Abstract
In the first proceedings of the symposium on Epidural Analgesia in Obstetrics1 caesarean section under regional anaesthesia is scarcely mentioned: Crawford2 and Tunstall3 specifically state they do not use an epidural catheter inserted for labour for subsequent caesarean section and Moir, 4 describing 1800 epidurals over a 4–5 year period, only performed 30 caesarean sections under epidural anaesthesia. It would appear that the vast majority of caesarean sections were conducted with general anaesthesia. Steens was particularly scathing about “Paralyse and Puff” anaesthetists when he described “the extremely meagre repertoire” of anaesthetists who could not “perform a lumbar puncture, still less an epidural, with much confidence”. How times change! Now regional anaesthesia accounts for 78% of caesarean section anaesthetics (Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 2000; in press) a major increase since 1982.6
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Doughty A. (Ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on epidural Analgesia. London: HK Lewis, 1972
Crawford JS. Observations on one thousand epidural blocks given in labour. In: Doughty A. (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on epidural Analgesia. London: HK Lewis, 83–8, 1972
Tunstall ME. Complications of epidural analgesia. In: Doughty A. (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on epidural Analgesia. London: HK Lewis, 64–6, 1972
Moir DD. Indications for epidural analgesia with special reference to the management of pre-eclampsia. In: Doughty A. (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on epidural Analgesia. London: HK Lewis, 73–9, 1972
Steen TR. Why are epidurals not more widely practised? In: Doughty A. (ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on epidural Analgesia. London: HK Lewis, 101–2, 1972
Brown GW, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthesia for caesarean section. International Journal of Anesthesia 1995; 4: 214–8.
Hirabayashi Y, Shimizu R, Saitoh K, Fukuda H. Reevaluation of physiologic curvature of the thoracolumbar spinal column in the supine position. Anesthesiology 1994; 81: 266–7
Hirabayashi Y, Shimizu R, Saitoh K, Fukuda H, Furuse M. Anatomical configuration of the spinal column in the supine position I: A study using magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 3–5
Hirabayashi Y, Shimizu R, Fukuda H, Saitoh K, Furuse M. Anatomical configuration of the spinal column in the supine position II Comparison of pregnant and non pregnant women. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 6–8
Hogan QH, Prost R, Kulier A, Taylor ML, Lui S, Leighton M. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid volume and the influence of body habitus and abdominal pressure. Anesthesology 1996; 84: 1341–9
Hirabayashi Y, Saitoh K, Fukuda H, Igarashi T, Shimizu R, Seo N. Soft tissue anatomy within the vertebral canal in pregnant women. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77: 153–6
Hirabayashi Y, Shimizu R, Fukuda H, Saitoh K, Igarashi T. Effects of the pregnant uterus on the extradural venous plexus in the supine and lateral positions, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 317–9
Russell I F. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: the use of 0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1983; 55: 309–14
Russell IF. Posture and isobaric subarachnoid anaesthesia: the influence on spread of spinal anaesthesia with “isobaric” 0.5% bupivacaine plain. Anaesthesia 1984; 39: 865–7
Covino BG, Scott DB. Handbook of epidural anaesthesia and analgesia, London: Grune & Stratton, 125 1985
Moir DD. Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia. 2nd Ed. London: Baillière Tindall, 215. (1980)
Datta S, Alper MH. Anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1980; 53: 142–60
Brull SJ, Greene NM. Time-courses of zones of differential sensory blockade during spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric tetracaine or bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 342–7
Brull SJ, Greene NM. Zones of differential sensory block during extradural anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 651–5
Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia associated with intra-operative pain at caesarean section under spinal or epidural block. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1995; 4: 71–7
James KS, Stott SM, McGrady EM, Pearsall FJ, Frame WT, Russell D. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: effect of Sprotte needle orientation. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77: 150–2
Arendt-Neilsen L, Oberg B, Bjerring P. Quantitative assessment of extradural bupivacaine analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1990; 65: 633–8
Arendt-Neilsen L, Anker-Moller E, Bjerring P, Spansberg N. Onset phase of spinal bupivacaine analgesia assessed quantitatively by laser stimulation. Br J Anaesth 1990; 65: 636–42
Pedersen H, Santos A, Steinberg E, Schapiro H, Harmon T, Finster M. Incidence of visceral pain during cesarean section: the effect of varying doses of spinal bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 46–9
Pan P, Lin Z-F, Lim J, Tung M-C, Wei T-T. The optimal does of hyperbaric tetracaine spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesth Sinica 1989; 27: 349–52
Alahuhta S, Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmén A I, Edström HH. Visceral pain during caesarean section under spinal and epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34: 95–8
Hirabayashi Y, Saitoh K, Fukuda H, Shimizu R. Visceral pain during caesarean section: effect of varying dose of spinal amethocaine. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 266–8
Bourne TM, deMelo BA, Bastianpillai BA, May AE. A survey of how British obstetric anaesthetist test regional anaesthesia before caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 901–3
Laishley RS, Morgan BM. A single dose epidural technique for caesarean section: A comparison between 0.5% bupivacaine plain and 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenaline. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 100–3
Norton AC, Davis AG, Spicer RJ. Lignocaine 2% with adrenaline for epidural caesarean section: A comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 844–9
Howell P, Davies W, Wrigley M, Tan P, Morgan B. Comparison of four local extradural anaesthetic solutions for elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1990; 65: 648–53
Noble DW, Morrison LM, Brockway MS, McClure JH. Adrenaline, fentanyl or adrenaline and fentanyl as adjuncts to bupivacaine for extradural anaesthesia in elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 645–50
Fernando R, Jones HM. Comparison of plain and alkalinised local anaesthetic mixtures of lignocaine and bupivacaine for elective extradural caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67: 699–703
Clarke V, McGrady E, Sugden C et al. Speed of onset of sensory block for elective extradural caesarean section: choice of agent and temperature of injectate. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 221–3
Price ML, Reynolds F, Morgan BM. Extending epidural blockade for emergency caesarean section. Evaluation of 2% lignocaine with adrenaline. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1991; 1: 13–8
Gaiser RR, Cheek TG, Gutsche BB. Epidural lidocaine versus 2-chloroprocaine for fetal distress requiring urgent cesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994; 3: 208–10
Gaiser RR, Cheek TG, Adams HK, Gutsche BB. Epidural lidocaine for cesarean delivery of the distressed fetus. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998; 7: 27–31
Helbo-Hansen HS, Bang U, Lindholm P, Klitgaard NA. Neonatal effects of adding epidural fentanyl to 0.5% bupivacaine for caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1993; 2: 27–33
Paech MJ, Westmore MD, Speirs HM. A double-blind comparison of epidural bupivacaine and bupivacaine-fentanyl for caesarean section. Anaesth Intens Care 1990; 18: 22–30
Noble OW, Morrison LM, Brockway MS, McClure JH. Respiratory depression after extradural fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 251
Dutton DA, Moir DD, Howie HB et al. Choice of local anaesthetic drug for extradural caesarean section: Comparison of 0.5% and 0.75% bupivacaine and 1.5% etidocaine. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 1361–8
Santos A, Pedersen H, Finster M, Edstrom H. Hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1984; 63: 100–13.
Pedersen H, Santos AC, Steinberg Steinberg ES, Schapiro HM, Harmon TW, Finster M. Incidence of visceral pain during Cesarean section: The effect of varying doses of spinal bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 46–9
Inglis A, Daniel M, McGrady E. Maternal position during induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: A comparison of right lateral and sitting positions. Anaesthesia 1995; 50: 363–5
Hopkinson JM, Samaan AK, Russell IF, Birks RJS, Patrick MR. A comparative multicentre trial of spinal needles for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 1005–11
Masse E, Drolet P, Girard M. Direction of injection does not affect the spread of spinal bupivacaine in parturients. Can J Anaesth 1997; 44: 816–9
Swart M, Sewell J, Thomas D. Intrathecal morphine for caesarean section: an assessment of pain relief, satisfaction and side effects. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 373–5
Kelly MC, Carabine UA, Mirakhur RK. Intrathecal diamorphine for analgesia after caesarean section. A dose finding study and assessment of side-effects. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 231–7
Shende D, Cooper GM, Bowden MI. The influence of intradural fentanyl on the characteristics of subarachnoid block for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 706–10
Russell IF, Holmqvist ELO. Subarachnoid analgesia for caesarean section. A double-blind comparison of plain and hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 1987; 59: 347–53
Graham D, Russell IF. A double-blind assessment of the analgesic sparing effect of intrathecal diamorphine (0.3 mg) with sinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1997; 6: 224–30
Husaini SW, Russell IF. Volume preload: lack of effect in the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998; 7: 76–81
Alahuhta S, Karinen J, Lumme R et al. Uteroplacental haemodynamics during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section with two types of uterine displacement. International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia 1994; 3: 187–92
Marx GF, Luykx WM, Cohen S. Foetal-neonatal status following caesarean section for foetal distress. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56: 1009–13
Sghirlanzoni S, Attanasio A, Della Grazia L et al. Spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section: comparison of three different anaesthetic solutions. 14’x’ Annual European Society of Regional Anaesthesia Congress, Prague, 1995. The International Monitor 1995; September: 89
Sibilla C, Albertazzi P, Zatelli R, Martinello R. Perioperative analgesia for caesarean section: comparison of intrathecal morhpine and fentanyl alone or in combination. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1997; 6: 43–8
Moore A, Bullingham R, McQuay H, Allen M, Baldwin D, Cole A. Spinal fluid kinetics of morphine and heroin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984; 35: 40–5
Husaini SW, Russell IF. Intrathecal diamorphine compared with morphine for postoperative analgesia after caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81: 135–9
Robson SC. Controversies, Opposer to the motion: “The danger of convulsions precludes the use of regional block for caesarean section in fulminating preeclampsia”. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1993; 2: 104–5
Hood DD, Boese PA. Epidural and spinal anaesthesia for elective cesarean section in severely preeclamptic parturients. Reg Anesth 1992; 17: 15, 35.
Wallace DH, Leveno KJ, Cunningham FG, Giescke AH, Shearer VE, Sidawi JE. Randomized comparison of general and regional anesthesia for cesarean delivery in pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86: 193–9
Karinen J, Rasanen J, Alahuhta S, toupilla R, Jouppilla P. Maternal and uteroplacental haemodynamic state in preeclamptic patients during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1996; 76: 616–620
Watson EG, Clark VA, Sharwood-Smith G. Spinal vs epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section in pregnancy-induced hypertension. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1999; 8: 85–9
Howell P. Spinal anaesthesia in severe preeclampsia: time for a reappraisal, or time for caution? International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1998; 7: 217–9
Crawford JS. Principals and practice of obstetric anaesthesia, 5th Edition, 261, 351, 362. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1984
Wildsmith JAW, McClure JH. Anticoagulant drugs and central nerve blockade. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 613–4
Blasi A, Gomar C, Fernandez C, Nalda MA. Indication de la anestesia espinal para la cesarea en la coagulopatia por sindrome de HELLP. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1997; 44: 79–82
Mets B, Broccoli E, Brown AR. Is spinal anesthesia after failed epidural anesthesia contraindicated for cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1993; 77: 629–31
Gupta A, Enlund G, Bengtsson M, Sjöberg F. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section following epidural analgesia in labour: a relative contraindication. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1994; 3: 153–6
Rigler ML, Drasner K, Krejcie TC et al. Cauda equina syndrome after continuous spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1991; 72: 275–81
de Jong RH. Last round for a “heavyweight”? Anesth Analg 1993; 78: 3–4.
Bevacqua BK, Slucky AV & Cleary WF. Spinal catheter size and hyperbaric lidocaine dosing: A retrospective review. Reg Anesth 1994; 19: 136–41
Russell IF. Effect of posture during the induction of subarachoid analgesia for caesarean section: Right v Left lateral. Br J Anaesth 1987; 59: 342–6
Kestin IG, Madden AP, Mulvein JT, Goodman NW. Comparison of incremental spinal anaesthesia using a 32 gauge catheter with extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 232–6
Tunstall ME. Incremental spinal anaesthesia and caesarean section - relevance to the test dose for extradural analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67: 227–8
Tuohy EB. Continuous spinal anesthesia: its usefulness and technic involved. Anesthesiology 1944; 5: 142–8
Tuohy EB. The use of continuous spinal anesthesia utilizing the ureteral catheter technique. JAMA 1945; 128: 262–4
Sprague DH. Effects of position and uterine displacement on spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1976; 44: 164–6
Milligan KR, Carp H. Continuous spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in the morbidly obese. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 1992; 1: 111–3
Moran DH, Johnson MD. Continuous spinal anesthesia with combined hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine in a patient with scoliosis. Anesth Analg 1990; 70: 445–7
Nuyten F, Gielen M. Spinal catheter anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with spina bifida. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 846–7
Kardash K, King B, Datta S. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section after Harrington instrumentation. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40: 667–9
Tourney PJ, Russell IF. A technique to facilitate 32 gauge subarachnoid catheter placement. Reg Anesth 1993; 18: 200–1
Why mothers die. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom 1994–1996. Department of Health, Welsh Office, Scottish Office Department of Health, Department of Health and Social Services Northern Ireland. The Stationery Office, 92–102, 1998
Wildsmith JAW. Problems with combined spinal epidural anesthesia (Editorial). Reg Anesth 1998; 23: 388–9
Zarzur E. The posterior epidural space depth. Reg Anesth 1998; 23: 108–9
Randalls B, Broadway JW, Browne DA, Morgan BM. Comparison of four subarachnoid solutions in a needle-through-needle technique for elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66: 314–8
Rawal N, Schollin J, Wesrtröm G. Epidural versus combined spinal epidural block for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthiol Scand 1988; 32: 61–6
Westerbrook JL, Donald F, Carrie LES. An evaluation of a combined spinal/epidural needle set utilising a 26 gauge, pencil point needle for caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 990–2
Davies SJ, Paech MJ, Welch H, Evans SF, Pavy TJG. Maternal experience during epidural or combined spinal-epidural for cesarean section: a prospective randomised trial. Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 607–13
Thorén T, Holmström B, Rawal N; Schollin J, Lindeberg S, Skeppner G. Sequential combined. spinal epidural block versus spinal block for cesarean section: Effects on maternal hypotension and neurobehavioural function of the newborn. Anesth Analg 1994; 78: 1087–92
Patel M, Samsoon G, Swami A, Morgan B. Posture and the spread of hyperbaric bupivacaine in parturients using the combined spinal epidural technique. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40: 943–6
Budd A, Russell IF. The influence of an epidural fluid challenge on spinal anaesthesia. Proceedings of the Obstetric Anaesthetists Association, Spring Meeting, Hull 1987, 20.
Blumgart CH, Ryall D, Dennison B, Thompson-Hill LM. Mechanism of extension of spinal anaesthesia by extradural injection of local anaesthetic. Br J Anaesth 1992; 69: 457–60
Stienstra R, Dahan A, Alhadi BZR, van Kleef JW, Burm AGL. Mechanism of action of an epidural top up in combined spinal epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 382–6
Mardirosoff C, Dumont L, Lemédioni P, Pauwels P, Massaut J. Sensory block extension during combined spinal and epidural. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998; 23: 92–5
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Russell, I. (2000). Regional anaesthesia for operative delivery. In: Reynolds, F. (eds) Regional Analgesia in Obstetrics. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0435-3_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0435-3_22
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1142-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-0435-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive