Skip to main content

Body Art and Modification

  • Chapter
Essentials of Autopsy Practice

Abstract

Body art has been practiced for millennia, the first recorded instances being during the Prehistoric era where natural pigments derived from soils and plant materials were used to decorate the skin. Whether this was performed for spiritual, tribal or purely decorative reasons is unknown, but the act remained popular over subsequent millennia. The methods of decoration have developed into traditions resulting in distinctive cultural identities. Recognition of the forms and methods may not only aid in the identification process of an unknown body but could also provide the investigator with information regarding possible ethnic origins or cultural identity of the deceased. It should be noted, however, that the spread of many such forms through fashion has often blurred these lines of distinction somewhat. Body art may be considered temporary, such as mehndi, semi-permanent, such as body piercing, or permanent, notably tattooing. The appearance at post-mortem examination is therefore dependent on the form of art employed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Tait, H. (Ed) Seven thousand years of jewellery. British Museum Publications, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Makkai T, McAllister I. Prevalence of tattooing and body piercing in the Australian community. Commun Dis Intell 2001;25(2):67–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ferguson H. Body piercing. BMJ 1999;319:1627–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Body Modification Ezine. http://www.bmezine.com

  5. De Moor RJG, De Witte AMJC, De Bruyne MAA. Tongue piercing and associated oral and dental complications. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000;16:232–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Botchway C, Kuc I. Tongue piercing and associated tooth fracture. J Ir Dent Assoc 2001;47(1):10–13.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Willmott FE. Body piercing: lifestyle indicator or fashion accessory? Int J STD AIDS 2001;12(6):358–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Miller L, Edenholm M. Genital piercing to enhance sexual satisfaction. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93(5):837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Koenig LM, Carnes M. Body piercing medical concerns with cutting-edge fashion. J Gen Intern Med 1999;14(6):379–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. The Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act, 1985. HMSO, London, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  11. World Health Organisation. Female Genital Mutilation Report of a WHO Technical Working Group, Geneva, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ramage I J, Wilson N, Thomson RB. Fashion victim: infective endocarditis after nasal piercing. Arch Dis Child 1997;77(2):187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Oschenfahrt C, Fiedl R, Hannekum A, Schumacher BA. Endocarditis after nipple piercing in a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71(4): 1365–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Khanna R, Kumar SS, Raju BS, Kumar A. Body piercing in the accident and emergency department. J Accid Emerg Med 1999;16(6):418–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pugatch D, Mileno M, Rich JD. Possible transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from body piercing. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26(3):767–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hadfield-Law L. Body piercing: issues for A & E nurses. Accident and Emergency Nursing 2001;9:14–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rutty J. Essential of autopsy practice, vol 1, Rutty GN, editor. London: Springer Verlag, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Chung WH, Wang CM, Hong HS. Allergic contact dermatitis to temporary tattoos with positive para-phenylenediamine reactions: report of four cases. Int J Dermatol 2001;40(12):754–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Raupp P, Hassan JA, Varughese M, Kristiansson B. Henna causes life-threatening haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Arch Dis Child 2001;85(5):411–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pumphrey RS, Roberts IS. Post-mortem findings after fatal anaphylactic reactions. J Clin Pathol 2000;53(4):273–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Price N, Gottfried MR, Clary E, Lawson DC, Baillie J, Mergener K, Westcott C, Eubanks S, Pappas TN. Safety and efficacy of India ink and indocyanine green as colonic tattooing agents. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51(4 Pt l):438–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Knight B. The coroner’s autopsy. Churchill Livingstone Publishers, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Whittaker DK, MacDonald DG. A colour atlas of forensic dentistry. London: Wolfe Publishing, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Tschirhart DL, Noguchi TT, Klatt EC. A simple histochemical technique for the identification of gunshot residue. J Forensic Sei 1991;36(2):543–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Masser MR, Di Meo L, Hobby JA. Tattooing in reconstruction of the nipple and areola: a new method. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;84:677–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Blancho-Davila RS. Bianchi tattoo in Ancient Egypt. In: Marks of civilisation: Artistic transformation of the human body. Los Angeles: University of California. 1985;21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Guarino C, Casoria P, Menale B. Cultivation and use of Isatis tinctoria L. (Brassicacae) in Southern Italy. Economic Botany 2000;54(3):395–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Simmons DR. Ta Moko: The art of Maori tattoo. Auckland: Reed Methuen, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Millner VS, Eichold BH. Body piercing and tattooing perspectives. Clin Nurs Res 2001; 10(4):424–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Silverman AL, Sekhon JS, Saginaw SJ, Wiedbrauk D, Balasubramaniam M, Gordon SC. Tattoo application is not associated with an increased risk for chronic viral hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1312–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Nishioka S de A, Gyorkos TW, Joseph L, Collet JP, Maclean JD. Tattooing and risk for transfusion-transmitted diseases: the role of the type, number and design of the tattoos, and the conditions in which they were performed. Epidemiol Infect 2001 Feb;128(l):63–71.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Horney DA, Gaither JM, Lauer R, Norms AL, Mathur PN. Cutaneous inoculation tuberculosis secondary to “jailhouse tattooing”. Arch Dermatol 1985;121(5):648–50,

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sperry K. Tattoos and tattooing. Part II: Gross pathology, histopatholpgy, medical complications, and applications. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1992;13(1):7–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Burton J, Rutty GN. The hospital autopsy, 2nd ed. London: Arnold, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kuperman-Beade M, Levine VJ, Ashinoff R. Laser removal of tattoos. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001;2(l):21–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Angres GG. Eyeliner implants: A new cosmetic procedure. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;73:833–6,

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. McKee PH. Pathology of the skin with clinical correlations, 2nd ed. London: Mosby-Wolfe, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Anderson LL, Cardone JS, McCollough ML, Grabski WJ. Tattoo pigment mimicking metastatic malignant melanoma. Dermatol Surg 1996 Jan;22(l):92–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Maury FF, Dulles CW. Tattooing as a means of communicating syphilis. Am J Med Sci 1878;75:44,

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Jones MS, Maloney ME, Helm KF. Systemic sarcoidosis presenting in the black dye of a tattoo. Cutis 1997;59(3):113–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sowden JM, Cartwright PH, Smith AG, Hiley C, Slater DN. Sarcoidosis presenting with a granulomatous reaction confined to red tattoos. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17(6):4468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Wiener DA, Scher RK. Basal cell carcinoma arising in a tattoo. Cutis 1987;39(2):125–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Soroush V, Gurevitch AW, Peng SK. Malignant melanoma in a tattoo: case report and review of the literature. Cutis 1997 Mar;59(3):l11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Petit F, Divaris M, Guilbert F. Unusual breast scars. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1999;44(6):649–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Alam M, Omura NE, Dover JS, Arndt KA. Glycolic acid peels compared to microdermabrasion: a right-left-controlled trial of efficacy and patient satisfaction. Dermatol Surg 2002;28(6):475–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Coleman III WP. Dermal peels. Dermatol Clin 2001;19(3):405–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Freeman MS. Microdermabrasion. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2001;9(2):257–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lent WM, David LM. Laser resurfacing: a safe and predictable method of skin resurfacing. J Cutan Laser Ther 1999;l(2):87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Sposito MM. New indications for botulinum toxin type a in cosmetics: mouth and neck. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110(2):601–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gilliland MD, Coates N. Tumescent liposuction complicated by pulmonary oedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997;99(l):215–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gibbons MD, Lim RB, Carter PL. Necrotizing fasciitis after tumescent liposuction. Am Surg 1998;64:458–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Talmor M, Barie PS. Deaths related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 1999;341(13).T001.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Talmor M, Hoffman LA, Lieberman M. Intestinal perforation after suction lipoplasty: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Plast Surg 1997;38:169–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Moran M. Lidocaine dose questioned in liposuction deaths. American Medical News 1999;30:32.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Laub DR Jr, Laub DR. Fat embolism syndrome after liposuction: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Plast Surg 1990;25(l):48–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Piatt MS, Kohler LJ, Ruiz R, Cohle SD, Ravichandran P. Deaths associated with liposuction: case reports and review of the literature. J Forensic Sci 2002;47(l):205–7.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Rao RB, Ely SF, Hoffman RS. Deaths related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 1999;340(19):1471–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Klein JA. Deaths related to liposuction. N Engl J Med 1999;341(13):1001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Andrews G. (Ed) Women’s sexual health, 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall (Harcourt), London, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Pounder DJ. Ritual mutilation: Subincision of the penis among Australian Aborigines. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1983;4(3):227–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Terry T. Personal Communication. 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Asscheman H, Gooren LJ, Eklund PL. Mortality and morbidity in transsexual patients with crossgender hormone treatment. Metabolism 1989;38(9):869–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. van Kesteren PJ, Asscheman H, Megens JA, Gooren LJ. Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47(3):337–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Asscheman H, Gooren LJ, Assies J, Smits JP, de Siegte R. Prolactin levels and pituitary enlargement in hormone-treated male-to-female transsexuals. Clin Endocrinol 1988;28(6):583–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Djajakusumah TS, Meheus A. Artificial nodules of the penis: case report of an Indonesian man. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27(3):152–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rothschild MA, Ehrlich E, Klevno WA, Schneider V. Self-implanted subcutaneous penile balls a new phenomenon in Western Europe. Int J Legal Med 1997;110(2):88–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Wise TN, Kalyanam RC. Amputee fetishism and genital mutilation: case report and literature review. J Sex Marital Ther 2000;26(4):339–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Dyer C. Surgeon-amputated healthy legs. BMJ 2000;320:332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Fisher K, Smith R. More work is needed to explain why patients ask for amputation of healthy limbs. BMJ 2000;320:1147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hall DC, Lawson LG, Wilson LG. Command hallucinations and self-amputation of the penis and hand during a first psychotic break. J Clin Psychiatry 1981;42(8):322–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Madea B. Homizidale versus suizidale Penisamputation. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der fehlenden und irrefuhrenden Spuren. [Homicidal versus suicidal penis amputation. A contribution to the problem of missing and conflicting stains.] Archiv Fur Kriminologie 1995;196(3–4):70–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Furnas DW, Sheikh MA, van den Hombergh P, Froeling F, Nunda IM. Traditional craniotomies of the Kisii tribe of Kenya. Ann Plast Surg 1985;15(6):538–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Janssens PA. Paleopathology: Diseases and injuries of prehistoric man. London: John Baker, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Stone J, Miles M. Skull trepanation among the early Indians of Canada and the United States. Neurosurgery 1990;26:1015–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Marino R Jr, Gonzales-Portillo M. Preconquest Peruvian neurosurgeons: a study of Inca and pre-Columbian trephination and the art of medicine in ancient Peru. Neurosurgery 2000; 47(4):940–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. The International Trepanation Advocacy Group - http://www.trepan.com

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Swift, B. (2004). Body Art and Modification. In: Rutty, G.N. (eds) Essentials of Autopsy Practice. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0637-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0637-1_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1168-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-0637-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics