Skip to main content

Bone Scanning in Metastatic Disease

  • Chapter

Abstract

The isotope bone scan is now generally accepted as the initial investigation of choice in the search for bone metastases from most tumours. The relative insensitivity of the bone radiograph for the detection of metastases has long been noted (Borak 1942; Shackman and Harrison 1947), and symptoms from bone metastases occur before there is radiographic evidence of abnormality in a sizable minority of patients (Clain 1965).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrams HL, Spiro R, Goldstein N (1950) Metastases in carcinoma; analysis of 1000 autopsied cases. Cancer 3: 74–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander JL, Gillespie PJ, Edelstyn GA (1976) Serial bone scanning using technetium 99m diphosphonate in patients undergoing cyclical combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. Clin Nucl Med 1: 13–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Antoniades J, Croll MN, Walner RJ, Brady LW, McKhann CB (1976) Bone scanning in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 19: 139–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aranha GV, Simmons RL, Gunnarsson A, Grage TB (1979) The value of preoperative screening procedures in Stage I and II malignant melanoma. J Surg Oncol 11: 1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Au FC, Maier WP, Malmud LS, Goldman LI, Clark WH (1984) Preoperative nuclear scans in patients with melanoma. Cancer 53: 2095–2097

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker FR, Holmes ER, Alderson PO, Khouri NF, Wagner HN (1977) An evaluation of bone scans as screening procedures for occult metastases in primary breast cancer. Ann Surg 186: 363–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassan JS, Glaser MG (1982) Bony metastases in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Clin Radiol 33: 623–625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belson TP, Lehman RH, Chobanian SL, Malin TC (1980) Bone and liver scans in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Laryngoscope 90: 1291–1296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger GL, Sadlowski RW, Sharpe JR, Finney RP (1981) Lack of value of routine preoperative bone and liver scans in cystectomy candidates. J Urol 125: 637–639

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan B, Vashist GP, Prasad K, Kaul V, Pathania AGS (1985) Osteoblastic metastases from thyroid carcinoma. Br J Radiol 58: 563–565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biersack HJ, Wegner G, Distelmaier W, Krause U (1980) Ossare Metastasierung des Prostatakerzinoms in Abhangigkeit von Tumorgrosse und Geschwulstdifferenzienung. Nuklearmedizin 19: 29–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop HM, Blarney RW, Morris AH et al. (1979) Bone scanning: its lack of value in the follow up of patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 66: 752–754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitran JD, Beukerman C, Pinsky S (1981 Sequential scintigraphic staging of small cell carcinoma. Cancer 47: 1971–1975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair JS (1975) Does early detection of bone metastases by scanning improve prognosis in breast cancer? Clin Oncol 1: 185–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bledin AG, Kim EE, Haynie TP (1982) Bone scintigraphic findings related to unilateral mastectomy. Clin Nucl Med 7: P20 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blythe JG, Cohen MH, Buchsbaum HJ et al. (1975) Bony metastases from carcinoma of the cervix. Occurrence, diagnosis and treatment. Cancer 36: 475–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booher KR, Schmidtknecht TM (1977) Cerebellar medulloblastoma with skeletal metastases. Case report and review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 59: 684–686

    Google Scholar 

  • Borak J (1942) Relationship between the clinical and roentgenological findings in bone metastases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 75: 599–604

    Google Scholar 

  • British Breast Group (1978) Bone scanning in breast cancer. Br Med J II: 180–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown ML (1983) Significance of the solitary lesion in pediatric bone scanning. J Nucl Med 24: 114–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown ML, Keyes JW, Leonard PF, Thrall JH, Kircos LT (1977) Facial bone scanning by emission tomography. J Nucl Med 18: 1184–1188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce J, Carter DC, Fraser J (1970) Patterns of recurrent disease in breast cancer. Lancet 1: 433–435

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkett ME, Scanlon EC, Garces RF, Khandekar JD (1979) The value of bone scans in the management of patients with carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 149: 523–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cagnoni G, Pupi A, Bisi G et al. (1977) Bone scan of the skull in neurosurgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 38: 150 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell DJ, Banks AJ, Davis GD (1976) The value of preliminary bone scanning in staging and assessing the prognosis of breast cancer. Br J Surg 63: 811–816

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson V, Declos L, Fletcher GH (1967) Distant metastases in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Radiology 88: 961–966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo LA, Yeh SDJ, Leeper RD, Benua RS (1980) Bone scans in bone metastases from functioning thyroid carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 5: 200–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castronovo FP, Potsaid MS, Pendergrass HP (1973) Effects of radiation therapy on bone lesions as measured by 99mTc- diphosphonate. J Nucl Med 14: 604–605

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charkes ND, O’Mara RM (1969) The osseous system. In: Freeman LM, Johnson PM (eds) Clinical scintillation imaging. Harper and Row, New York, pp 326–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Charkes DM, Young I, Sklaroff (1968) The pathological basis of the strontium bone scan. JAMA 206: 2482–2488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charkes ND, Malmud LS, Caswell T et al. (1975) Preoperative bone scans: use in women with early breast cancer. JAMA 233: 516–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudary MA, Maisey MN, Shaw PJ, Rubens RD, Hayward JL (1983) Sequential bone scanning and chest radiographs in the postoperative management of early breast cancer. Br J Surg 70: 517–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Citrin DL (1980) The role of the bone scan in the investigation and treatment of breast cancer. CRC Crit Rev Diagn Imaging 16: 39–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Citrin DL, McKillop JH (1978) Atlas of technetium bone scans. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Citrin DL, Furnival CM, Bessent RG, Greig WR, Bell G, Blumgart LH (1976) Radioactive technetium phosphate bone scanning in preoperative assessment and follow up study of patients with primary cancer of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 143: 360–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Citrin DL, Hougen C, Zweibel W et al. (1981) Use of serial bone scans in assessing response of bone metastases to systemic treatment. Cancer 47: 680–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clain A (1965) Secondary malignant disease of bone. Br J Cancer 19: 15–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark DG, Painter RW, Sziklas JJ (1978) Indications for bone scans in preoperative evaluation of breast cancer. Am J Surg 135: 667–670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clyne CAC, Frank JW, Jenkins JD, Smart CJ (1983) The place of 99mTc-polyphosphonate bone scan in renal carcinoma. Br J Urol 55: 174–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole AT, Mandell J, Fried FA, Staab EV (1975) The place of bone scan in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 114: 364–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins JD, Bassett L, Main GD, Kagan C (1979) Percutaneous biopsy following positive bone scans. Radiology 132: 439–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Condon BR, Buchanan R, Garvie NR et al. (1980) Assessment of progression or secondary bone lesions following cancer of the breast or prostate using serial radionuclide imaging. Br J Radiol 54: 18–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Constable AR, Cranage RW (1981) Recognition of the superscan in prostatic bone scintigraphy. Br J Radiol 54: 122–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran RJ, Thrall JH, Kyle RW (1976) Solitary abnormalities in bone scans of patients with extraosseous malignancies. Radiology 121: 663–667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox PH (1974) Abnormalities in skeletal uptake of 99mTc polyphosphate complexes in areas of bone associated with tissues which have been subjected to radiation therapy. Br J Radiol 47: 851–855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davey P, Merrick MV, Duncan W, Redpath AT (1985) Bladder cancer: the value of routine bone scintigraphy. Clin Radiol 36: 77–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies CJ, Griffiths PA, Preston BJ, Morris AH, Elston CW, Blarney RW (1977) Staging breast cancer. Role of scanning. Br Med J II: 603–605

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGroot LJ, Reilly M (1984) Use of isotope bone scans and skeletal survey x-rays in the follow up of patients with thyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol Invest 7: 175–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dewan SS (1979) The bone scan in thyroid cancer. J Nucl Med 20: 271–272 (letter)

    Google Scholar 

  • Doiron MJ, Bernardino ME (1981) A comparison of non invasive imaging modalities in the melanoma patient. Cancer 47: 2581–2584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donato AT, Ammerman EG, Sullesta O (1979) Bone scanning in the evaluation of patients with lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 27: 300–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drelichman A, Decker A, Al-Sarraf M, Vaitkevicius VK, Muz J (1984) Computerized bone scan. A potentially useful technique to measure response in prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 53: 1061–1065

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durning P, Best JJK, Scilwood RA (1983) Recognition of metastatic bone disease in cancer of the breast by computed tomography. Clin Oncol 9: 943–946

    Google Scholar 

  • Eddleston B (1980) Radiological assessment. In: Duncan W (ed) Thyroid cancer. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 93–97

    Google Scholar 

  • El Domeiri AA, Shroff S (1976) Role of preoperative bone scan in carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 142: 722–724

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fink-Bennett D, Johnson J (1985) Stippled ribs—a potential pit fall in bone scan interpretation. J Nucl Med 26: P82 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink-Bennett D, Vicuna-Rios J (1980) The deltoid tuberosity—a potential pit fall (‘the delta sign’) in bone scan interpretation. JNuclMed 21: 211–212

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogelman I (1980) Skeletal uptake of diphosphonate: a review. Eur J Nucl Med 5: 473–476

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogelman I, McKillop JH, Greig WR, Boyle IT (1977) Absent kidney sign associated with symmetrical and uniformly increased uptake of tracer by the skeleton. Eur J Nucl Med 2: 257–260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fon GT, Wong WS, Gold RH, Kaiser LR (1981) Skeletal metastases of melanoma. AJR 137: 103–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest APM, Cant ELM, Roberts MM et al. (1979) Is investigation of patients with breast cancer for occult metastatic disease worthwhile ? Br J Surg 66: 749–751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman MH, Tonkin AK (1976) Manifestations of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in patients with carcinoma of the lung. Demonstration by 99mTc pyrophosphate bone scans. Radiology 120: 363–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Froelich JW, McKusick KA, Strauss HW et al. (1983) Localisation of bone lesions for open biopsy. Radiology 146: 549–550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Front D, Hardoff R, Robinson E (1978) Bone scintigraphy in primary tumours of the head and neck. Cancer 42: 111–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Front D, Schneck SO, Frankel A, Robinson E (1979) Bone metastases and bone pain in breast cancer. Are they closely related ? JAMA 242: 1747–1748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimura N (1978) Detection of bone metastases from bronchogenic carcinoma by bone scintigraphy with 99mTc-phosphorus compounds. I. Incidence of bone metastases from bronchogenic carcinoma and their prognosis. Nippon Acta Radiol 38: 1054–1063

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galasko CSB (1969) The detection of skeletal metastases from mammary cancer by gamma camera scintigraphy. Br J Surg 56: 757–760

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galasko CSB (1975a) The significance of occult metastases detected by scintigraphy in patients with otherwise apparently “early” mammary cancer. Br J Surg 62: 649–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Galasko CSB (1975b) The pathological basis for skeletal scintigraphy. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 57: 353–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galasko CSB (1981) Anatomy and pathways for skeletal metastases. In: Weiss L, Gilbert HA (eds) Bone metastases. Hall, Boston, pp 49–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Gates GF, Goris ML (1976) Maxillary-facial abnormalities assessed by bone imaging. Radiology 121: 677–682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber FH, Goodreau JJ, Kirchner PT, Fonty WJ (1977) Efficacy of preoperative and postoperative bone scanning in the management of breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med 297: 300–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert HA, Kagan AR (1976) Metastases: incidence, detection and evaluation. In: Weiss L (ed) Fundamental aspects of metastases. North Holland Elsevier, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 385–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie PJ, Alexander JL, Edelstyn GA (1975) Changes in 87mSr concentrations in skeletal metastases in patients responding to cyclical combination chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. J Nucl Med 16: 191–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goergen TG, Alazraki NP, Halpern SE, Heath V, Ashburn WL (1974) “Cold” bone lesions: a newly recognised phenomenon on bone imaging. J Nucl Med 15: 1120–1124

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gravenstein S, Peltz MA, Poreis W (1979) How ominous is an abnormal scan in bronchogenic carcinoma? JAMA 241: 2523–2524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray HW, Souttar DS (1985) Bone scanning in the demonstration of local bony involvement by intra-oral tumours. Eur J Nucl Med 11: A20 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Green D, Jeremy R, Towson J, Morris J (1973) The role of fluorine 18 scanning in the detection of skeletal metastases in early breast cancer. Aust NZ J Surg 43: 251–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond N, Jones SE, Salmon SE, Paton D, Woolfenden J (1978) Predictive value of bone scans in an adjuvant breast cancer program. Cancer 41: 138–142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harbert JC (1982) Efficacy of bone and liver scanning in malignant diseases: facts and opinions. In: Freeman LM, Weissmann HS (eds) Nuclear medicine annual 1982. Raven, New York, pp 373–402

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbert JC, George FY, Kerner ML (1981) Differentiation of rib fractures from metastases by bone scanning. Clin Nucl Med 6: 359–361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harbert JC, Rocha L, Smith FO, Delgado G (1982) The efficacy of radionuclide bone scans in the evaluation of gynecological cancers. Cancer 49: 1040–1042

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield DR, Deland FH, Maruyama Y (1976) Skeletal metastases in pancreatic cancer: study by isotopic bone scanning. Oncology 33: 44–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoefnagel CA, Delprat CC, Marcuse HR (1985) The role of Tl 201 total body scintigraphy in the follow up of thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 26: P31 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman HC, Marty R (1972) Bone scanning. Its value in the preoperative evaluation of patients with suspicious breast masses. Am J Surg 124: 194–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper RG, Beechler CR, Johnson MC (1978) Radioisotope scanning in the intitial staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. Am Rev Resp Dis 118: 279–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hortobagyi GN, Libshitz HI, Seabold JE (1984) Osseous metastases of breast cancer: clinical, biochemical, radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation of response to therapy. Cancer 53: 577–582

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howman-Giles RB, Gilday DL, Ash JM (1979) Radionuclide skeletal survey in neuroblastoma. Radiology 131: 497–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huben RP, Schellhammer PF (1982) The role of routine follow up bone scans after definitive therapy of localised prostatic cancer. J Urol 128: 510–512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israel O, Front D, Frenkel A, Kleinhaus U (1985) 24 hour/4 hour ratio of technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate uptake in patients with bone metastases and degenerative bone changes. J Nucl Med 26: 237–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DG, Coleman RE, McCook TA, Dale JK, Wells SA (1984) Bone and liver images in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Nucl Med 25: 419–422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamath CRV, Maruyama Y, De Land FH, van Nagell JR (1982) Value of bone scanning in detecting occult skeletal metastases from adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. Diagn Gynecol Obstet 4: 155–158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamath CRV, Maruyama Y, De Land FH, van Nagell JR (1983) Role of bone scanning for evaluation of carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 15: 171–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz RD, Alderson PO, Rosenhein NB, Bowerman JW, Wagner HN Jr (1979) Utility of bone scanning in detecting occult metastases from cervical carcinoma. Radiology 133: 469–472

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman RA, Thrall JH, Keyes JW, Brown ML, Zaken JF (1978) False negative bone scans in neuroblastoma metastatic to the ends of long bones. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 130: 131–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly RJ, Cason RJ, Ferrie CB (1979) Efficacy of radionuclide scanning in patients with lung cancer. JAMA 242: 2855–2857

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kida T, Higuchi Y (1983) Correlation between extent of metastatic lesions in whole body bone scintigraphy of patients with prostatic cancer and prostatic acid phosphatase in serum with Eiken PAP RIA kit. Oncology 40: 346–350

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kies MS, Baker AW, Kennedy PS (1978) Radionuclide scans in staging of carcinoma of the lung. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147: 175–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim EE, Bledin AG, Gutierrez C, Haynie TP (1983) Comparison of radionuclide images and radiographs for skeletal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Oncology 40: 284–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmig B, Brandeis WE, Eisenhut M, Bubeck B, Hermann HJ, zum Winkel K (1984) Scintigraphy of a neuroblastoma with 1–131 meta-iodobenzylguanidine. J Nucl Med 25: 773–775

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kober B, Hermann HJ, Wetzel E (1979) “Cold lesions” in bone scintigraphy. Fortschr Rontgenstr 131 545–551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komaki R, Donegan W, Manoli R, Teh EL (1979) Prognostic value of pretreatment bone scans in breast carcinoma. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 132: 877–881

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunkler IH, Merrick MV, Rodger A (1985) Bone scintigraphy in breast cancer: a nine year follow up. Clin Radiol 36: 279–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langhammer H, Steuer G, Gradinger R et al. (1980) Skeletal metastases from prostatic carcinoma; consideration of histological type and local tumour stage. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 110: 11–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Lentle BS, Burns PE, Dierich H et al. (1975) Bone scintiscanning in the initial assessment of carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 141: 43–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levenson RM, Sauerbrunn BJL, Ihde DC et al. (1981) Small cell cancer: radionuclide bone scans for assessment of tumour extent and response. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 137: 31–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Levenson RM, Sauerbrunn BJL, Bates HR, Newman RD, Eddy JL, Ihde DC (1983) Comparative value of bone scintigraphy and radiography in monitoring tumor response in systemically treated prostatic cancer. Radiology 146: 513–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm A, Lundell L, Martenson B, Thulin A (1979) Skeletal scintigraphy in the initial assessment of women with breast cancer. Acta Chir Scand 145: 65–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindner A, Dekernion JB (1982) Cost effectiveness of pre cycstectomy radioisotopic scans. J Urol 128: 1181–1182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Majano V, Sobti P (1984) Early diagnosis of pulmonary osteoarthropathy in neoplastic disease. J Nucl Med Allied Sci 28: 69–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund F, Smith PH, Suciu S (1984) Do bone scans predict prognosis in prostatic cancer? Br J Urol 56: 58–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makoha FW, Britton KE (1980) Reversion of a “hot” spot to a “cold” spot in untreated metastatic disease. Nucl Med Comm 1: 233–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Manier SM, van Nostrand D (1983) From “hot spots” to “superscan”. Clin Nucl Med 8: 626–627

    Google Scholar 

  • Matin P (1982) Bone scanning of trauma and benign conditions. In: Freeman IM, Weissmann HS (eds) Nuclear medicine annual 1982. Raven, New York, pp 81–118

    Google Scholar 

  • McGregor B, Tulloh AGS, Quinlan MF, Lovegrove F (1978) The role of bone scanning in the assessment of prostatic carcinoma. Br J Urol 50: 178–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKillop JH, Blumgart LH, Wood CB et al. (1978) The prognostic and therapeutic implications of the positive radionuclide bone scan in clinically early breast cancer. Br J Surg 65: 649–652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKillop JH, Maharaj D, Boyce BF, Fogelman I (1984) Bone scan appearances following biopsy of bone and bone marrow. Radiology 153: 241–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil BJ (1984) Value of bone scanning and malignant disease. Semin Nucl Med 14: 277–286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNeil BJ, Polak JF (1981) An update on the rationale for the use of bone scans in selected metastatic and primary bone tumours. In: Pauwels EKJ, Schutte HE, Taconis WK (eds) Bone scintigraphy. University Press, Leiden, pp 187–208

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil BJ, Pace PD, Gray EB, Adelstein SJ, Wilson RE (1978) Preoperative and follow up bone scans in patients with primary carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 147: 745–748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mettler FA, Christie JH, Garcia JF, Baldwin MH, Wicks JD, Barstow SA (1981) Radionuclide liver and bone scanning in the evaluation of patients with endometrial carcinoma. Radiology 141: 777–780

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mettler FA, Christie JH, Crow NE, Garcia JF, Wicks JD, Barstow SA (1982) Radionuclide bone scan, radiographic bone survey and alkaline phosphatase—studies of limited value in asymptomatic patients with ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 50: 1483–1485

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moneypenny IJ, Grieve RJ, Howell A, Morrison JM (1984) The value of serial bone scanning in operable breast cancer. Br J Surg 71: 466–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Muindi J, Coombes RC, Golding S, Parboo TJ, Khan O, Husband J (1983) The role of computed tomography in the detection of bone metastases in breast cancer patients. Br J Radiol 56: 233–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muss HB, Richards F, Barnes PL, Willand W, Cowan RJ (1979) Radionuclide scanning in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Clin Nucl Med 4: 516–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naruke T, Seumasu K, Ishikawa S (1976) Surgical treatment of lung cancer with metastasis to mediastinal nodes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 71: 279–285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell MJ, Wahner HJ, Ahmann DL, Edis AJ, Silvers A (1978) Value of preoperative radionuclide bone scans in suspected primary breast carcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 53: 221–226

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donoghue EP, Constable AR, Sherwood T, Stevenson JJ, Chisholm GD (1978) Bone scanning and plasma phosphatases in carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Urol 50: 172–177

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Operchal JA, Bowen RD, Grove RB (1976) Efficacy of radionuclide procedures in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. J Nucl Med 17: 530 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Parbhoo S (1983) Serial scintiscans in monitoring patients with bone metastases. In: Stoll BA, Parbhoo S (eds) Bone metastases: monitoring and treatment. Raven, New York, pp 201–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Parthasarathy KL, Lansberg R, Bakshi SP, Donoghue G, Merrin C (1978) Detection of bone metastases in urological malignancies utilising 99mTc-labelled phosphate compounds. Urology 11: 99–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paulson DF and the Uro-Oncology Research Group (1979) The impact of current staging procedures in assessing disease extent of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 121: 300–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Pecking A, Najean Y, Renault P (1981) Detection of malignant melanoma metastases: value of radio isotope methods. Nouv Presse Med 10: 885–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez DJ, Powles RJ, Milan J et al. (1983) Detection of breast carcinoma metastases in bone: relative merits of x-rays and skeletal scintigraphy. Lancet II: 613–616

    Google Scholar 

  • Photopnlos GJ, Shirley RE, Ansbacher R (1977) Evaluation of conventional diagnostic tests for detection of recurrent carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 129: 533–535

    Google Scholar 

  • Pistenma DA, McDougall IR, Kriss JP (1975) Screening for bone metastases—are only scans necessary? JAMA 231: 46–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt WR, Sharp PF (1985) Comparison of quantitative and visual detection of new focal bone lesions. J Nucl Med 26: 230–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podarsky AER, Stark DD, Hattner RS, Gooding GA, Moss AA (1983) Radionuclide bone scanning in neuroblastoma: skeletal metastases and primary tumor localisation of 99mTc-MDP. AJR 141: 469–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollen JJ, Gerber K, Ashburn WL, Schmidt JD (1981) Nuclear bone imaging in metastatic cancer of the prostate. Cancer 47: 2585–2594

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollen JJ, Witztum KF, Ashburn WL (1984) The flare phenomenon on radionuclide bone scan in metastatic prostate cancer. AJR 142: 773–776

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston S, Fogelman I, Gardner MD, Boyle IT (1982) Hypercalcaemia and metastatic bone disease: is there a casual link? Lancet II: 903–905

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsdell JW, Peters RM, Taylor AT, Alazraki NP, Tisi GM (1977) Multiorgan scans for staging of lung cancer: correlation with clinical evaluation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73: 653–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport AH, Hoffer PB, Genant HK (1978) Unifocal bone findings by scintigraphy. Clinical significance in patients with known primary cancer. West J Med 129: 188–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy PS, Merrick MV (1983) Skeletal scintigraphy in carcinoma of the kidney. Br JUrol 55: 171–173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JG, Gravelle IH, Baum M et al. (1976) Evaluation of radiography and isotope scintigraphy for detecting skeletal metastases in breast cancer. Lancet II: 237–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts MM, Hayward JL (1983) Bone scanning and early breast cancer: five year follow up. Lancet 1: 99 7–998

    Google Scholar 

  • Robey EL, Schellhammer PF (l984) Solitary lesions on bone scan in genito-urinary malignancy. J Urol 132: 1000–1002

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen PR, Murphy KG (1984) Bone scintigraphy in the initial staging of patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Nucl Med 25: 289–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossleigh MA, Lovegrove FTA, Reynolds PM, Byrne MJ (1982) Serial bone scans in the assessment of response to therapy in advanced breast carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 7: 397–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossleigh MA, Lovegrove FTA, Reynolds PM, Byrne MJ, Whitney BP (1984) The assessment of response to therapy of bone metastases in breast cancer. Aust NZ J Med 14: 19–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth JA, Eilber FR, Bennett LR, Morton DL (1975) Radionuclide photoscanning. Usefulness in preoperative evaluation of melanoma. Arch Surg 110: 1211–1212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauerbrunn BJL, Hansen M, Napoli L (1972) Strontium bone scans in carcinoma of the lung: a comparative, prospective study. J Nucl Med 13: 465–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Schatzki DC, McIlmoyle G, Lowis S (1976) Diffuse osteoblastic metastases from an intracranial glioma. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 128: 321–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Schutte HE (1979) The influence of bone pain on the results of bone scans. Cancer 44: 2039–2043

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schutte HE (1980) Some special views in bone scanning. Clin Nucl Med 5: 172–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schutte HE, Park WM (1983) The diagnostic value of bone scintigraphy in patients with low back pain. Skeletal Radiol 10: 1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selby HM, Sherman RS, Pack GT (1956) A roentgen study of bone metastases from melanoma. Radiology 67: 224–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seo IS, Sy WM, Chiarello S (1981) Ipsilateral activity in the shoulder area on bone image after mastectomy: its significance. J Nucl Med 22: P78–79 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackman R, Harrison CV (1947) Occult bone metastases. Br J Surg 35: 385–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafer RB, Reinke DB (1977) Contribution of the bone scan, serum acid and alkaline phosphatase and radiographic bone survey to the management of newly diagnosed carcinoma of the prostate. Clin Nucl Med 2: 200–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro B, Copp JE, Sisson JC, Eyre PL, Wallis J, Beierwaltes WH (1985) Iodine-131 meta iodobenzylguanidine for the location of suspected pheochromocytoma: experience in 400 cases. J Nucl Med 26: 576–585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sklaroff DM, Charkes ND (1968) Bone metastases from breast cancer at the time of radical mastectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 127: 763–767

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith FW, Gilday DL, Ash JM, Reid RH (1980) Primary neuroblastoma uptake of 99m technetium methylene diphosphonate. Radiology 137: 501–504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith ML, Martin W, McKillop JH et al. (1985). Bone scan interpretation: a multicentre analysis. In: Proceedings of the European congress of nuclear medicine, London, 1985 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadalnik RC (1979) “Cold spot”—bone imaging. Semin Nucl Med 9: 2–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sy WM, Seo IS (1984) Subclinical clubbing of fingers and toes on bone scintigraph. J Nucl Med 25: P25 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sy WM, Finkelstein P, Seo IS, Combs A (1981) Serial bone scans in orchidectomized men with prostatic bone metastases. Clin Nucl Med 6: 456 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Terry DW, Isitman AI, Holmes RA (1975) Radionuclide bone images in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 124: 571–576

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas JH, Panoussopoulus D, Liesmann GE, Jewell WR, Preston DF (1979) Scintiscans in the evaluation of patients with malignant melanoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 149: 574–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen HS, Lund JO, Munck O, Andersen KW, Stockel M, Rossing N (1984) Bone metastases in primary operable breast cancer. The role of serial scintigraphy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 20: 1019–1023

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tumeh SS, Beadle G, Kaplan WD (1985) Clinical significance of solitary rib lesions in patients with extraskeletal malignancy. J Nucl Med 26: 1140–1143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler JL, Powers TA (1982) Bone scanning after marrow biopsy. J Nucl Med 23: 1085–1087

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vider M, Maruyama Y, Narvaez R (1977) Significance of the vertebral venous (Batson’s) plexus in metastatic spread in colorectal cancer. Cancer 40: 67–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warmer HW, Kyle RA, Beabout JW (1980) Scintigraphic evaluation of the skeleton in multiple myeloma. Mayo Clinic Proc 55: 739–746

    Google Scholar 

  • Weingrad T, Heyman S, Alavi A (1984) Cold lesions on bone scan in pediatric neoplasms. Clin Nucl Med 9: 125–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wickerham L, Fisher B, Cronin W et al. (1984) The efficacy of bone scanning in the follow up of patients with operable breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 4: 303–307

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilmer D, Breckenridge RL (1949) Bone metastases in malignant melanoma. Am J Roentgenol 62: 388–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson GS, Rich MA, Brennan MJ (1980) Evaluation of bone scan in preoperative clinical staging of breast cancer. Arch Surg 115: 415–419

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson MA, Calhoun FW (1981) The distribution of skeletal metastases in breast and pulmonary cancer. J Nucl Med 22: 594–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winchester DP, Sewer SF, Khandekar JD et al. (1979) Symptomatology as an indicator of recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 43: 956–960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe JA, Rowe LD, Lowry LD (1979) Value of radionuclide scanning in the staging of head and neck carcinoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 88: 832–836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McKillop, J.H. (1987). Bone Scanning in Metastatic Disease. In: Fogelman, I. (eds) Bone Scanning in Clinical Practice. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1407-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1407-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1409-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1407-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics