Abstract
Cancer of the oesophagus has a pattern of incidence that is remarkable in many respects. It is rare in most western populations but occurs frequently in parts of Asia and Africa (Table 3.1, Figs 3.1, 3.2). In certain restricted localities it has an exceptionally high incidence; in Kazakhstan and northern Iran, for example, the incidence rates are the highest observed in general populations for any type of cancer anywhere in the world. They are comparable with the incidence rates that have been observed in known high-risk groups — with the lung cancer rate, for example, among life-long heavy smokers in London.
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Cook-Mozaffari, P. (1989). Epidemiology and Predisposing Factors. In: Hurt, R.L. (eds) Management of Oesophageal Carcinoma. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3153-3_3
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