Skip to main content

Learning Perceptual Schemas to Avoid the Utility Problem

  • Conference paper
Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XVI

Abstract

This paper describes principles for representing and organising planning knowledge in a machine learning architecture. One of the difficulties with learning about tasks requiring planning is the utility problem: as more knowledge is acquired by the learner, the utilisation of that knowledge takes on a complexity which overwhelms the mechanisms of the original task. This problem does not, however, occur with human learners: on the contrary, it is usually the case that, the more knowledgeable the learner, the greater the efficiency and accuracy in locating a solution. The reason for this lies in the types of knowledge acquired by the human learner and its organisation. We describe the basic representations which underlie the superior abilities of human experts, and describe algorithms for using equivalent representations in a machine learning architecture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Minton, S. (1990). Quantitative results concerning the utility of explanation-based learning. Artificial Intelligence, 42, 363–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Laird, J. E., Rosenbloom, P. S., and Newell, A., (1986). Chunking in SOAR: The anatomy of a general learning mechanism. Machine Learning, 1, 11–46.

    Google Scholar 

  3. de Groot, A. N. (1946). Het denken van den schaker[Thought and choice in chess]. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Koedinger, K. R., & Anderson, J. R. (1990). Abstract planning and perceptual chunks: Elements of expertise in geometry. Cognitive Science, 14, 511–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cheng, P. C-H. (1996). Scientific discovery with law-encoding diagrams. Creativity Research Journal, 9, 145–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cheng, P. C-H. (1998). A framework for scientific reasoning with law encoding diagrams: Analysing protocols to assess its utility. In M. A. Gernsbacher & S. J. Derry (Eds.) Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society(pp. 232–235 ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cheng, P. C-H. (submitted). Electrifying representations for learning: An evaluation of AVOW diagrams for electricity.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Larkin, J. H. & Simon, H. A. (1987). Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cognitive Science, 11, 65–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Tabachneck-Schijf, H. J. M., Leonardo, A. M., & Simon, H. A. (1997). CaMeRa: A computational model of multiple representations. Cognitive Science, 21, 305–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Simon, H. A. & Gilmartin, K. J. (1973). A simulation of memory for chess positions. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 29–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12, 257–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representing knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Koedinger, K. R., & Anderson, J. R. (1993). Reifying implicit planning in geometry: Guidelines for model-based intelligent tutoring system design. In S. P. Lajoie & S. J. Derry (Eds.), Computers as Cognitive Tools, Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gobet, F. (1998). Memory for the meaningless: How chunks help. In M. A. Gernsbacher & S. J. Derry (Eds.) Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society(pp. 398–403 ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Feigenbaum, E. A., & Simon, H. A. (1984). EPAM-like models of recognition and learning. Cognitive Science, 8, 305–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Lebowitz, M. (1987). Experiments with incremental concept formation: UNIMEM. Machine Learning, 2, 103–138.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gobet, F. (1996). Discrimination nets, production systems and semantic networks: Elements of a unified framework. Proceedings of the Second International Conference of the Learning Sciences(pp. 398–403). Evanston, III: Northwestern University.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kieras, D. A. (1993). Learning schemas from explanations in practical electronics. In S. Chipman & A. L. Meyrowitz (Eds.) Foundations of Knowledge Acquisition: Cognitive Models of Complex Learning, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this paper

Cite this paper

Lane, P.C.R., Cheng, P.CH., Gobet, F. (2000). Learning Perceptual Schemas to Avoid the Utility Problem. In: Bramer, M., Macintosh, A., Coenen, F. (eds) Research and Development in Intelligent Systems XVI. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0745-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0745-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-85233-231-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-0745-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics