Skip to main content
  • 73 Accesses

Abstract

In 1992, the World Health Organization estimated that more than 6 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - 2.5% of the adult population. This accounted for over 60% of the estimated worldwide HIV infections (Global Programme on AIDS 1992). Admittedly, generalisations concerning the extent and distribution of HIV infection are difficult to make. Prevalence rates between countries, urban and rural areas and even within individual city localities may differ greatly. However, evidence indicates that the spread of HIV continues unabated in areas of both high and low prevalence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abouya YL, Beaumel A, Lucas S et al. (1992) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. An uncommon cause of death in African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 145: 617–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen S, Lindan C, Serufilira A et al. (1991) Human immunodeficiency virus infection in urban Rwanda. Demographic and behavioral correlates in a representative sample of childbearing women. JAMA 266: 1657–1663

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen S, Serufilira A, Bogaerts J et al. (1992) Confidential HIV testing and condom promotion in Africa. JAMA 268: 3338–3343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RM, May RM, Boily MC, Garnett GP, Rowley JT (1991) The spread of HIV-1 in Africa: sexual contact patterns and the predicted demographic impact of AIDS. Nature 352: 581–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armbruster C, Junker W, Vetter N, Jaksch G (1990) Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guerin infection in an AIDS patient 30 years after BCG vaccination. J Infect Dis 162: 1216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barin F, M’Boup S, Denis F et al. (1985) Serological evidence for virus related to simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus III in residents of west Africa. Lancet ii: 1387–1389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belec L, Gherardi R, Georges AJ et al. (1989) Peripheral facial paralysis and HIV infection report of four African cases and review of the literature. J Neurol 236: 411–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belec L, Di Costanzo B, Georges A J, Gherardi R (1991) HIV infection in African patients with tropical pyomyositis. AIDS 5: 234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bern C, Patil PS, Elliott AM, Namaambo KM, Bharucha H, Porter JDH (1993) The value of wide-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Africa. AIDS 7: 1221–1225

    Google Scholar 

  • Beral V, Peteman T, Berkelman R, Jaffe H (1991) AIDS-associated non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Lancet 337: 805–809

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkley S (1991) Parenteral transmission of HIV in Africa. AIDS 5 (suppl 1): S87–S92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkley SF (1992) HIV in Africa: what is the future? Ann Intern Med 116: 339–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkley SF, Widy-Wirski R, Okware SI et al. (1989) Risk factors associated with HIV in Uganda. J Infect Dis 160: 22–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkley S, Naamara W, Okware S et al. (1990) AIDS and HIV infection in Uganda: are more women infected than men? AIDS 4: 1237–1242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry CD, Hooton TM, Collier AC, Lukehart SA (1987) Neurologic relapse after benzathine penicillin therapy for secondary syphilis in a patient with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 316: 1587–1589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggar RJ (1986) The clinical features of HIV infection in Africa. Br Med J 293: 1453–1454

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borgdorff M (1993) Sentinel surveillance for HIV-1 infection: how representative are blood donors, outpatients with fever, anaemia, or sexually transmitted diseases, and antenatal clinic attenders in Mwanza Region, Tanzania? AIDS 7: 567–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouquety JC, Siopathis MR, Ravisse PR, Lagarde N, Georges-Courbot MC, Georges AJ (1989) Lymphocutaneous Kaposi’s sarcoma in an African pediatric AIDS case. Am J Tropic Med Hyg 40: 323–325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brattegaard K, Kouadio J, Adorn ML, Doorly R, George JR, De Cock KM (1993) Rapid and simple screening and supplemental testing for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in West Africa. AIDS 7: 883–885

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucyendore A, Van de Perre P, Karita E, Nziyumvira A, Sow I, Fox E (1993) Estimating the seroincidence of HIV-1 in the general adult population in Kigali, Rwanda. AIDS 7: 275–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D’Costa LJ et al. (1989) Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet ii: 403–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Cegielski JP, Msengi AE, Dukes CS et al. (1993) Intestinal parasites and HIV infection in Tanzanian children with chronic diarrhea. AIDS 7: 213–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson RE, Slutkin G (1989) Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 159: 96–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chin J (1990) Current and future dimensions of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in women and children. Lancet 336: 221–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chin J, Mann J (1989) Global surveillance and forecasting of AIDS. Bull World Health Organ 67: 1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chin J, Remenyi MA, Morrison F, Bulatao R (1992) The global epidemiology of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. World Health Stat Q 45: 220–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clavel F, Guetard D, Brun-Vezinet F et al. (1986) Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS. Science 233: 343–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clumeck N, Jonnet J, Taelman H, Mascart Lemone F, De Bruyere M (1984) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in African patients. N Engl J Med 310: 492–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colebunders RL, Latif AS (1991) Natural history and clinical presentation of HIV-1 infection in adults. AIDS 5 (suppl 1): S103–S112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colebunders R, Mann JM, Francis H et al. (1987) Evaluation of a clinical case-definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Africa. Lancet i: 492–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colebunders R, Mann JM, Francis H et al. (1988) Herpes zoster in African patients: a clinical predictor of human immunodeficiency virus infections. J Infect Dis 157: 314–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colebunders R, Bahwe Y, Nekwei W et al. (1990) Incidence of malaria and efficacy of oral quinine in patients recently infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect 21: 167–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Commenges D, Alioum A, Lepage P, Van de Perre P, Msellati P, Dabis F (1992) Estimating the incubation period of paediatric AIDS in Rwanda. AIDS 6: 1515–1520

    Google Scholar 

  • Conlin CP, Pinching AJ, Perera CU, et al. (1990) HIV-related enteropathy in Zambia: a clinical, microbiological, and histological study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42: 83–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuadrado LM, Guerrero A, Garcia Asenjo JA, Martin F, Palau E, Garcia Urra D (1988) Cerebral mucormycosis in two cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Neurol 45: 109–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Cock KM, Barrere B, Diaby L et al. (1990) AIDS-the leading cause of adult death in the West African city of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Science 249: 793–796

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Cock KM, Brun-Vezinet F, Soro B (1991a) HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and AIDS in West Africa. AIDS 5 (suppl 1): S21–S28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Cock KM, Gnaore EAG, Braun MM et al. (1991b) Risk of tuberculosis in patients with HIV-I and HIV-II infections in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Br Med J 302: 496–499

    Google Scholar 

  • De Cock KM, Selik RM, Soro B, Gayle H, Colebunders RL (1991c) For debate. AIDS surveillance in Africa: a reappraisal of case definitions. Br Med J 303: 1185–1188

    Google Scholar 

  • De Cock KM, Soro B, Coulibaly IM, Lucas SB (1992) Tuberculosis and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. JAMA 268: 1581–1587

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Leys R, Vanderborght B, Haesevelde MV et al. (1990) Isolation and partial characterization of an unusual human immunodeficiency retrovirus from two persons of West-Central African origin. J Virol 64: 1207–1216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denning DW, Follansbee SE, Scolaro M, Norris S, Edelstein H, Stevens DA (1991) Pulmonary aspergillosis in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. N Engl J Med 324: 654–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Perri G, Danzi MC, De Checchi G et al. (1989) Nosocomial epidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. Lancet ii: 1502–1504

    Google Scholar 

  • Dryden MS, Shanson DC (1988) The microbial causes of diarrhoea in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect 17: 107–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elvin KM, Lumbwe CM, Luo NP, Bjorkman A, Kallenius G, Linder E (1989) Pneumocystis carinii is not a major cause of pneumonia in HIV infected patients in Lusaka Zambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 553–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferro A, Boschetto A, Simoes O (1990) HIV 1-2 seroreactivity evaluation in a group of patients with Hansen disease in Guinea Bissau. Vth International Conference on AIDS in Africa, Zaire. Abstract: W.P.E. 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming AF (1990) Opportunistic infections in AIDS in developed and developing countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 1–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gazzard BG, Wastell C (1990) HIV and surgeons. Br Med J 301: 1003–1004

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilks CF (1991) What use is a clinical case definition for AIDS in Africa? Br Med J 303: 1189–1190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilks CF, Brindler RJ, Otieno LS et al. (1990a) Extrapulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis in HIV- 1 seropositive patients presenting to the acute medical services in Nairobi. AIDS 4: 981–985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilks CF, Brindler RJ, Otieno LS et al. (1990b) Life-threatening bacteraemia in HIV-1 seropositive adults admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. Lancet 336: 545–549

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill PS, Naidu YM, Salahuddin SZ (1990) Recent advances in AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Current Opin Oncol 2: 1161–1166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Global Programme on AIDS WHO (1992) Current and future dimensions of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. World Health Organisation: Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Gnaore E, Sassan-Morokro M, Kassim S et al. (1993) A comparison of clinical features in tuberculosis associated with infection with human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 57–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodgame RW (1990) AIDS in Uganda-Clinical and social features. N Engl J Med 323: 383–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graybill JR (1988) Histoplasmosis and AIDS. J Infect Dis 158: 623–626

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenson JK, Belitsos PC, Yardley JH, Bartlett JG (1991) AIDS Enteropathy: occult enteric infections and duodenal mucosal alterations in chronic diarrhea. Ann Intern Med 114: 366–372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin L, Lucas SB (1982) Does Pneumocystis carinii exist in Kenya? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76: 198–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulick RM, Heath-Chiozzi M, Crumpacker CS (1991) Varicella-zoster virus disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Dermatol 126: 1086–1088

    Google Scholar 

  • Gumodoka B, Vos J, Kigadye FC, van Asten H, Dolmans WMV, Borgdorff MW (1993) Blood transfusion practices in Mwanza region, Tanzania. AIDS 7: 387–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann DL, Edstrom K 1991 ) Strategies in AIDS prevention and control in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 5 (suppl 1): S197–S208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, SD, Stewart JA et al. (1988) Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 as a risk factor for HIV infection. JAMA 259: 1048–1050

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes KK, Kreiss J (1988) Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: overview of a neglected aspect of the AIDS epidemic. J Acq Immuno Defic Synd 1: 602–610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hook EW (1989) Syphilis and HIV infection. J Infect Dis 160: 530–534

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howlett WP, Nkya WM, Mmuni KA, Missalek WR (1989) Neurological disorders in AIDS and HIV disease in the northern zone of Tanzania. AIDS 3: 289–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey-Smith I, Donker G, Turzo A, Chastel C, Schmidt-Mayerova H (1993) Evaluation of mechanical transmission of HIV by the African soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata. AIDS 7: 341–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter DJ (1993) AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: the epidemiology of heterosexual transmission and the prospects for prevention. Epidemiology 4: 63–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonckheer T, Levy J, Ninane J, Alimenti A, Francois A (1988) AIDS case definitions for African children. Lancet ii: 690–691

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzenstein DA, Latif AS, Grace SA et al. (1990) Clinical and laboratory characteristics of HIV–1 infection in Zimbabwe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 3: 701–707

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaye BR (1989) Rheumatological manifestations of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 111: 158–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kent C, Samuel M, Winkelstein WJ (1987) The role of anal/genital warts in HIV infection. JAMA 258: 3385–3386

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M et al. (1993) Non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 7: 95–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laga M, Nzila N, Goeman J (1991) The interrelationship of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection: implications for the control of both epidemics in Africa. AIDS 5 (suppl 1): S55–S63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laroche R, Dupont B, Touze JE et al. (1992) Cryptococcal meningitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in African patients: treatment with fluconazole. J Med Vet Mycol 30: 71–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Latif AS, Katzenstein DA, Bassett MT, Houston S, Emmanuel JC, Marowa E (1989) Genital ulcers and transmission of HIV among couples in Zimbabwe. AIDS 3: 519–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Guenno BM, Barabe P, Griffet PA et al. (1991) HIV-2 and HIV-1 AIDS cases in Senegal: clinical patterns and immunological perturbations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 4: 421–427

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liautaud B, Pape JW, DeHovitz JA et al. (1989) Pruritic skin lesions: a common initial presentation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Dermatol 125: 629–632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindan CP, Allen S, Serufilira A et al. (1992) Predictors of mortality among HIV-infected women in Kigali, Rwanda. Ann Intern Med 116: 320–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas SB (1990) Missing infections in AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop Med & Hygiene 84 (suppl 1): 34–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukehart SA, Hook EW, Baker-Zander SA, Collier AC, Critchlow CW, Handsfield HH (1988) Invasion of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 109: 855–862

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal B (1989) AIDS and fungal infections. J Infect 19: 199–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann JM, Bila K, Colebunders RL et al. (1986) Natural history of HIV infection in Zaire. Lancet ii: 707–709

    Google Scholar 

  • Markovitz DM (1993) Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Ann Intern Med 118: 211–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marlink RG, Ricard D, M’Boup S et al. (1988) Clinical, hematologic, and immunologic cross-sectional evaluation of individuals exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (HIV-2). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 4: 137–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mbidde E, Banura C, Kazura J, Desmomd-Hellman S, Kizito A, Hellman N (1990) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and HIV infection in Uganda. Vth International Conference on AIDS in Africa, Zaire abstract: F.P.B. 1

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod DT, Neill P, Robertson VJ (1989) Pulmonary diseases in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Zimbabwe, Central Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83: 694–697

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan A, Bishop PE (1989) Clinical course of anogenital warts in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Genitourin Med 65: 225–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan A, Young H, Peutherer JF (1990) Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on treponemal serology, in patients who have been treated for syphilis. J Infect 21: 95–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meeran K (1989) Prevalence of HIV infection among patients with leprosy and tuberculosis in rural Zambia. Br Med J 298: 364–365

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melbye M, Njelesani EK, Bayley A et al. (1986) Evidence for heterosexual transmission and clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection and related conditions in Lusaka, Zambia. Lancet ii: 1113–1115

    Google Scholar 

  • Mhiri C, Belec L, Di Costanzo B, Georges A, Gherardi R (1992) The slim disease in African patients with AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 303–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montalban C, Calleja JL, Erice A et al. (1990) Visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect 21: 261–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moses S, Plummer FA, Ngugi EN, Nagelkerke NJ, Anzala AO, Ndinya Achola JO (1991) Controlling HIV in Africa: effectiveness and cost of an intervention in a high-frequency STD transmitter core group. AIDS 5: 407–411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJ, Styblo K, Rouillon A (1990) Tuberculosis in developing countries: burden, intervention and cost. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 65: 6–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naucler A, Albino P, Da Silva AP, Andreasson PA, Andersson S, Biberfeld G (1991) HIV-2 infection in hospitalized patients in Bissau, Guinea–Bissau. AIDS 5: 301–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholl A (1993) The AIDS epidemic in Africa: monster not myth. Br Med J 306: 938–939

    Google Scholar 

  • Nkowane BM (1991) Prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in Africa: a review of data published in 1990. 5 (suppl 1 ): S7–S15

    Google Scholar 

  • Nsanze H FMDLe (1981) Genital ulcers in Kenya: Clinical and laboratory study. Br J Vener Dis 57: 378–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Nsubuga P, Mugerwas R, Nsibambi J, Sewankambo N, Katabira E, Berkley S (1990) The association of genital ulcer disease and HIV infection at a dermatology-STD clinic in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 3: 1002–1005

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nunn P, Kibuga D, Gathua S et al. (1991) Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions due to thiacetazone in HIV-1 seropositive patients treated for tuberculosis. Lancet 337: 627–630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orenstein JM, Chiang J, Steinberg W, Smith PD, Rotterdam H, Kotler DP (1990) Intestinal microsporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a report of 20 cases. Hum Pathol 21: 475–481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pela AO, Platt JJ (1989) AIDS in Africa: emerging trends. Soc Sci Med 28: 1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterman TA, Jaffe HW, Beral V (1993) Epidemiologic clues to the etiology of Kaposi’s sarcoma. AIDS 7: 605–611

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters BS, Fish D, Golden R, Evans DA, Bryceson AD, Pinching AJ (1990) Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV infection and AIDS. Clinical features and response to treatment. Q J Med 77: 1101–1111

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitchenik AE, Burr J, Suarez M, Fertel D, Gonzalez G, Moas C (1987) Human T-Cell lymphotropic virus-Ill (HTLV-III) seropositivity and related disease among 71 consecutive patients in whom tuberculosis was diagnosed. A prospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis 135: 875–879

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Cameron DW et al. (1991) Co-factors in male-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 163: 233–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prazuck T, Tall F, Nacro B et al. (1993) HIV infection and severe malnutrition: a clinical and epidemiological study in Burkina Faso. AIDS 7: 103–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preble EA (1990) Impact of HIV/AIDS on African children. Soc Sci Med 31: 671–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prual A, Chacko S, Koch Weser D (1991) Sexual behaviour, AIDS and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa [editorial]. Int J STD AIDS 2: 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Redd SC, Rutherford GW, Sande MA et al. (1990) The role of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pneumococcal bacteremia in San Francisco residents. J Infect Dis 162: 1012–1017

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers PL, Walker RE, Lane HC et al. (1988) Disseminated mycobacterium haemophilum infection in two patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 84: 640–642

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryder RW, Temmerman M (1991) The effect of HIV–1 infection during pregnancy and the perinatal period on maternal and child health in Africa. AIDS 5 (suppl 1): S75–S85

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryder RW, Nsa W, Hassig S (1989) Perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infants of seropositive women in Zaire. N Engl J Med 320: 1637–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxinger WC, Levine PH, Dean A (1985) Evidence for exposure to HTLV-III in Uganda before 1973. Science 22: 1036–1037

    Google Scholar 

  • Serwadda D, Mugerwa RD, Sewankambo NK (1985) Slim disease a new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. Lancet ii: 849–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Musgrave SD, Sewankambo NK, Kaplan JE, Gray RH (1992) HIV risk factors in three geographic strata of rural Rakai District, Uganda. AIDS 6: 983–989

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewankambo N, Mugerwa RD, Goodgame R, et al. (1987) Enteropathie AIDS in Uganda. An endoscopic, histological and microbiological study. AIDS 1: 9–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Gakinya MN, et al. (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases: Experience from a centre in Africa. N Engl J Med 319: 274–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slutkin G, Leowski J, Mann J (1988) Tuberculosis and AIDS. The effects of the AIDS epidemic on the tuberculosis problem and tuberculosis programmes. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 63: 21–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Soeprono F, Schinella RA, Cockerell CJ, Comite SJ (1986) Seborrhoeic-like dermatitis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A clinic-pathological study. J Am Acad Dermatol 14: 242–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnet J, Michaux J, Zech F (1987) Early AIDS cases originating from Zaire and Burundi (1962–1976). Scand J Infect Dis 19: 511–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunderam G, McDonald RJ, Maniatis T (1986) Tuberculosis as a manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). JAMA 256: 362–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Tekle-Haimanot R, Frommel D, Tadesse T, Verdier M, Abebe M, Denis F (1991) A survey of HTLV-1 and HIV in Ethiopian leprosy patients. AIDS 5: 108–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujimoto H, Hasegawa A, Maki N (1989) Sequence of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from a wild-caught African mandrill. Nature 341: 539–541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veekan H, Verbeek J, Houweling H, Cobelens F (1991) Occupational HIV infection and health care workers in the tropics. Trop Doct 21: 28–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Volberding PA, Cusick PS, Feigal DW (1989) Effect of chemotherapy for HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma on longterm survival. Am Soc Clin Oncol 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahman A, Melnick SL, Rhame FS, Potter JD (1991) The epidemiology of classic, African, and immunosuppressed Kaposi73x2019;s sarcoma. Epidemiol Rev 13: 178–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle H, Egboga A, Todd J et al. (1992) Clinical and laboratory predictors of survival in Gambian patients with symptomatic HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection. AIDS 6: 685–689

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1986) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Weekly Epidemiol Ree 61: 69–73

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Malin, A., Pozniak, A. (1996). AIDS in Africa. In: Millar, A. (eds) Medical Management of HIV and AIDS. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3046-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3046-8_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3048-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3046-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics