Skip to main content

Abstract

Despite the numerous studies which have assessed cell proliferation in tumours, measurement of proliferation indices has had, to date, little impact on patient management. This chapter will outline the techniques currently clinically available and discuss their practical advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the clinical situations in which assessment of cell proliferation may prove to be of use will be reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aherne WA, Al-Wiswazy M, Ford D and Jellerer AM (1977) Assessment of inherent fluctuations of mitotic and labelling indices of human tumours. Br J Cancer 36:577–591

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alexanian R, Gehan E, Haut A et al. (1978) Unmaintained remission in multiple myeloma. Blood 51:1005–1011

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badalament RA, Hermansen DK, Kimmel M et al. (1987) The sensitivity of bladder wash flow cytometry, bladder wash cytology and voided cytology in the detection of bladder carcinoma. Cancer 60:1423–1427

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baildam AD, Zaloudik J, Howell A et al. (1987) DNA analysis by flow cytometry, response to endocrine treatment and prognosis in advanced carcinoma of the breast. Br J Cancer 55:553–559

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baisch H, Beck H-P, Christensen IJ et al. (1982) A comparison of mathematical methods for the analysis of DNA histograms obtained by flow cytometry. Cell Tissue Kinet 15:235–249

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlogie B, Raber MN, Schumann J et al. (1983) Flow cytometry in clinical cancer research. Cancer Res 43:3982–3997

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnard NJ, Hall PA, Lemoine NR and Kadar N (1987) Proliferative index in breast carcinoma determined in situ by Ki-67 immunostaining and its relationship to clinical and pathological variables. J Pathol 152:287–295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer KD, Merkel DE, Winter JN et al. (1986) Prognostic implications of ploidy and proliferative activity in diffuse large cell lymphomas. Cancer Res 46:3173–3178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer KD, Lincoln ST, Vera-Roman JM et al. (1987) Prognostic implications of proliferative activity and DNA aneuploidy in colonic adenocarcinomas. Lab Invest 57:329–335

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benbow EW and Cromie CJ (1989) Inability of AgNOR counts to differentiate between bronchial carcinoid tumours and small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. J Clin Pathol 42:1003–1004

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertuzzi A, Daidone MG, Di Fronzo G and Silvestrini R (1981) Relationship among estrogen receptors, proliferative activity and menopausal status in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1:253–262

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biasco G, Paganelli GM, Miglioli M et al. (1990) Rectal cell proliferation and colon cancer risk in ulcerative colitis. Cancer Res 50:1156–1159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom HJG and Richardson WW (1957) Histological grading and prognosis in breast cancer. A study of 1409 cases of which 359 have been followed for 15 years. Br J Cancer 9:359–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Boccadoro M, Gavarotti P, Fossati G et al. (1984) Low plasma cell 3(H)thymidine incorporation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smouldering myeloma and remission phase myeloma: a reliable indicator of patients not requiring therapy. Br J Haematol 58:689–696

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonadonna G, Valagussa P and Tancini G et al. (1986) Current status of Milan adjuvant chemotherapy trials for node-positive and node-negative breast cancer. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1:45–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt L, Olsson H and Monti M (1981) Uptake of thymidine in lymphoma cells obtained through fine needle aspiration biopsy: relation to prognosis in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Eur J Cancer 17:1229–1233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunn PA, Carney DN and Gazdar AF et al. (1983) Diagnostic and biological implications of flow cytometric DNA content analysis in lung cancer. Cancer Res 43:5026–5032

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christopherson WM, Williamson FO and Gray IA (1972) Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Cancer 29:1512–1517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christov K, Milev A and Todorov V (1989) DNA aneuploidy and cell proliferation in breast tumours. Cancer 64:673–679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cibull ML, Heryet A, Gatter KC and Mason DY (1989) The utility of Ki-67 immunostaining, nucleolar organizer region counting and morphology in the assessment of follicular lymphomas. J Pathol 158:189–193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark GM, Dressier LG and Owens MA et al. (1989) Prediction of relapse or survival in patients with node-negative breast cancer by DNA flow cytometry. N Engl J Med 320:627–633

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collste LG, Devonec M and Darzynkiewicz Z et al. (1980) Bladder cancer diagnosis by flow cytometry: correlation between cell samples from biopsy and bladder irrigation fluid. Cancer 45:2389–2394

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke LD, Cooke TG, Bootz F et al. (1990) Ploidy as a prognostic indicator in end stage squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region treated with cisplatinum. Br J Cancer 61:759–762

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa A, Bonadonna G, Villa E et al. (1981) Labelling index as a prognostic marker in non Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 66:1–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Courdi A, Hery M, Dahan E et al. (1989) Factors affecting relapse in node-negative breast cancer: a multivariate analysis including labelling index. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25:351–356

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan RA, Harris M, Jones M and Crowther D (1989) DNA content in high and intermediate grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma - prognostic significance and clinicopathological correlations. Br J Cancer 60:904–910

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker J and Nar P (1987) Nucleolar organiser regions in lymphomas. J Pathol 151:111–118

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker J and Skilbeck N (1987) Nucleolar organiser region associated proteins in cutaneous melanotic lesions: a quantitative study. J Clin Pathol 40:885–889

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker J, Ay res J and McGovern J (1987) Nucleolar organiser regions in small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Thorax 42:972–975

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dean PN and Jett JH (1974) Mathematical analysis of DNA distributions derived from flow microfluorometry. J Cell Biol 60:523–527

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Vere White R, Tesluk H and Deitcg A (1987) The paradox of aneuploidy in the benign and malignant prostate. Cytometry 1:3

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond LW, Nathwani BN and Rappaport H (1982) Flow cytometry in the diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphoma and leukaemia. Cancer 50:1122–1135

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dressier LG and Bartow SA (1989) DNA flow cytometry in solid tumours: practical aspects and clinical applications. Semin Diagn Pathol 6:55–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Dressier LG, Seamer L, Owens MA et al. (1987) Evaluation of a modelling system for S phase estimation in breast cancer by flow cytometry. Cancer Res 47:5294–5302

    Google Scholar 

  • Dressier LG, Seamer LC, Owens MA et al. (1988) DNA flow cytometry and prognostic factors in 1331 frozen breast cancer specimens. Cancer 61:420–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Dressier LG, Eudey L, Gray R et al. (1990) DNA flow cytometry measurements are prognostic for time to recurrence in node negative breast cancer patients: an eastern Co-operative Group (ECOG) intergroup study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 9:22

    Google Scholar 

  • Durie BGM (1986) Staging and kinetics of multiple myeloma. Semin Oncol 13:300–309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durie BGM, Salmon SE and Moon TE (1980) Pretreatment tumour mass, cell kinetics and prognosis in multiple myeloma. Blood 55:364–372

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egan MJ, Raafat F, Crocker J and Smith K (1987) Nucleolar organiser regions in small cell tumours of childhood. J Pathol 153:275–280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egerton DA, Said JM, Epling S and Lee S (1988) DNA content of T-cell lymphomas. A flow cytometric analysis. Am J Pathol 130:326–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis SJ and Whitehead R (1981) Mitoses counting: a need for reappraisal. Hum Pathol 12:3–4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ensley J, Maciorowski Z and Pietrazskiewicz H et al. (1990) Prospective correlation of cytotoxic response and DNA content parameters in advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 9:173

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallowfield ME and Cook MG (1989) The value of nucleolar organiser region staining in the differential diagnosis of borderline melanocytic lesions. Histopathology 14:229–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallowfield ME, Dodson AR and Cook MG (1988) Nucleolar organiser regions in melanocytic dysplasia and melanoma. Histopathology 13:95–99

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feichter GE, Mueller A and Kaufmann M et al. (1988) Correlations of DNA flow cytometric results and other prognostic factors in primary breast cancer. Int J Cancer 41:823–828

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher B, Bauer M, Wickerham L et al. (1983) Relationship of the number of positive axillary nodes to the prognosis of patients with primary breast cancer. Cancer 52:1551–1557

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fossa SD, Thorud E, Shoaib MC et al. (1984) DNA flow cytometry in primary breast carcinoma. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 92:475–480

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franzen G, Klintenberg C, Olofsson J and Risberg B (1986) DNA measurement - an objective predictor of response to irradiation. Br J Cancer 53:643

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentili C, Sanfilippo O and Silvestrini R (1981) Cell proliferation and its relationship to clinical features and relapse in breast cancers. Cancer 48:974–979

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdes J, Pickartz H, Brotherton J et al. (1987) Growth fractions and estrogen receptors in human breast cancers as determined in situ with monoclonal antibodies. Am J Pathol 129:486–492

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giri DD, Nottingham JF, Lawry J et al. (1989) Silver binding nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in benign and malignant breast lesions: correlations with ploidy and growth phase by DNA flow cytometry. J Pathol 157:307–313

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant CS, Hay ID, Dyan JJ et al. (1990) Diagnostic and prognostic utility of flow cytometric DNA measurements in follicular thyroid tumours. World J Surg 14:283–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greipp PR and Kyle RA (1983) Clinical, morphological and cell kinetic differences among multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smouldering multiple myeloma. Blood 62:166–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haag D, Goerttler M and Tschahargane C (1984) The proliferative index of human breast cancer as obtained by flow cytometry. Pathol Res Pract 178:315–322

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall PA and Levison DA (1990) Assessment of cell proliferation in histological material. J Clin Pathol 43:184–192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall PA, Crocker J, Watts A and Stansfeld AG (1988a) A comparison of nucleolar organizer region staining and Ki-67 immunostaining in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Histopathol 12:373–381

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall PA, Richards MA, Gregory WM et al. (1988b) The prognostic value of Ki-67 immunostaining in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Pathol 154:223–225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanby AM, Hall PA, Gregory WM, Dennis P, Rooney N, James P, Richman PI and Levison DA (1990) An inter and intra-observer study on the diagnosis of lymph node biopsies. J Pathol 161:345a

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart WR and Billman JK (1978) A reassessment of uterine neoplasms originally diagnosed as leiomyosarcomas. Cancer 41:1902–1910

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedley DW, Rugg CA and Gelber RD (1987) Association of DNA index and S phase fraction with prognosis in nodes positive breast early breast cancer. Cancer Res 47:4729–4735

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt S, Croton R, Leinster SJ et al. (1986) In vitro thymidine labelling index in primary operable breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 12:53–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kallioniemi O-P, Hietanen T, Mattila J et al. (1987) Aneuploid DNA content and high S phase fraction of tumour cells are related to poor prognosis in patients with primary breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 23:277–282

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kallioniemi O-P, Punnonen R, Mattila J et al. (1988) Prognostic significance of DNA index, multiploidy and S phase fraction in ovarian cancer. Cancer 61:334–339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klintenberg C, Stal O, Nordenskjold B et al. (1986) Proliferative index, cytosolic estrogen receptor and axillary node status as prognostic predictors in human mammary cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 7(suppl):99–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Kute TE, Muss HB, Anderson D et al. (1981) Relationship of steroid receptor, cell kinetics and clinical status in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Res 41:3524–3529

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kute TE, Muss HB, Hopkins M et al. (1985) Relationship of flow cytometry results to clinical and steroid receptor status in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 6:113–121

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kvalov S, Morton PF, Kaalhus O et al. (1985) [3H]thymidine uptake in B cell lymphomas. Relationship to treatment response and survival. Scand J Haematol 34:429–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipkin M, Blattner WE, Fraumeni JF et al. (1983) Tritiated thymidine (Ψp, Ψh) labelling distribution as a marker for hereditary predisposition to colon cancer. Cancer Res 43:1899–1904

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lykkesfeldt AE, Balsev I, Christensen IJ et al. (1988) DNA ploidy and S phase fraction in primary breast carcinomas in relation to prognostic factors and survival for premenopausal patients at high risk for recurrent disease. Acta Oncol 27:749–756

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macartney JC and Camplejohn RS (1990) DNA flow cytometry in non-Hodgkins lymphomas. Eur J Cancer 26:635–637

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macartney JC, Camplejohn RS, Alder J et al. (1986) Prognostic importance of DNA flow cytometry in non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Pathol 39:542–546

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mason BH (1983) Progesterone and estrogen receptors as prognostic variables in breast cancer. Cancer Res 43:2985–2990

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JS and Hixon B (1979) Advanced stage and early relapse of breast carcinomas associated with high thymidine labelling indices. Cancer Res 39:4041–4047

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters JRW, Camplejohn RS, Millis RR and Rubens RD (1987) Histological grade, elastosis, DNA ploidy and the response to chemotherapy of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 55:455–457

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDivitt RW, Stone KR, Craig RB and Meyer JS (1985) A comparison of human breast cancer cell kinetics measured by flow cytometry and thymidine labelling. Lab Invest 52:287–291

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDivitt RW, Stone KR, Craig RB et al. (1986) A proposed classification of breast cancer based on kinetic information. Cancer 57:269–276

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane JH, Quirke P and Bird CC (1986) Flow cytometric analysis of DNA heterogeneity in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Pathol 149:236

    Google Scholar 

  • McGurrin JF, Doria MI, Dawson PJ et al. (1987) Assessment of tumour cell kinetics by immunohistochemistry in carcinoma of breast. Cancer 59:1744–1750

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merkel DE and McGuire WL (1990) Ploidy, proliferative activity and prognosis: DNA flow cytometry of solid tumours. Cancer 65:1194–1295

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JS and Prioleau PG (1981) S phase fractions of colorectal carcinomas related to pathologic and clinical features. Cancer 48:1221–1228

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JS, Friedman E, McCrate MM and Bauer WC (1983) Prediction of early course of breast carcinoma by thymidine labelling. Cancer 51:1879–1886

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JS, Prey MU, Babcock DS and McDivitt RW (1986) Breast carcinome cell kinetics, morphology, stage and host characteristics. Lab Invest 54:41–51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moran RE, Black MM, Alpert L and Straus MJ (1984) Correlation of cell-cycle kinetics, hormone receptors, histopathology and nodal status in human breast cancer. Cancer 54:1586–1590

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muss HB, Kute TE, Case LD et al. (1989) The relation of flow cytometry to clinical and biologic characteristics in women with node negative primary breast cancer. Cancer 64:1894–1900

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NCI Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project Writing Committee (1985) Classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Cancer 55:9

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemoto T, Vana J, Bedwani R et al. (1980) Management and survival of female breast cancer: Results of a national survey by the American College of Surgeons. Cancer 45:2917–2924

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly SM, Camplejohn RS, Barnes DM et al. (1990a) DNA index, S phase fraction, histological grade and prognosis in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 61:671–674

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly SM, Camplejohn RS, Millis RR et al. (1990b) Node negative breast cancer: prognostic subgroups defined by tumour size and flow cytometry. J Clin Oncol 8:2040–2046

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly SM, Camplejohn RS, Millis RR et al. (1990c) Proliferative activity, histological grade and benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in node positive breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 26:1035–1038

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olszewski W, Darzynkiewicz Z, Rosen PP et al. (1981) Flow cytometry of breast carcinoma: relation of tumour cell cycle distribution to histology and estrogen receptor. Cancer 48:985–988

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ploton D, Menager M, Jeannesson P et al. (1986) Improvement in the staining and visualisation of the argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organiser region at the optical level. Histochem J 18:5–14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn CM and Wright NA (1990) The clinical assessment of proliferation and growth in human tumours: evaluation of methods and applications as prognostic variables. J Pathol 160:93–102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raber MN, Barlogie B, Latreille J et al. (1982) Ploidy, proliferative activity and estrogen receptor content in human breast cancer. Cytometry 3:36–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehn S, Glimelius B, Strang P et al. (1990) Prognostic significance of flow cytometry studies in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Haematol Oncol 8:1–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remvikos Y, Lavee C, Vilcoq JR et al. (1990) Proliferative activity, response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and prognosis in stage II breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 16:190 (abstr)

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards MA, Gregory WM and Lister TA (1987) Prognostic factors in lymphoma. In: Stoll BA (ed) Prognostic factors in cancer. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 333–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrape S, Jones DB and Wright DH (1987) A comparison of three methods for the determination of the growth fraction in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br J Cancer 55:283–286

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schutte B, Reynders MM J, Wiggers T et al. (1987) Retrospective analysis of the prognostic significance of DNA content and proliferative activity in large bowel carcinoma. Cancer Res 47:5494–5496

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sciallero S, Bruno S, Di Vinci A et al. (1988) Flow cytometric DNA ploidy in colorectal adenomas and family history of colorectal cancer. Cancer 61:114–120

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sigurdsson H, Baldetorp B, Borg A et al. (1990) Indicators of prognosis in node negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 322:1045–1053

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestrini R, Daidone MG and Gasparini G (1985) Cell kinetics as a prognostic marker in node-negative breast cancer. Cancer 56:1982–1987

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestrini R, Costa A, Veneroni S et al. (1988a) Comparative analysis of different approaches to investigate cell kinetics. Cell Tissue Kinet 21:123–131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestrini R, Daidone MG, Selvi et al. (1988b) Cell kinetics as a prognostic indicator in operable breast cancer: updated report. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 7:24

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith R and Crocker J (1988) Evaluation of nucleolar organiser region associated proteins in breast malignancy. Histopathology 12:113–125

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srigley J, Barlogie B, Butler JJ et al. (1985) Heterogeneity of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma probed by nucleic acid cytometry. Blood 65:1090–1096

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stal O, Wingren S, Cartensen J et al. (1989) Prognostic value of DNA ploidy and S phase fraction in relation to estrogen receptor content and clinicopathological variables in primary breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25:301–309

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart-Harris R, Hedley DW, Taylor IW et al. (1985) Tumour ploidy, response and survival in patients receiving endocrine therapy for advanced breast cancer. Br J Cancer 51:573

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez V, Newman J, Hiley C et al. (1989) The value of NOR numbers in neoplastic and non-neoplastic epithelium of the stomach. Histopathology 14:61–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sulkes A, Livingston RB and Murphy WK (1979) Tritiated thymidine labelling index and response in human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 62:513–515

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor HB and Norris HJ (1966) Mesenchymal tumours of the uterus. IV. Diagnosis and prognosis of leiomyosarcomas. Arch Pathol 82:40–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ten Velde GPM, Schutte B, Roos M et al. (1988) Flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy level in paraffin-embedded tissue of non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24:445–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Terpstra OT, van Blankenstein M, Dees J and Eilers GU (1987) Abnormal pattern of cell proliferation in the entire colonic mucosa of patients with colon adenoma or cancer. Gastroenterology 92:704–708

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toikkanen S, Joensuu H and Klemi P (1989) The prognostic significance of nuclear DNA content in invasive breast cancer - a study with long-term follow-up. Br J Cancer 60:693–700

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tubiana M and Malaise E (1976) Comparison of cell proliferation kinetics in human and experimental tumours: response to irradiation. Cancer Treat Rep 60:1887–1895

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tubiana M, Pejovic MJ, Renaud A et al. (1981) Kinetic parameters and the course of the disease in breast cancer. Cancer 47:937–943

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straus MJ, Moran R, Muller RE and Wotiz HH (1982) Estrogen receptor heterogeneity and the relationship between estrogen receptor and the tritiated thymidine labelling index in human breast cancer. Oncology 39:197–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volm M, Drings P, Mattern J et al. (1985) Prognostic significance of DNA patterns and resistance predictive tests in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 56:1396–1403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker RA (1988) The histopathological evaluation of nucleolar organiser region proteins. Histopathology 12:221–223

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winter JN, Bauer K, Andersen J et al. (1989) Aneuploidy but not proliferative activity is associated with failure to remit in the diffuse aggressive lymphomas. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 30:36

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooldrige TN, Grierson HL, Weisenburger DD et al. (1988) Association of DNA content and proliferative activity with clinical outcome in patient with diffuse mixed cell and large cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Res 48:6608–6613

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang P, Huang GS and Zhu XS (1990) Role of nucleolar organiser regions in differentiating malignant from benign tumours of the colon. J Clin Pathol 43:235–238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

O’Reilly, S.M., Richards, M.A. (1992). Clinical Aspects of Assessing Cell Proliferation. In: Hall, P.A., Levison, D.A., Wright, N.A. (eds) Assessment of Cell Proliferation in Clinical Practice. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3190-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3190-8_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3192-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3190-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics