Skip to main content

Paediatric Implications — Neonatal Complications

  • Chapter
Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Abstract

The literature concerning neonatal aspects of babies who have failed to thrive in the intrauterine environment is intermingled with data on babies who are SGA. This latter concept, which may be defined as having a birthweight below the 10th or 3rd percentile of birthweight for gestational age, was designed for postnatal use to define an at-risk group at a time when antenatal fetal assessment was inad¬equate, but has value because of the ease of definition. Following improvements in our ability to define antenatal growth, it is clear that the concept of the “SGA baby” is different from the baby identified to have restricted intrauterine growth. In the former category, babies with IUGR are mixed with appropriately small babies (from primarily genetic causes) or those with congenital malformations or infections. Furthermore, some babies who have restricted growth may not be small for gestational age when defined by the 10th percentile, having been potentially large babies whose growth potential has been impaired, but not sufficiently to bring them below the arbitrarily chosen centile.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sanderson DA, Wilcox MA, Johnson IR. The individualised birthweight ratio: a new method of identifying intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101:310–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hackett GA, Campbell S, Gamsu H, Cohen-Overbeek T, Pearce JM. Doppler studies in the growth retarded fetus and prediction of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis, haemorrhage, and neonatal morbidity. BMJ 1987;294:13–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. James DK, Parker MJ, Smoleniec JS. Comprehensive fetal assessment with three ultrasonographic characteristics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1486–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Karsdorp VH, van Vugt J, van Geijn HP, Kostense PJ, Arduini D, Montenegro N, et al. Clinical significance of absent or reversed end diastolic velocity waveforms in umbilical artery. Lancet 1994;344:1664–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Alfirevic Z, Neilson JP. Doppler ultrasonography in high-risk pregnancies: systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1379–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hornbuckle J, Thornton JG. The fetal circulatory response to chronic placental insufficiency and relation to pregnancy outcome. Fetal Matern Med Rev 1998;10:137–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kiserud T, Eik-Nes SH, Blaas HG, Hellevik LR, Simensen B. Ductus venosus blood flow velocity and the umbilical circulation in the seriously growrh retarded fetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1994;4:109–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. [Anonymous] When do obstetricians recommend delivery for a high-risk preterm growth- retarded fetus? The GRIT Study Group. Growth Restriction Intervention Trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996;67:121–6.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Langhoff–Roos J, Lindmark G. Obstetric interventions and perinatal asphyxia in growth retarded term infants. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (supplj 1997;165:39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ariyuki Y, Hata T, Kitao M. Evaluation of perinatal outcome using individualized growth assessment: comparison with conventional methods. Pediatrics 1995;96:36–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Nicolaides KH, Economides DL, Soothill PW. Blood gases, pH and lactate in appropriate and small for gestational age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:996–1001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Piper JM, Xenakis EM, McFarland M, Elliott BD, Berkus MD, Langer O. Do growth-retarded premature infants have different rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality than appropriately grown premature infants? Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:169–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Amin H, Singhai N, Sauve RS. Impact of intrauterine growth restriction on neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes in very low birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:306–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ley D, Wide-Swensson D, Lindroth M, Svenningsen N, Marsal K. Respiratory distress syndrome in infants with impaired intrauterine growth. Acta Paediatr 1997;86:1090–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Batton DG, DeWitte DB, Espinosa R, Swails TL. The impact of fetal compromise on outcome at the border of viability. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:909–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang KG, Chen CP, Yang JM, Su TH. Impact of reverse end-diastolic flow velocity in umbilical artery on pregnancy outcome after the 28th gestational week. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (suppl) 1998;77:527–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Soothill PW. Diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation and its fetal and perinatal consequencs. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (suppl) 1994;399:55–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Piper JM, Langer O, Xenakis EM, McFarland M, Elliott BD, Berkus MD. Perinatal outcome in growth-restricted fetuses: do hypertensive and normotensive pregnancies differ? Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:194–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Divon MY, Haglund B, Nisell H, Otterblad PO, Westgren M. Fetal and neonatal mortality in the postterm pregnancy: the impact of gestational age and fetal growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:726–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Chard T, Costeloe K, Leaf A. Evidence of growth retardation in neonates of apparently normal weight. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1992;45:59–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Minior VK, Divon MY. Fetal growth restriction at term: myth or reality? Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:57–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gluckman PD, Cutfield W, Harding JE, Milner D, Jensen E, Woodhall S, et al. Metabolie consequences of intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Paediatr (suppl) 199;417:3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Soothill PW, Ajayi RA, Campbell S, Ross EM, Nicholiades K. Fetal oxygenation at cordocentesis, maternal smoking and childhood neurodevelopment. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;59:21–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nieto-Diaz A, Villar J, Matorras-Weinig R, Valenzuela-Ruiz P. Intrauterine growth retardation at term: association between anthropometric and endocrine parameters. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996;75:127–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hawdon JM, Ward PM. Metabolic adaptation in small for gestational age infants. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:262–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hawdon JM, Weddell A, Aynsley-Green A, Ward PM. Hormonal and metabolic response to hypoglycaemia in small for gestational age infants. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:269–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Drossou V, Diamanti E, Noutsia H, Konstantinidis T, Katsougiannopoulos V. Accuracy of anthropometric measurements in predicting symptomatic SGA and LGA neonates. Acta Paediatr 1995;84:1–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. McDonnell M, Serra-serra V, Gaffney G, Redman CWG, Hope PL. Neonatal outcome after pregnancy complicated by abnormal velocity waveforms in the umbilical artery. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Edn 1994;70:F84–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Eronen M, Kari A, Pesonen E, Kaaja R, Wallgren EI, Hallman M. Value of absent or retrograde end-diastolic flow in fetal aorta and umbilical artery as a prediction of perinatal outcome in pregnancy induced hypertension. Acta Paediatr 1993;82:919–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Malcolm G, Ellwood D, Devonald K, Beilby R, Henderson-Smart DJ. Absent or reversed end diastoloic flow velocity in the umbilicial artery and necrotising enterocolitis. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Edn 1991;66:805–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gamsu HR, Kempley ST. Enteral hypoxia/ischaemia and necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Neonatol 1997;2:245–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Yu VYH, James B, Hendry P, MacMahon RA. Total parenteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants: a controlled trial. Arch Dis Child 1979;54:653–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Williams AF. Role of feeding in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Neonatol 1997;2:263–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Tyson JE, Kennedy K, Broyles S, Rosenfeld CR. The small for gestational age infant: accelerated or delayed pulmonary maturation? Increased or decreased survival? Pediatrics 1995;95:534–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gaffney G, Squier MV, Johnson A, Flavell V, Sellers S. Clinical associations of prenatal white matter injury. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Edn 1994;70:F101–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Blair E, Stanley F. Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy. I. Association with birth weight for gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:229–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ley D, Marsal K. Doppler velocimetry in the cerebral vessels of small for gestational age infants. Early Hum Dev 1992;31:171–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Scherjon SA, Oosting H, de VB, de WT, Zondervan HA, Kok JH. Fetal brain sparing is associated with accelerated shortening of visual evoked potential latencies during early infancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1569–75.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Sicco S, Briet J, Oosting H, Kok JH. The discrepancy between maturation of visual evoked poten¬tials and cognitive outcome at five years in very preterm infants with and without hemodynamic signs of fetal brain sparing. Pediatrics 1999;in press.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cook RWI, Abernethy LJ. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging and school performance in very low birthweight children in adolescence. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Edn 1999;81:F116–F121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Soothill PW, Ajayi RA, Campbell S, Ross EM, Nicolaides KH. Fetal oxygenation at cordocentesis, maternal smoking and childhood neuro-development Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;59:21–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ley D, Tideman E, Laurin J, Bjerre I, Marsal K. Abnormal fetal aortic velocity waveform and intellectual function at 7 years of age. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1996;8:152–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Curzi-Dascalova L, Peirano P, Christova E. Respiratory characteristics during sleep in healthy small-for-gestational age newborns. Pediatrics 1996;97:554–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Curzi-Dascalova L, Spassov L, Eiselt M. Development of cardiorespiratory control and sleep in newborns. In: Cosmi AV, Renzo GC, editors. Current progress in perinatal medicine. London: Parthenon, 1994;303–8.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Markestad T, Vik T, Ahlsten G, Gebre-Medhin M, Skjaerven R, Jacobsen G, et al. Small-for-gesta- tional-age infants born at term: growth and development during the first year of life. Acta Obstetr Gynecol Scand (suppl) 1997;76:93–101.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Strauss RS, Dietz WH. Effects of intrauterine growth retardation in premature infants on early childhood growth. J Pediatr 1997;130:95–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Marlow, N. (2000). Paediatric Implications — Neonatal Complications. In: Kingdom, J., Baker, P. (eds) Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0735-4_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0735-4_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1191-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-0735-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics