Abstract
In Europe and America today most women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are found to belong to groups at high risk for HIV infection. That is, they or their sexual partners have been injecting drug users,(1) or they are the partners of bisexual men or haemophiliacs,(2.3) or they or their partners have had sexual contact with people from the Caribbean or Central Africa.(4) However, there is increasing evidence that HIV infection now extends to heterosexually active young people with none of these traditional risk factors. Hoff et al (5) found a 0.2% prevalence rate for HIV infection in women giving birth in hospitals in Massachusetts, but noted that the infection rate varied within the geographical area sampled, being highest (0.8%) in inner city hospitals and lowest in suburban and rural hospitals (0.09%). Tempelis et al (6) noted cases of HIV infection in serum samples from blood collected in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics and premarital testing sites in the San Francisco Bay area which indicate that HIV is present in heterosexuals with no other risk factors than unprotected sexual intercourse.
Keywords
- Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- Sexually Transmitted Disease
- Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome Patient
- Unprotected Sexual Intercourse
- Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
France AJ, Skidmore CA, Robertson JR, Brettle RP, Roberts JJK, Burns SM, Foster CA, Inglis JM, Galloway WBF, Davidson SJ. Heterosexual spread of human immunodeficiency virus in Edinburgh. Br Med J 1988; 296: 526–529.
Allain JP. Prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies in patients with haemophillia and their sexual partners in France. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 517–518.
Guinan ME, Hardy A. Epidemiology of AIDS in women in the United States 1981 through 1986. JAMA 1987; 257: 2039–2042.
Fischl MA, Dickson GM, Scott GB, Klimas N, Fletcher MA, Parks W. Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children and household contacts of adults with AIDS. JAMA 197; 257: 640-644.
Hoff R, Berari VP, Weiblen BJ, Mahoney-Trout L, Mitchell ML, Grady GF. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus among child bearing women. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 525–530.
Tempelis CD, Shell G, Hoffman M, Benjamin RA, Chandler A, Francis DP. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in women in the San Fransisco Bay area. JAMA 1987; 258: 474–475.
Evans BA, McCormack SM, Bond RA, MacRae KD, Thorp RW. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis B virus infection, and sexual behaviour of women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. Br Med J 1988; 296: 473–475.
Steele SJ. Pre-conceptual counselling. In: AIDS and obstetrics and gynaecology. Eds. R Hudson, F Sharp. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists/Springer-Verlag, 1988; pp.317–319.
Scott GB, Fischl MA, Klimas N, Fletcher MA, Dickinson GM, Levine RS, Parks WP. Mothers of infants with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Evidence for both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. JAMA 1985; 253: 363–366.
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Report of the RCOG Subcommittee on problems associated with AIDS in relation to obstetrics and gynaecology. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1987.
Pinching AJ, Jeffries DJ. Aids and HTLV-III/LAV infection: consequences for obstetrics and perinatal medicine. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92: 1211–1217.
Peckham CS, Senturia YD, Ades AE. Obstetric and perinatal consequences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: a review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 403–407.
Mok JQ, Giaquinto C, De Rossi A, Grosch-Wörner I, Ades AE, Peckham CS. Infants born to mothers seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Preliminary findings from a multicentre European study. Lancet 1987; 1: 1164–1168.
Vogt MW, Witt DJ, Craven DE, Byington R, Crawford DF, Schooly RT, Hirsch MS. Isolation of HTLV-III/LAV from cervical secretions of women at risk for AIDS. Lancet 1986; 1: 525–527.
Wofsy CB, Cohen JB, Hauer LB, Padian NS, Michaelis BA, Evans LA, Levy JA. Isolation of AIDS-associated retrovirus from genital secretions of women with antibodies to the virus. Lancet 1986; 1: 527–529.
Ziegler JB, Cooper DA, Johnson RO, Gold J. Postnatal transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus from mother to infant. Lancet 1985; 1: 896–898.
Thiry L, Sprecher-Goldberger S, Jonckheer T, Levy J, Van de Perre P, Henrivaux P, Cogniaux-Le-Clerc J, Clumeck N. Isolation of AIDS virus from cell-free breast milk of three healthy virus carriers. Lancet 1985; 2: 891–892.
Senturia YD, Ades AE, Peckham CS, Giaquinto C. Breast-feeding and HIV infection Lancet 1987; 2: 400–401.
Johnstone FD, Maccallum L, Brettle R, Inglis JM, Peutherer JF. Does infection with HIV affect the outcome of pregnancy? Br Med J 1988; 296: 467.
Mayr P, Fuchs D, Fuith L, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, Werner ER, Watcher H. Allogeneic activation is increased during pregnancy. A risk factor in HIV infection? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 1000–1002.
Miller D. Psychology, AIDS, ARC and PGL. In: The management of AIDS patients. Eds. D Miller, J Weber, J Green. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986; pp 131–149.
Coates TJ, Temoshock L, Mandel JS. Psychosocial research is essential to understanding and treating AIDS. Am Psychol 1984; 39: 1309–1314.
Shaw N, Palev L. Women and AIDS. In: What to do about AIDS. Ed. L McKusick. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986; pp 142–154.
Miller D. Living with AIDS. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987.
Miller D, Green J, McCreaner A. Organising a counselling service for problems related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Genitourin Med 1986; 62: 116–122.
Ley P, Spelman MS. Communicating with the patient. London: Staples, 1967.
Bradshaw PW, Ley P, Kincey JA, Bradshaw J. Recall of medical advice: comprehensibility and speciificity. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 1975; 14: 55–62.
Rogers CR. The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. J Cons Psychol 1957; 21: 95.
Anonymous. Fewer pregnant women agree to to the test. New Scientist 1988; 117, 1602: 35.
Namir S. Treatment issues concerning persons with AIDS In: What to do about AIDS. Ed. L McKusick. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986; pp 86–94.
Nicholls KA. Psychological care in general hospitals. Bull Br Psychol Soc 1981; 34: 90–94.
Walker CE, Hedberg A, Clement PW, Wright L. Clinical procedures for behaviour therapy. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1981.
Beck AT. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International University, 1976.
Beech HR, Vaughan M. Behavioural treatment of obsessional states. Chichester: Wiley, 1978.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hedge, B. (1988). Counselling the HIV positive pregnant woman. In: Sharp, F., Hudson, C.N. (eds) AIDS and Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3150-2_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3150-2_18
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3152-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3150-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive