Abstract
One of the current problems in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer is that there is no procedure which can detect early localized disease curable by surgery and that truly localized cancers can only be detected by rectal examination in 10%–20% of patients. Another problem is the variability of the natural history of the disease. Clinically, some tumors remain localized for long periods, producing few, if any symptoms or signs, and others disseminate widely before symptoms are manifested. Due to this, numerous grading systems, as well as highly sophisticated cytometric systems, have been introduced to correlate the morphologic parameters of the cancer cells with their biologic characteristics, such as growth rate and metastatic potential. In addition, various biochemical or immunochemical markers have been researched in the past, and some of the molecular markers of prostatic cancer have found a place in the clinical laboratory (Benson and Coffey 1983; Whitmore 1984).
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Bruce, A.W., Choe, B.K. (1987). Tumor Markers in Prostatic Disease. In: Bruce, A.W., Trachtenberg, J. (eds) Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate. Clinical Practice in Urology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1398-0_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1398-0_3
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