Skip to main content

Prognosis and Prognostic Factors

  • Conference paper
  • 113 Accesses

Abstract

The management of patients or clinical practice has four main components. These are prophylaxis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis [1]. Appraisal of a patient’s prognosis is part of everyday practice and studies of prognostic factors are integral to cancer research. However, the science of prognosis is rarely considered in a structured manner in cancer. Therefore, as in all areas of research, common definitions are required to allow communication of knowledge and new ideas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Rizzi DA. Medical prognosis — some fundamentals. Theor Med 1993;14:365–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Stockler M, Boyd N, Tannock I. Guide to studies of diagnostic tests, prognostic factors, and treatments, in Tannock I, Hill R (eds.): The basic science of oncology (ed. 3rd). Toronto, McGraw-Hill, 1998, pp. 466–492

    Google Scholar 

  3. Byar DR Identification of prognostic factors, in Buyse ME, Staquet MJ, Sylvester RJ (eds.): Cancer Clinical Trials. New York, Oxford University Press, 1984, pp. 423–443

    Google Scholar 

  4. Yarbro JW, Page DL, Fielding LP, et al. American Joint Committee on Cancer prognostic factors consensus conference. Cancer 1999;86:2436–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Burke HB, Henson DE. Criteria for prognostic factors and for an enhanced prognostic system. Cancer 1993;72:3131–3135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hermanek P, Gospodarowicz M, Henson D, et al. Prognostic Factors in Cancer, in UICC (ed.): (ed. 1st). Heidelberg, Springer, 1995

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Hermanek P. Prognostic factor research in oncology. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52:371–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hermanek P, Hutter RVP, Sobin LH. Prognostic grouping: the next step in tumour classification. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1990;116:513–516

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sobin LH, Fleming ID. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors, fifth edition (1997). Union Internationale Contre le Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer 80:1803–4,1997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sabbatini P, Larson SM, Kremer A, et al. Prognostic significance of extent of disease in bone in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer.J Clin Oncol 1999;17:948–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gelb AB. Renal cell carcinoma: current prognostic factors. Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Cancer 80:981–6,1997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Shipp M. Prognostic factors in non-Hodgkin–s lymphoma Curr Opin Oncol 1992;4:856–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mead GM, Stenning SP. The International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a new prognostic factor-based staging classification for metastatic germ cell tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1997;9:207–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sassine AM, Schulman C. Clinical use of prostate-specific antigen in the staging of patients with prostatic carcinoma. Eur Urol 1993;23:348–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Brien TP, Depowski PL, Sheehan CE, et al. Prognostic factors in gastric cancer. Mod Pathol 1998;11:870–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kramer MH, Hermans J, Wijburg E, et al. Clinical relevance of BCL2, BCL6, and MYC rearrangements in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 1998;92:3152–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dolan R, Vaughan C, Fuleihan N. Metachronous cancer: prognostic factors including prior irradiation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:619–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Aviles A, Yanez J, Lopez T, et al. Malnutrition as an adverse prognostic factor in patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma. Arch Med Res 1995;26:31–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Siu LL, Shepherd FA, Murray N, et al. Influence of age on the treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:821–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Moul JW, Douglas TH, McCarthy WF, et al. Black race is an adverse prognostic factor for prostate cancer recurrence following radical prostatectomy in an equal access health care setting. J Urol 1996;155:1667–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. DeMario MD, Liebowitz DN. Lymphomas in the immunocompromised patient. Semin Oncol 1998;25:492–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Feldman JG, Saunders M, Carter AC, et al. The effects of patient delay and symptoms other than a lump on survival in breast cancer. Cancer 1983;51:1226–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Selby P, Gillis C, Haward R. Benefits from specialised cancer care. Lancet 1996;348:313–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Paszat LF, Mackillop WJ, Groome PA, et al. Radiotherapy for breast cancer in Ontario: rate variation associated with region, age and income. Clin Invest Med 1998;21:125–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gillis CR, Hole DJ. Survival outcome of care by specialist surgeons in breast cancer: a study of 3786 patients in the west of Scotland. BMJ 1996;312:145–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Harding MJ, Paul J, Gillis CR, et al. Management of malignant teratoma: does referral to a specialist unit matter? Lancet 1993;341:999–1002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mackillop WJ, Zhang-Salomons J, Groome PA, et al. Socioeconomic status and cancer survival in Ontario.J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1680–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fielding LP, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Freedman LS. The future of prognostic factors in outcome prediction for patients with cancer. Cancer 1992;70:2367–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Collette L, Sylvester RJ, Stenning SP, et al. Impact of the treating institution on survival of patients with “poor- prognosis” metastatic nonseminoma. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Collaborative Group and the Medical Research Council Testicular Cancer Working Party. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:839–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Feuer EJ, Sheinfeld J, Bosl GJ. Does size matter? Association between number of patients treated and patient outcome in metastatic testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:816–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Aass N, Klepp O, Cavallin-Stahl E, et al. Prognostic factors in unselected patients with nonseminomatous metastatic testicular cancer: a multicenter experience. J Clin Oncol 1991;9:818–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Junor EJ, Hole DJ, Gillis CR. Management of ovarian cancer: referral to a multidisciplinary team matters. Br J Cancer 70:363–70,1994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gospodarowicz M, Benedet L, Hutter R, et al. History and international developments in cancer staging. Cancer Prevention and Control 1998;2:262–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fleming I, Cooper J, Henson D, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, (ed. 5th). Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  35. Moul JW, Heidenreich A. Prognostic factors in low-stage nonseminomatous testicular cancer. Oncology (Huntingt) 1996;10:1359–68,1374

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, et al. The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1998;82:375–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB, Clark RM, et al. Analysis of supradiaphragmatic clinical stage I and II Hodgkin’s disease treated with radiation alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;22:859–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gisselbrecht C, Gaulard P, Lepage E, et al. Prognostic significance of T-cell phenotype in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Groupe d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adulte (GELA). Blood 1998;92:76–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sunderland MC, McGuire WL. Prognostic indicators in invasive breast cancer. Surg Clin North Am 1990;70:989–1004

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Delahunt B. Histopathologic prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma. Semin Diagn Pathol 1998;15:68–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McArdle CS, Hole D. Impact of variability among surgeons on postoperative morbidity and mortality and ultimate survival BMJ 1991;302:1501–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Aaltomaa S, Lipponen P, Ala-Opas M, et al. Alpha-catenin expression has prognostic value in local and locally advanced prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 1999;80:477–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gascoyne RD, Aoun P, Wu D, et al. Prognostic significance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in adults with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood 1999;93:3913–3921

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gascoyne RD, Adomat SA, Krajewski S, et al. Prognostic significance of Bcl-2 protein expression and Bcl-2 gene rearrangement in diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Blood 1997;90:244–51

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Grignon DJ, Caplan R, Sarkar FH, et al. p53 status and prognosis of locally advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma: a study based on RTOG 8610 .J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:158–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Stauder R, Eisterer W, Thaler J, et al. CD44 variant isoforms in non-Hodgkin–s lymphoma: a new independent prognostic factor. Blood 1995;85:2885–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. WHO handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment. Geneva (Switzerland), World Health Organization Offset Publication, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  48. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:205–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this paper

Cite this paper

Gospodarowicz, M.K., O’Sullivan, B. (2002). Prognosis and Prognostic Factors. In: Harnden, P., Joffe, J.K., Jones, W.G. (eds) Germ Cell Tumours V. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3281-3_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3281-3_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3283-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3281-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics