Abstract
Spontaneous abortion is the major route by which natural selection operates in man with estimated pre-natal losses of fertilised ova based on human and animal data of at least fifty per cent.(1.2) The majority of these losses occur within the first few weeks of pregnancy and are the result of inherent defects within the conceptus, the most familiar being karyotypic abnormalities.(3) The latter may be considered as the extreme end of the spectrum of natural variation which in moresubtle forms plays an essential role in evolution. As such it is logical to anticipate that, concurrent with these natural experiments, a process will have evolved thatpermits the early elimination of these abnormal conceptuses and return of the maternal organism to a fertile state.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Hafez ESE. Reproductive failure in domestic animals. In: Comparative aspects of reproductive failure. Ed. K Benirschke. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1967; pp.44–96.
Witschi E. Teratogenic effects from overripe ness of the egg. In: Congenital Malformations: Proceedings of the third international conference. Eds. Fe Fraser and VA McKusick. Amsterdam: New York Excerpta Medica, 1970; pp.157–169.
Simpson JL, Bombard A. Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortion: Frequency, pathology and genetic counselling. In: Spontaneous and recurrent abortion. Eds. MJ Bennett, DK Edmonds. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987; pp.51–76.
Honoré LH, Dill FJ, Poland BJ. Placental morphology in spontaneous human abortuses with normal and abnormal karyotypes. Teratology 1976; 14: 151–166.
Ornoy A, Salamon-Arnon J, Ben-Zur Z, Kohn G. Placental findings in spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. Teratology 1981; 24: 243–252.
Rushton DI. Pathology of abortion. In: Haines and Taylor’s Obstetrical and gynaecological pathology. Ed: H Fox. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987. pp.1117–1148.
Bennett MJ, Edmonds DK. Spontaneous and recurrent abortion. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1987.
Rushton DI. Simplified classification of spontaneous abortions. J Med Genet 1978; 15: 1–9.
Rushton DI. The classification and mechanisms of spontaneous abortion. Perspect Pediatr Patho1 1984; 8: 269–287.
Rushton DI. The nature and causes of spontaneous abortions with normal karyotypes. In: Issues and reviews in teratology. Volume 3. Ed. K Kalter. New York: Plenum Press, 1985; pp.21-63.
Benirschke K, Driscoll SG. The pathology of the human placenta. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1967; p.232.
Fox H. Pathology of the Placenta. London: WB Saunders, 1978; pp.95–101.
Robertson WB, Brosens I, Dixon G. Uteroplacental vascular pathology. Europ J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 1975; 5: 47–65.
Sheppard BL, Bonnar J. The ultrastructure of the arterial supply of the human placenta in pregnancy complicated by fetal growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976; 83: 948–959.
Khong TY, Liddell HS, Robertson WB. Defective haemochorial placentation as a cause of miscarriage. A preliminary study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 649–655.
Keeling JW. Fetal hydrops. In: Fetal and neonatal pathology. Ed. JW Keeling. London: Springer-Verlag, 1987; pp.211–228.
Machin GA. Diseases causing fetal and neonatal ascites. Pediatr Pathol 1985; 4: 195–212.
Nakamura Y, Komatsu Y, Yano H, Kitazono S, Hosokawa Y, Fukuda S, Kawano S, Nagasue N, Matsunaga T, Aiko Y, Hashimoto T, Morimatsu M. Non immunologic hydrops fetalis. A Clinico-pathological study of 50 autopsy cases. Pediatr Patho1 1987; 7: 19–30.
MacGowan AP, Terry PB. Streptococcus milleri and second trimester abortion. J Clin Patho1 1987; 40: 292–293.
Cox RA, Chen K, Coykendall AL, Wesbecher P, Herson VC. Fatal infection in neonates of 26 weeks gestation due to Streptococcus milleri. Report of two cases. J Clin Patho1 1987; 40: 190–193.
Thomsen AC, Mørup L, Hanson KB. Antibiotics elimination of Group B streptococcic in urine in prevention of pre term labour. Lancet 1987; 1: 591–593.
Fox H. Effect of hypoxia on trophoblast in organ culture: a morphologic and autoradiographic study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970; 107: 1058–1064.
Maclennan AH, Sharp F, Shaw-Dunn S. The ultrastructure of human trophoblast in spontaneous and induced hypoxia using a system of organ culture: a comparison with ultrastructural changes in pre-eclampsia and placental insufficiency. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972; 79: 113–121.
Rushton DI. Placenta as a reflection of maternal disease. In: Pathology of theplacenta. Ed. EVDK Perrin. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1984; pp.57–88.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rushton, D.I. (1988). Placental pathology in spontaneous miscarriage. In: Sharp, F., Beard, R.W. (eds) Early Pregnancy Loss. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1658-5_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1658-5_16
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1660-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1658-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive