Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multifactorial Aetiology of Cancers

  • Chapter
Essential Oncology of the Lymphocyte

  • 52 Accesses

Abstract

Human cancers rarely, if ever, arise through the operation of a single aetiological factor. In the controlled conditions of the laboratory many factors other than the carcinogen affect the induction of experimental cancers. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is an efficient promoter of skin papillomas in some strains, but not in others. Age, sex, race and nutrition all influence greatly the effect of carcinogenic agents in humans. Epidemiological studies have clarified the influence of these factors in many instances. There is constant exposure to carcinogens in the form of ionising radiation and chemicals. Viruses are undoubtedly aetiological factors in the development of cancer in animals and are now implicated in the causation of some human cancers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Barbacid R (1985) Oncogenes and chemical carcinogenesis In: Proceedings of the eleventh annual EMBO symposium on growth factors, receptors and oncogenes, 16–19 September, 1985. Heidelberg, p 1 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Beasley RP (1982) Hepatitis B virus as the aetiologic agent in hepatocellular carcinoma — epidemiologic considerations. Hepatology 2: 21S–26S

    Google Scholar 

  • Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lin CC, Chien CS (1981) Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22,707 men in Taiwan. Lancet II: 1129–1133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg JW (1976) Nutrition and cancer. Semin Oncol 3: 17–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boldogh I, Beth E, Huang ES, Kyalwazi SK, Giraldo G (1980) Kaposi’s sarcoma IV. Detection of CMV DNA, CMV RNA and cDNA in tumour biopsies. Int J Cancer 28: 469–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs JD, Hamilton DNH, MacSween RNM, Pennington TH (1978) Infectious mononucleosis, herpes simplex infection and diffuse lymphoma in a renal transplant recipient. Transplantation 25: 227–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark JW, Hahn BH, Mann DL et al. (1985) Molecular and immunologic analysis of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia case with antibodies against human T-cell leukemia virus. Cancer 56: 495–499

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coltman CA Jr, Dixon DO (1982) Second malignancies complicating Hodgkin’s disease: a Southwest Oncology Group 10-year follow up. Cancer Treat Rep 66: 1023–1033 (abstract)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook WD, Fazekas de St Groth S, Miller JFAP (1984) In vitro transformation of a peripheral T cell line by Abelson murine leukaemia virus. Australian Society for Immunology fourteenth annual meeting, Perth, 5–7 December, 1984 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuzick J (1981) Radiation-induced myelomatosis. N Engl J Med 304: 204–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Thé G (1977) Is Burkjtt’s lymphoma related to perinatal infection by Epstein-Barr virus? Lancet I: 335–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Dymock RB, Forbes I J, Simmons I, Weldon M (1977) Epidermolysis verruciformis — investigation of immune function in two cases. Aust J Dermatol 18: 4–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frizzera G, Hanto DW, Gajl-Peczalska KJ et al (1981) Polymorphic diffuse B-cell hyperplasias and lymphomas in renal transplant recipients. Cancer Res 41: 4262–4279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gessain A, Barin F, Vernant JC (1985) Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus in patients with tropical spastic paralysis. Lancet II: 407–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gissmann L (1984) Papillomaviruses and their association with cancer in animals and in man. Cancer Surveys 3: 161–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Gahrton G, Zech L, Robèrt K-H, Bird AG (1979) Mitogenic stimulation of leukemia cells by Epstein-Barr virus. N Engl J Med 301: 438–439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanto DW, Gaijl Peczalska KJ, Frizzera KJ et al (1983) Epstein-Barr virus induced polyclonal and monoclonal B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases occurring after renal transplantation: clinical pathologic and virologie findings and implications for therapy. Ann Surg 198: 356–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardie IR, Strong RW, Hartley LCJ, Woodruff PWH, Clunie GJA (1980) Skin cancer in Caucasian renal allograft recipients living in a sub-tropical climate. Surgery 87: 177–183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harnden D, Morsten J, Featherstone T (1984) Dominant susceptibility to cancer in man. Adv Cancer Res 41: 185–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hathaway DE, Kolar GF (1980) Mechanisms of reaction between ultimate chemical carcinogens and nucleic acid. Chem Soc Rev 9: 241–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinuma Y, Nagata K, Hanaoka M et al. (1981) Adult T cell leukaemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 6476–6480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirohata T (1976) Radiation carcinogenesis. Semin Oncol 3: 25–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoover R, Fraumeni JF (1973) Risk of cancer in renal-transplant recipients. Lancet II: 55–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinlen LJ, Webster ADB, Bird AG et al. (1985) Prospective study of cancer in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. Lancet I: 263–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner H (1984) Immunologic surveillance and human papillomaviruses. Immunol Today 5: 272–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein G, Klein E (1985) Evolution of tumours and the impact of molecular oncology. Nature 315: 190–195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane HC, Depper JM, Greene WC, Whalen G, Waldmann TA, Fauci AS (1985) Qualitative analysis of immune function in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 313: 79–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leech SH, Bryan CF, Eiston RC et al. (1983) Genetic studies in multiple myeloma: I Association with HLA-Cw5. Cancer 51: 1408–1411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leech SH, Brown R, Schanfield MS (1985) Genetic studies in multiple myeloma. II. Immunoglobulin allotype associations. Cancer 55: 1473–1476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenoir GM, Philip T, Sohier R (1984) Burkitt-type lymphoma: EBV association and cytogenetic markers in cases from various geographic locations. In: Magrath IT, O’Conor GT, Ramot B (eds) Pathogenesis of leukaemias and lymphomas: environmental influences. Raven, New York, pp 283–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Love RR (1985) Small bowel cancers, B-cell lymphatic leukemia and six primary cancers with metastases and prolonged survival in the Cancer Family Syndrome of Lynch. Cancer 55: 499–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney JF, Storey BG, Ibanez R, Stewart JH (1977) Analgesic abuse, renal parenchymal disease and carcinoma of the kidney or ureter. Aust NZ J Med 7: 463–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuzaki H, Yamaguchi K, Kagimoto T, Nakai R, Takatsuki K, Oyama W (1985) Monoclonal gammopathies in adult T-cell leukemia. Cancer 56: 1380–1383

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon B, Levy M (1964) Prenatal origin of childhood leukemia: evidence from twins. N Engl J Med 270: 1082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metealf D (1961) Reticular tumors in mice subjected to prolonged antigenic stimulation. Br J Cancer 15: 769–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell H, Drake M, Medley G (1986) Prospective evaluation of risk of cervical cancer after cytological evidence of human papillomavirus infection. Lancet I: 573–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muir CS, Parkin DM (1985) The world cancer burden: prevent or perish. Br Med J 290: 5–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ormerod AD, Finlay AY, Knight AG, Mathews N, Stark JM, Gough J (1983) Immune deficiency and multiple viral warts: a possible variant of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Br J Dermatol 108: 211–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandolfi F, Manzari V, De Rossi G et al. (1985a) T-helper phenotype, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and “adult T-cell leukaemia” in Italy. Endemic HTLV-I-related T-cell leukaemias in southern Europe. Lancet II: 633–636

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandolfi F, de Rossi G, Semenszato G (1985b) T-helper phenotype leukaemias: role of HTLV-I. Lancet II: 1367–1368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purtilo DT (1980) Epstein-Barr-virus-induced oncogenesis in immune-deficient individuals. Lancet I: 300–303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purtilo DT, Szymanski I, Bhawan JM et al. (1978) Epstein-Barr virus infections in the X-linked recessive lymphoproliferative syndrome. Lancet I: 798–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen CA, Sodroski JG, Goh W-C, Dayton AI, Lippke J, Haseltine WA (1986) Post-transcriptional regulation accounts for the trans-activation of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III. Nature 319: 555–559

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saemundsen AK, Purtilo DT, Sakamoto K et al. (1981) Documentation of Epstein-Barr virus infection in immunodeficient patients with life-threatening lymphoproliferative diseases by Epstein-Barr virus complementary RNA/DNA hybridisation. Cancer Res 41: 4237–4242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarin PS, Gallo RC (1984) Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Immunol 4: 415–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxton JA, Boon MC, Furth J (1944) Observations on the inhibition of development of spontaneous leukemia by underfeeding. Cancer Res 4: 401

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeppel SJ, Hoppe RT, Dorfman RF (1985) Hodgkin’s disease in homosexual men with generalized lymphadenopathy. Ann Intern Med 102: 68–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheil AG, Mahoney JF, Horvath JS et al (1981) Cancer following successful cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 13: 733–735

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel BV, Mahoney JF, Horvath JS et al. (1967) Influence of immunologic hyperstimulation in murine viral leukemogenesis. Blood 29: 585–593

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinhoj P, Hart V, Hansen JPH, Nielson NH, Mikkelson F (1978) Occurrence of cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in an Eskimo population hyperendemically infected with hepatitis B virus. Am J Epidemiol 108: 121–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starzl TE, Nalensik MA, Porter KA et al. (1984) Reversibility of lymphoma and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporin-steroid therapy. Lancet I: 583–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugamura K, Hinuma Y (1985) Human retrovirus in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Immunol Today 6: 83–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugamura K, Nakai S-I, Fujii M, Hinuma Y (1985) Interleukin 2 inhibits in vitro growth of human T cell lines carrying retrovirus. J Exp Med 161: 1243–1248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JF, Allen R, Morris PJ, Wood R (1985) Skin cancer in renal transplant patients treated with cyclosporin. Lancet I: 158–159 (letter)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tosato G, Blaese RM (1985) Epstein-Barr virus infection and immunoregulation in man. Adv Immunol 37: 99–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker MA, Misfeldt D, Coleman CN, Clark WH, Rosenberg SA (1985) Cutaneous malignant melanoma after Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Intern Med 102: 37–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twomey JJ, Rice L (1980) Impact of Hodgkin’s disease upon the immune system. Semin Oncol 7: 114–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt PK (1985) Human T-cell leukemia lymphoma viruses — an introduction. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 115: 1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC (1985) Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses. Nature 317: 395–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman SN, Melia WM, Johnson RD et al. (1985) Risk factors in development of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: prospective study of 613 patients. Lancet I: 1357–1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler JL, Beckstead J A, Volberding PA et al. (1984) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 90 homosexual men. Relation to generalized lympadenopathy and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 311: 565–570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Adelaide, Australia

    Ian J. Forbes MB, BS, MD (Adel), FRACP, FRCPA (Reader in Medicine, Senior Visiting Medical Specialist)

  2. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia

    Ian J. Forbes MB, BS, MD (Adel), FRACP, FRCPA (Reader in Medicine, Senior Visiting Medical Specialist)

  3. Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia

    Anthony S-Y. Leong MB, BS, MD (Adel), FRCPA, FRCPath, FCAP (Director of Surgical Pathology, Clinical Reader)

  4. Department of Pathology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Anthony S-Y. Leong MB, BS, MD (Adel), FRCPA, FRCPath, FCAP (Director of Surgical Pathology, Clinical Reader)

Authors
  1. Ian J. Forbes MB, BS, MD (Adel), FRACP, FRCPA
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anthony S-Y. Leong MB, BS, MD (Adel), FRCPA, FRCPath, FCAP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Forbes, I.J., Leong, A.SY. (1987). Multifactorial Aetiology of Cancers. In: Essential Oncology of the Lymphocyte. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1467-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1467-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1469-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1467-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation