In: Landen DN (ed) The peripheral nerve. Chapman & Hall, London, p 464
Goebel HH, Lenard HG, Kohlschütter A, Pilz H (1977) The ultrastructure of the sural nerve in Pompe’s disease. Ann Neurol 2: 111
Gonatas NK, Shy GM, Godfrey EH (1966) Nemaline myopathy, The origin of nemaline structures. N Engl J Med 274: 535
Greenbaum D, Richardson PC, Salmon MV, Urich H (1964) Pathological observations in six cases of diabetic neuropathy. Brain 87: 201
Guillain G, Barré JA, Strohl A (1916) Sur un syndrome de radiculo-névrite avec hyperalbuminose du liquide céphalorachidien sans un réaction cellulaire Remarques sur les caractères cliniques et graphiques des reflexes tendineux. Bulletin Societé Medicale des Hôpitaux de Paris 10: 146
Gutretcht JA, Dyck PJ (1966) Segmental demyelinization in peroneal muscular atrophy nerve fibres teased from sural nerve biopsy specimens. Mayo Clin Proc 41: 775
Haase GR, Shy GM (1960) Pathological changes in muscle biopsies from patients with peroneal muscular atrophy. Brain 83: 631
Hall-Craggs ECB (1972) The liquificance of longitudinal fibre division in skeletal muscle. J Neurol Sci 15: 27
Harper PS (1975) Congenital myotonic dystrophy in Britain, 1. Clinical aspects. 2. Genetic aspects. Arch Dis Child 50: 505 514
Harriman DGF (1961) Histology of the motor end plate (motor point muscle biopsy). In: Licht S (ed) Electrodiagnosis and electromyography, 2nd edn. Licht, New Haven, p 134
Harriman DGF (1976) Diseases of muscle. In: Blackwood W, Corsellis JAN (eds) Greenfield’s neuropathology. Arnold, London, p 849
Hierons R (1957) Changes in the nervous system in acute perphyria. Brain 80: 176
Hopkins IJ, Lindsey JR, Ford FR (1966) Nemaline myopathy A long-term clinicopathologic study of affected mother and daughter. Brain 89: 299
Howes EL Jr, Price HM, Blumberg JM (1966) Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis Electron microscopic changes in the sarcoplasm. Neurology (Minneap) 16: 242
Illingworth B, Cori GT, Cori CF (1956) Amylo 1,6 glucosidase in muscle tissue in generalized glycogen storage disease. J Biol Chem 218: 123
Isaacs H, Barlow MB (1970) Malignant hyperpyrexia during anaesthesia: Possible association with subclinical myopathy. Br Med J i: 295
James NT (1971) The distribution of muscle fibre types in fasciculi and their analysis. J Anat 110: 335
Jerusalem F, Rakuska M, Engel AG, MacDonald PD (1974) Morphometric analysis of skeletal muscle capillary ultra-structure in inflammatory myopathies. J Neurol Sci 23: 391
Johnson MA, Polgar J, Weightman D, Appleton D (1973) Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty six human muscles, An autopsy study. J Neurol Sci 18: 111
Joosten E, Gabreëls F, Bagreels-Festen A, Vrensen G, Karten J, Notermans S (1974) Electron microscopic heterogeneity of onion-bulb neuropathies of the Déjerine—Sottas type Two patients in one family with the variant described by Lyon. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 27: 105
Kaeser HE (1965) Scapuloperoneal muscular dystrophy. Brain 88: 407
Kamensky E, Philippart M, Cancilla P, Frommes SP (1973) Cultured skin fibroblasts in storage disorders An analysis of ultrastructural features. Am J Pathol 73: 59
Karch S, Urich H (1975) Infantile polyneuropathy with defective myelination: An autopsy study Dev Med Child Neurol 17: 504
Karpati G, Carpenter S, Engel AG, Watters G, Allen J, Rothman S, Klassen G, Mamer OA (1975) The syndrome of systemic carnitine deficiency. Neurology (Minneap) 25: 16
Kearns TP, Sayre GP (1958) Retinitis pigmentosa, external ophthalmoplegia and complete heart block. Arch Ophthalmol 60: 280
Keesey J, Lindstrom J, Cokely H, Herrmann C Jr (1977) Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody in neonatal myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 296: 55
Kiloh LG, Nevin S (1951) Progressive dystrophy of the external ocular muscles (ocular myopathy). Brain 24: 115
Klinkerfuss GH (1967) An electron microscopic study of myotonic dystrophy. Arch Neurol 16: 181
Kocen RS, Thomas PK (1970) Peripheral nerve involvement in Fabry’s disease. Arch Neurol 22: 81
Kocen RS, King RHM, Thomas PK, Haas LF (1973) Nerve biopsy findings in two cases of Tangier disease. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 26: 317
Lake BD, Wilson J (1975) Zebra body myopathy: Clinical, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. J Neurol Sci 24: 437
Landon DB, Hall SM (1976) The myelinated nerve fibre. In Landon DN (ed) The peripheral nerve. Chapman & Hall, London, p 1
Lawrence DG, Locke S (1963) Neuropathy in children with diabetes mellitus. Br Med J 11: 784
Lindstrom JM, Lambert E (1978) Content of acetylcholine receptor and antibodies bound to receptor in myasthenia gravis, experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and Eaton-Lambert syndrome. Neurology (Minneap) 28: 130
Lindstrom JM, Seybold ME, Lennon VA, Whittingham S, Duane DD (1976) Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis Prevalence, clinical correlates and diagnostic value. Neurology (Minneap) 26: 1054
Lyon G (1969) Ultrastructure of a nerve biopsy from a case of early infantile chronic neuropathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 13: 131
Mars H, Lewis LA, Robertson AL, Butkus A, Williams GH (1969) Familial hypo ß lipoproteinaemia. Am J Med 46: 886
McArdle B (1951) Myopathy due to a defect in muscle glycogen breakdown. Clin Sci Mol Med 10: 13
McComas AT (1977) Neuromuscular function and disorders. Butterworths, London
McLellan DL, Swash M (1976) Longitudinal sliding of the median nerve during movement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38: 506
Morgan-Hughes JA, Daviniza P, Kahn SN, Landon DN, Sherratt RM, Land SM, Clark JB (1978) A mitochondrial myopathy characterized by a deficiency in reducible cytochromes. Brain 100: 617
Moulds RFW, Denborough MA (1972) Procaine in malignant hyperpyrexia. Br Med J iv: 526
Mellick RS, Mahler RF, Hughes BP (1962) McArdle’s syndrome Phospharylase deficient myopathy. Lancet 1: 1045
Milhorat AT, Shafiq SA, Goldstone L (1966) Changes in muscle structure in dystrophic patients, carriers and siblings seen by electron microscopy Correlation with levels of serum creatine phospholeinase Ann NY Acad Sci 138: 246
Mokri B, Engel AG (1975) Duchenne dystrophy—electron microscopic findings pointing to a basic or early abnormality in the plasma membrane of the muscle fibre. Neurology (Min-neap) 25: 1111
Moosa A, Dubowitz V (1970) Peripheral neuropathy in Cockayne’s syndrome. Arch Dis Child 45: 674
Namba T, Brunner NG, Brown SB, Mugurama M, Grob D (1971) Familial myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol 25: 49
Namba T, Brunner NG, Grob D (1978) Myasthenia gravis in patients with thymoma with particular reference to onset after thymectomy. Medicine (Baltimore) 57: 411
Neville HE, Brooke MH (1971) Central core fibres: Structured and unstructured (Abstract). Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 31 (ICS no. 237)
Neville HE, Brooke MH (1973) Central core fibres: Structured and unstructured. In: Kakulas BA (ed) Basic research in myology, part I. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 497 (ICS no. 294 )
Ochoa J (1976) The unmyelinated nerve fibre. In: Landon DN (ed) The peripheral nerve. Chapman & Hall, London, p. 106
Ochoa J, Mair WG (1969) The normal sural nerve in man 1 Ultrastructure and numbers of fibres and cells. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 13: 197
Ochoa J, Danta G, Fowler TJ, Gilliatt RW (1971) Nature of the nerve lesion caused by a pneumatic tourniquet. Nature, 233: 265
Olsson Y, Säve-Soderbergh J, Sourander P, Angerwall L (1968) A patho-anatomical study of the central and peripheral nervous system in diabetics of early onset and long duration. Pathol Eur 3: 62
Ontell M (1974) Muscle satellite cells, A validated technique for light microscopic identification and a quantitative study of changes in their population following denervation. Anat Rec 178: 211
Osserman KE (1958) Myasthenia gravis. Grune & Stratton, New York
Pearce GW, Pearce JMS, Walton JN (1966) The Duchenne type muscular dystrophy, Histopathological studies of the carrier state. Brain 89: 109
Pestronk D, Drachman DB (1978) A new method for demonstrating sprouting at neuromuscular terminals. Muscle Nerve 1: 40
Peter JB, Barnard VR, Edgerton VR, Gillespie CA, Stempel KE (1972) Metabolic profiles of three fibre types of skeletal muscles in guinea pigs and rabbits. Biochemistry 11: 2627
Polgar J, Johnson MA, Weightman D, Appleton D (1972) Data on fibre size in thirty-six human muscles. J Neurol Sci 19: 307
Pirskanen R (1976) Genetic association between myasthenia gravis and the H-LA system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 39: 23
Prineas JW (1972) Acute idiopathic polyneuritis, An electron microscopic study. Invest 26: 133
Refsum S (1946) Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, A familial syndrome not hitherto described. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Suppl] 38 1: 303
Reznik N (1973) Current concepts of skeletal muscle regeneration. In: Pearson CM (ed) The striated muscle. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 185
Reznik M, Engel WK (1970) Ultrastructural and histochemical correlations of experimental muscle regeneration. J Neurol Sci 11: 167
Ridley A (1969) The neuropathy of acute intermittent porphyria. Q J Med 38: 307
Ridley A (1975) Porphyric neuropathy. In: Dyck PJ, Lambert EG, Thomas PK (eds) Peripheral neuropathy, vol 2. Saunders, London Philadelphia, p 942
Ringel SP, Bender AN, Engel WK (1976) Extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors, Alterations in human and experimental neuromuscular diseases. Arch Neurol 33: 751
Rosman NP, Kakulas BA (1966) Mental deficiency associated with muscular dystrophy, A neuropathological study. Brain 89: 769
Russell DS (1953) Histological changes in the striped muscles in myasthenia gravis. J Pathol Bacteriol 65: 279
Sabin TD, Swift TR (1975) Leprosy In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH (eds) Peripheral neuropathy, vol 2. Saunders, London Philadelphia, p 1166
Santa T, Engel AG, Lambert EH (1972) Histometric study of neuromuscular junction 1 myasthenia gravis. Neurology (Minneap) 22: 71
Sato T, Walker DL, Peters HA, Reese HH, Chou SM (1971) Chronic polymyositis and myxovirus-like inclusions: Electron microscopic and viral studies. Arch Neurol 24: 409
Schaumberg HH, Spencer PS (1979) Toxic neuropathies. Neurology (Minneap) 29: 429
Schmalbruch H (1976) Muscle fibre splitting and regeneration in diseased human muscle. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2: 3
Schmid R, Mahler R (1959) Chronic progressive myopathy with myoglobinuria: demonstration of a glycogenolytic defect in the muscle. J Clin Invest 38: 2044
Schotland DL (1977) Duchenne dystrophy—a freeze fracture study. In: Rowland LP (ed) Pathogenesis of human muscular dystrophies. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 562 (ICS no 404 )
Schwartz MS, Swash M (1975) Scapulo-peroneal atrophy with sensory involvement Davidenkow’s syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38: 1063
Schwartz MS, Sargeant M, Swash M (1976) Longitudinal fibre splitting in neurogenic muscular disorders: Its relation to the pathogenesis of `myopathic’ change. Brain 99: 617
Schwartz MS, Moosa A, Dubowitz V (1977a) Correlation of single fibre EMG and muscle histochemistry using an open biopsy recording technique. J Neurol Sci 31: 309
Schwartz MS, Sargeant MK, Swash M (1977b) Neostigmineinduced end-plate proliferation in the rat. Neurology (Min-neap) 27: 289
Schwartz MS, Swash M, Gross M (1978) Benign post-infection polymyositis. Br Med J 11: 1256
Seitelberger F, Wanko T, Gavin MA (1961) The muscle fibre in central core disease, histochemical and electron microscopic observations. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1: 223
Shafiq SA, Dubowitz V, Peterson HdeC, Milhorat AT (1967) Nemaline myopathy, Report of a fatal case, with histochemical and electron microscopic studies. Brain 90: 817
Sher JH, Rimalovski AB, Athanassiades TJ, Aronson SM (1967) Familial centronuclear myopathy, A clinical and pathological study. Neurology (Minneap) 17: 727
Sheramata W, Kott S, Cyr DP (1971) The Chediak-Higashi—Steinbrinck syndrome. Arch Neurol 25: 289
Shy GM, Magee KR (1956) A new congenital non-progressive myopathy. Brain 79: 610
Shy GM, Engel WK, Somers JE, Wanko T (1963) Nemaline myopathy: A new congenital myopathy. Brain 86: 793
Sloper JC, Pegrum GD (1967) Regeneration of crushed mammalian skeletal muscle and effects of steroids. J Pathol 93: 47
Sourander P, Olsson Y (1968) Peripheral neuropathy in globoid cell leucodystrophy ( Morbus Krabbe ). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 11: 69
Spiro AJ, Shy GM, Gonatas NK (1966) Myotubular myopathy. Arch Neurol 14: 1
Stern GM, Hall JM, Robinson DC (1964) Neonatal myasthenia gravis. Br Med J 2: 284
Steinberg D, Mize C, Avigan J, Falls HM, Eldjarn L, Try K, Stokke O, Refsum S (1966) On the metabolic error in Refsum’s disease. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 91: 168
Stevens JC, Lofgren EP, Dyck PJ (1975) Biopsy of peripheral nerves. In: Dyck PJ, Thomas PK, Lambert EH (eds) Peripheral neuropathy. Saunders, London Philadelphia, p 410
Sunderland S (1978) Nerves and nerve injuries. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
Swash M (1979) Guillain-Barré syndrome, Clinical aspects. J R Soc Med 12: 670
Swash M, Fox KP (1972) Muscle spindle innervation in man. J Anat 112: 61
Swash M, Fox KP (1974) The pathology of the muscle spindle, Effect of denervation. J Neurol Sci 22: 1
Swash M, Fox KP (1975a) Abnormal intrafusal muscle fibres in myotonic dystrophy, A study using serial sections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38: 91
Swash M, Fox KP (1975b) The fine structure of the spindle abnormality in myotonic dystrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1: 171
Swash M, Fox KP (1976) The pathology of the muscle spindle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Neurol Sci 29: 17
Swash M, Schwartz MS (1977) Implications of longitudinal fibre splitting in myopathic and neurogenic disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 40: 1152
Swash M, van den Noort S, Craig JW (1970) Myopathy associated with diabetes mellitus in two sisters. Neurology (Minneap) 20: 694
Swash M, Sargeant MK, Schwartz MS (1978a) Pathogenesis of longitudinal splitting of muscle fibres in neurogenic disorders and polymyositis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 4: 99
Swash M, Schwartz MS, Sargeant MK (1978b) The significance of ragged-red fibres in neuromuscular disease. J Neurol Sci 36: 347
Sweeney VP, Pathak MA, Asbury AK (1970) Acute intermittent porphyria: Increased ALA synthetase activity during an acute attack. Brain 83: 369
Tallis R, Staniforth P, Fisher TR (1978) Neurophysiological studies of autogenous sural nerve grafts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41: 677
Tarui S, Oluno G, Ikura Y, Tanaka T, Suda M, Nishikawa M (1965) Phosphofructokinase deficiency in skeletal muscle, a new type of glycogenosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 19: 517
Thomas KP, Calne DB, Elliott CF (1972) X-linked scapulo- peroneal syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 35: 208
Thomas PK, Lascelles RG (1966) The pathology of diabetic neuropathy. Q J Med 35: 489
Thomas PK, Lascelles RG, Hallpike JF, Hewer RC (1969) Recurrent and chronic relapsing Guillain—Barré polyneuritis. Brain 92: 589
Van Wijngaarden GK, Bethlem J (1971) The facioscapulohumeral syndrome. In: Kakulas BA (ed) Second International Congress on Muscle Diseases. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, p 54 (ICS no. 237 )
Victor M, Hayes R, Adams RD (1962) Oculopharyngeal muscular dystropy. A familial disease of late life characterized by dysphagia and progressive ptosis of the eyelids N Engl J Med 267: 1267
Vincent A, Scadding GK, Thomas HC, Newsom Davis J (1978) In-vitro synthesis of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody to thymic lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis. Lancet 1: 305
Walton JN, Adams RD (1958) Polymyositis Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
Webb JN (1977) Cell death in developing skeletal muscle, Histiochemistry and ultrastructure. J Pathol 123: 175
Weller RO, McArdle B (1971) Calcification within muscle fibres in the periodic paralyses. Brain 94: 263
Whitaker JN, Engel WK (1972) Vascular deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. N Engl J Med 286: 333
Whitaker JN, Engel WK (1973) Mechanisms of muscle injury in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. N Engl J Med 288: 434 and 289: 107
Whiteley AM, Schwartz MS, Sachs JA, Swash M (1976) Congenital myasthenia gravis, Clinical and HLa studies in two brothers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 39: 1145
Wochner RD, Dres G, Strober W, Waldmann TA (1966) Accelerated breakdown of IgG in myotonic dystrophy, A hereditary error of immunoglobulin catabolism. J Clin Invest 45: 321
Young JZ (1942) Functional repair of nervous tissue. Physiol Rev 22: 318
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Swash, M. (1981). Muscle and Peripheral Nerve. In: Berry, C.L. (eds) Paediatric Pathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3304-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3304-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3306-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3304-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive