Abstract
An ideal structure would be designed without joints, since joints are sources of weakness and additional weight. In, practice however, the upper limit to component size is generally determined by the manufacturing processes. Further requirements for inspection, accessibility, repair and transportation or assembly mean that load-bearing joints will be part of an engineering structure (Matthews, 1987). This is particularly so in the manufacturing of TPMCs, for which high meltresin viscosity and constraints imposed by the continuous reinforcement limit the production to relatively simple geometry components that must be joined together to produce large, complex structures (Hou et al., 1999). The extensive experience available from the TP polymer industry showed that, to make large or complex parts, the most cost-effective method often involves moulding two or more parts and joining them together (Grimm, 1995).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allbee, N., 1988. Aspects of Mechanically Fastening Advanced Composites. Advanced Composites (Nov.-Dec), 54–60.
Arias, M., Ziegmann, G., 1996. The Impulse Resistance Welding: A New Technique for Joining Advanced Thermoplastic Composite Parts. In: Proceedings of the 41st International SAMPE Symposium, 1361–1371.
Arnold, J.R., Sanders, D., Belevou, D.L., Martinelli, A.A., Gaskin, G., 1997. A Study of Titanium Surface Pretreatments for Bonding with Polyimide and Epoxy Adhesives. In: Proceedings of the 29th SAMPE Technical Conference, 345–353.
Atkinson, J.R., Turner, B.E., 1989. Repairability of Plastic Automobile Bumpers by Hot Gas Welding. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1368–1375.
Atkinson, J.R., Ward, I.M., 1989. The Joining of Biaxially Oriented Polyethylene Pipes. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1638–1641.
Bader, W., Moeller, P., Ruhsland, K., 1994. Schweissen und Kleben faserverstaerkter Thermoplaste. Schweisssen und Scheiden 46, 367–371.
Bastien, L.J., Don, R.C., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1990. Processing and Performance of Resistance Welded Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference (ANTEC′90), 1–9.
Bastien, L.J., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1991. A Non-Isothermal Healing Model for Strength and Toughness of Fusion Bonded Joints of Amorphous Thermoplastics. Polymer Engineering and Science 31, 1721–1730.
Beevers, A., 1991. Welding: the way ahead for thermoplastics? Engineering 231, ACE11-ACE12.
Benatar, A., 1995. Welding of Thermoplastic and Thermoplastic Composites. In: Hui, D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Composites Engineering, 61–62.
Benatar, A., Cheng, Z., 1989. Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastics in the Far-Field. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1699–1704.
Benatar, A., Gutowski, T.G. 1986. Methods for Fusion Bonding Thermopastic Composites, SAMPE Quarterly 18(1), 35–42.
Benatar, A., Gutowski, T.G., 1989. Ultrasonic Welding of PEEK Graphite APC-2 Composites. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1705–1721.
Benatar, A., Eswaran, R.V., Nayar, S.K., 1989. Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic in the Near-Field. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1689–1698.
Beyeler, E.P., Güçeri, S.I., 1988. Thermal Analysis of Laser-Assisted Thermoplastic-Matrix composite Tape Consolidation. Transaction of the ASME 110, 424–430.
Beyeler, E.P., Phillips, W., Güçeri, S.I., 1988. Experimental Investigation of Laser Assisted Thermoplastic Tape Consolidation. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 1, 107–121.
Blohowiak, K.Y., Osborne, J.H., Krienke, K.A., Sekits, D.F., 1996. Sol-gel Surface Treatments for Adhesive Bonding of Titanium and Aluminum Structures. In: Proceedings of the 28th International SAMPE Technical Conference 28, 440–446.
Border, J., Salas, R., 1989. Induction Heated Joining of Thermoplastic Composites without Metal Susceptors. In: Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE Symposium, 2569–2578.
Bourban, P.E., McKnight, S.H., Shulley, S.B., Karbhari, V.M., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1994a. Durability of Steel/Composites Bonds for Rehabilitation of Structural Components. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Materials Engineering Conference Infrastructure: New Materials and Methods of Repair, 295–302.
Bourban, P.E., Karamuk, E., Don, R.C., Gillespie Jr, J.W. 1994b. Induction Heating for Rehabilitation of Steel Structures using Composites. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Materials Engineering Conference Infrastructure: New Material and Methods for Repair, 287–294.
Buchman, A., Sidess, A., Dodiuk, H., 1996. Fatigue of Adhesively Bonded Thermoplastics. In: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′96), 1231–1235.
Buckley, J.D., Swaim, R.J., Fox, R.L., 1982. One-step Dual Purpose Joining Technique. United States Patent No. 4, 313,777.
Butler, C.A., McCullough, R.L., Pitchumani, R., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1998. An Analysis of Mechanisms Governing Fusion Bonding of Thermoplastic Composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 11, 338–363.
Camberlin, Y., Giraud, Y., Meissonier, J., Michaud, P., 1991. Adhesive and Cohesive Properties of New Reactive Thermoplastics with High Thermal Stability and Improved Processing. In: Proceedings of the 36th International SAMPE Symposium, 1561–1576.
Cantwell, W.J., Davies, P., Jar, P.-Y., Richard, H., Kausch, H.H., 1989. Thermal Bonding of Carbon Fibre PEEK Composite. Journal of Materials Science Letters 8, 1035–1039.
Cantwell, W.J., Davies, P., Bourban, P.E., Jar, P.-Y., Richard, H., Kausch, H.H., 1990a. Thermal Joining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced PEEK Laminates. Composite Structures 16,305–321.
Cantwell, W.J., Davies, P., Bourban, P.-E., Jar, P.-Y., Jausch, H.H., 1990b. Joining and Repair of Carbon Fibre/PEEK. Swiss Materials 2(1), 25–29.
Cantwell, W.J., Davies, P., Kausch, H.H., 1991. Repair for Impact-Damaged Carbon Fibre PEEK Composites. SAMPE Journal 27(6), 30–35.
Carraro, C., Katsoulacos, Y., Xepapadeas, A., 1996. Environmental Policy and Market Structure, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Kluwer Academic Pub.
Carsten, R.N., 1993. Ultraschallschweisen von Hochtemperaturbeständigen unverstärkten, kurzglasfaser-und Endlosfaserverstärkten Thermoplasten, Dissertation, Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Angustinus Buchhandlung.
Chang, I.Y., Lees, J.K., 1988. Recent Development in Thermoplastic Composites: A Review of Matrix Systems and Processing Methods. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 1, 277–296.
Cogswell, F.N., Meakin, P.J., Smiley, A.J., Harvey, M.T., Brooth, C., 1989. Thermoplastic Interlayer Bonding for Aromatic Polymer Composites. In: Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE Symposium, 2315–2325.
Cole, K.C., 1992. A review of Recent Developments in Joining High-performance Thermoplastic Composites. In: Hoa, S.V., Gauvin, R. (Eds), Proceedings of Canadian International Composites Conference and Exhibition, 341–348.
Collings, T.A., 1977. The Strength of Bolted Joints in Multi-Directional CFRP Laminates. Composites (Jan.), 43–55.
Collings, T.A., 1982. On the Bearing Strengths of CFRP Laminates. Composites (Jul.), 241–252.
Collings, T. A., 1987. Experimentally Determined Strength of Mechanically Fastened Joints. In: Matthews, F.L. (Ed.), Joining Fibre-Reinforced Plastics. Elsevier Applied Science, 9–63.
Crouch, I.G., Hillier, W.D., 1998. The Design and Manufacture of a Pultruded Connecting Plank for Walkways. In: Proceedings of the 4th World Pultrusion Conference, EPTA (European Pultrusion Technology Association), paper 13 session 4.
Davies, P., Cantwell, W.J., 1993. Bonding and Repair of Thermoplastic Composites. In Kausch, H.-H. (Ed.), Advanced Thermoplastic Composites: Characterization and Processing. Carl Hanser Verlag, 337–366.
Davies, P., Cantwell, W.J., Kausch, H.H., 1989. Healing of Cracks in Carbon Fibre-PEEK Composites. Journal of Materials Science Letters 8, 1247–1248.
Davies, P., Cantwell, W.J., Jar, P.Y., Bourban, P.E., Zysman, V., Kaush, H.H., 1991a. Joining and Repair of a Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic. Composites 22, 425–431.
Davies, P., Courty, C., Xanthopoulos, N., Mathieu, H.-J., 1991b. Surface Treatments for Adhesive Bonding of Carbon Fibre-Poly(etherether ketone) Composites. Journal of Materials Science Letters 10, 335–338.
Devanathan, D., Swarts, D., King, R., 1994a. Ultrapek — A Thermoplastic Super Adhesive. In: Proceedings of the 39th International SAMPE Symposium, 3193–3205.
Devanathan, D., King, R., Swarts, D., Lin, S., Ramani, K., Tagle, J., 1994b. Thermoplastic Polymeric Adhesive for Structural Bonding Applications for Orthopedic Devices. In: Proceedings of the 9th Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites, 29–35.
Don, R.C., Bastien, L.J., Jakobsen, T.B., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1989. Fusion Bonding of Thermoplastic Composite by Resistance Heating. In: Proceedings of the 21st International SAMPE Technical Conference, 935–946.
Don, R.C., Bastien, L.J., Jakobsen, T.B., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1990. Fusion Bonding of Thermoplastic Composites by Resistance Heating. SAMPE Journal 26(1), 59–66.
Don, R.C., Gillepsie Jr, J.W., Lambing, C.L.T., 1992. Experimental Characterization of Processing-Performance Relationship of Resistance Welded Graphite/Polyetherether-ketone Composite Joints. Polymer Engineering and Science 32, 621–631.
Don, R.C., McKnight, S.H., Wetzel, D., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1994. Application of Thermoplastic Resistance Welding Techniques to Thermoset Composites. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC94), 1295–1297.
Don, R.C., Gillespie Jr, J.W., McKnight, S.H., 1997. Bonding Techniques for High Performance Thermoplastic Compositions. United States Patent No. 5, 643,390.
Egerton, M.W., Gruber, M.B., 1988. Thermoplastic Filament Winding Demonstrating Economics and Properties via in-situ Consolidation. In: Proceedings of the 33rd International SAMPE Symposium, 35–46.
Engel, R.S., Weller, S.A., 1997. Cure Simulation for Resistance Cured Composites. In: Scott, M.L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM11) (4), 528–536.
Eveno, E.C., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1988. Resistance Welding of Graphite Polyetheretherketone Composites: An Experimental Investigation. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 1, 322–338.
Eveno, E.C., Gillespie Jr, J.W., Vinson, J.R., 1989. Resistance Welding of Graphite Polyetheretherketone Composites. In: Proceedings of the 47th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′89), 493–495.
Falcone, A., Pate, K.D., Cao, T.Q., Hsu, G.F., Rogalski, M.E., 1996. Evaluation of a High-temperature Adhesive for Aerospace Structural Bonding. In: Proceedings of the 41st International SAMPE Symposium 41, 1035–1046.
Fernie, J.A., Threadgill, P.L., Watson, M.N., 1991. Progress in Joining Advanced Materials. Welding and Metal Fabrication (May), 179–184.
Fish, J.C., Vitlip, M.L., Chen, S.P., 1992. Interlaminar Fracture Characteristics of Bonding Concepts for Thermoplastic Primary Structures. AIAA Journal 30, 1602–1608.
Frantz, J., 1997. Joining Plastics the Sound Way. Machine Design (Feb.), 61–65.
Gehde, M., Ehrestein, G.W., 1991. Joining of Random Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′91), 2518–2522.
Goldsworthy, W.B., Johnson, D.W., 1994. Pultruded Joint System and Tower Structure Made Therewith. United States Patent No. 5, 285,613.
Goldsworthy, W.B., Johnson, D.W., Korzeniowski, G., 1994. Bifurcated Column Joint System for Electrical Transmission Tower. United States Patent No. 5, 285,613.
Grimm, R.A., 1990. Fusion Welding Techniques for Plastics. Welding Journal 69, 23–28.
Grimm, R.A., 1995. Welding Processes for Plastics. Advanced Materials and Processes 147, 27–30.
Grimm, R.A., Yeh, HJ., Ritter, G.W., 1996. Joining of Composites. Composites Manufacturing 12(4), 1–6.
Gutowski, T.G., 1997. Advanced Composite Manufacturing, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Harras, B., Cole, K.C., Vu-Khanh, T., 1996. Optimisation of the Resistance Welding of PEEK-Carbon Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 15, 174–182.
Hart-Smith, L.J., 1987. Design of Adhesively Bonded Joints. In: Matthews, F.L. (Ed.), Joining Fibre Reinforced Plastics. Elsevier Applied Science, 271–311.
Herrera-Franco, P.J., Cloud, G.L., 1992. Strain-Relief Insert for Composite Fasterners — An Experimental Study. Journal of Composite Materials 26, 751–768.
Hinkley, J.A., Grenoble, R.W., Marchello, J.M., 1995. Rapid Welding of Thermoplastic Towpreg Ribbon. In: Proceedings of the 40th International SAMPE Symposium, 1560–1571.
Hogg, I.C, Janardhana, M.N., 1993. Surface Preparation of Adhesively Bonded Joints. In: Chandra, T., Dhingra, A.K., (Eds), Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials: Advanced Composites ′93, 455–461.
Holmes, S.T., Don, R.C., Gillespie Jr, J.W., Howie, I., Ortona, A., 1991. Sequential Resistance Welding of Large-scale IM7/PEEK Double Lap Joints. CCM Report 91-55, Centre for Composite Materials, University of Delaware.
Hornstein, J., 1996. Ultrasonic Assembly of Plastic Parts. In: Proceedings of the 1996 Regional Technical Conference on Decorating in the Year 2000, Society of Plastics Engineers, 64–71.
Hou, M., Friedrich, K., 1992a. Resistance Welding of Continuous Carbon Fibre/Polypropylene Composites. Plastic, Rubber, and Composites Processing and Applications 18, 205–213.
Hou, M., Friedrich, K., 1992b. Resistance Welding of Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyethylene Composites. Composite Manufacturing 3, 153–163.
Hou, M., Ye, L., and Mai, Y.-W., 1997. Resistance Welding of Carbon Fibre Fabric Reinforced Polyetherimide (CF Fabric/PEI) composite material, In: Scott, M.L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM11) (6), 36–45.
Hou, M., Ye, L., Mai, Y.-W., 1999. An Experimental Study of Resistance Welding of Carbon Fibre Fabric Reinforced Polyetherimide (CF Fabric/PEI) Composite Material. Applied Composite Materials 6, 35–49.
Howie, I., Gillespie Jr, J.W., Smiley, J., 1993. Resistance Welding of Graphite-Polyaryl-sulfone/Polysulfone Dual-Polymer Composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 6, 205–225.
Hunt, J., 1990. Joining Thermoplastic Pipe. Chemical Engineering (Feb.), 110–114.
Iden, M., Pham, D., 1995. Boeing 777 Empennage Manufacturing. In: Proceedings of the 40th International SAMPE Symposium, 421–432.
Ingram, C., Ramani, K., 1997. Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Anodization on the Durability of Poly(etherketonetherketoneketone) Adhesive Bonding of Titanium. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 17, 39–45.
Ishikawa, T., Matsushima, M., Lim, E.K.G., Hayashi, Y., Scott, M.L., 1999. Compression After Impact (CAI) Behavior of CF/PDCA Stiffened Panels for HSCT Empennage. In: Massard, T., Vautrin, A. (Eds), CD-ROM Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM12).
Jacaruso, G.J., Davis, G.C., Mclntire, A.J., 1993. Method of Making Thermoplastic Adhesive strip for Bonding Thermoset Composite Structures. United States Patent No. 5, 264,059.
Jacaruso, G.J., Davis, G.C., Mclntire, A.J., 1994. Bonding of Thermoset Composite Structures. United States Patent No. 5, 304, 269.
Jacaruso, G.J., Davis, G.C., Mclntire, A.J., 1995. Heating Means for Thermoplastic Bonding. United States Patent No. 5, 389,184.
Jakobsen, T.B., Don, R.C., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1989. Two-dimensional Thermal Analysis of Resistance Welded Thermoplastic Composites. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1722–1729.
John, M.S., Park, J.B., 1997. Ultrasonic weldability of Painted Plastics. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′97), 1242–1246.
Jouin, P., Lee, T., Vitlip, R., 1991. Manufacture of a Primary Flight Structure using Thermoplastics. In: Proceedings of the 36th International SAMPE Symposium, 1014–1027.
Karamuk, E., Wetzel, E.D., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1995. Modeling and Design of Induction Bonding Process for Infrastructure Rehabilitation with Composite Materials. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′95), 1239–1243.
Kempe, G., Krauss, H., Korger-Roth, G., 1990. Adhesion and Welding of Continuous Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Polyether etherketone (CF-PEEK/APC-2). In: Fuller, J. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM4), 105–112.
Kenney, E., 1992. Designing Plastic Parts for Ultrasonic Assembly. Machine Design 21, 65–68.
Keuchel, K., Cakmak, M., 1991. Spin Welding of Polypropylene: Characterisation of Heat Affected Zone by Micro-Beam WAXC Technique. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC ′91), 2477–2481.
Kim, Y.H., Wool, R.P., 1983. A Theory of Healing at a Polymer-Polymer Interface. Macromolecules 16, 1115–1120.
Kinloch, A.J. 1987. Adhesion and Adhesives, Chapman and Hall.
Kodokian, G.K.A., Kinloch, A.J., 1988. Surface Pretreatment and Adhesion of Thermoplastic Fibre-Composites. Journal of Materials Science Letters 7, 625–627.
Kodokian, G.K.A., Kinloch, A.J., 1989. Structural Adhesive Bonding of Thermoplastic Fibre Composite. Bonding and Repair of Composites Seminar, Rapra Technology and Butterworth Scientific Limited, 57–61.
Kohli, D.K., 1992. Development of Polyimide Adhesives for 371°C (700°F) Structural Performance for Aerospace Bonding Applications. FM® 680 System. In: Proceedings of the 37th International SAMPE Symposium 37, 430–439.
Ku, H.S., Siores, E., Ball, J.A.R., Horsfield, B., 1998. An Important Step in Microwave Processing of Materials: Permittivity Measurements of Thermoplastic Composites at Elevated Temperatures. In: Proceedings of the Pacific Conference on Manufacturing, 68–73.
Ku, H.S., Ball, J.A.R., Siores, E., Chan, P., 1999. Complex Permittivity of Low Loss Thermoplastic Composites Using a Resonant Cavity Method. In: Massard, T., Vautrin, A. (Eds), CD-ROM Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM12).
Lambing, C.L.T., Don, R.C., Andersen, S.M., Holmes, S.T., Leach, B.S., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1991. Design and Manufacture of an Automated Resistance Welder for Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC ′91), 2527–2531.
Lambing, C.L.T., Andersen, S.M., Holmes, S.T., Don, R.C., Leach, B.S., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1993. Apparatus and Method for Resistance Welding. United States Patent No. 5,225,025.
Leatherman, A.F., 1977. Composite Plastic-Metallic Bonding Means and Method. United States Patent No. 4,029,837.
Lee, D.E., Hahn, H.T., 1997a. Composite Additive Locking Elements (C-Locks) for Standard Structural Components. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the American Society for Composites (ASC), 774–783.
Lee, D.E., Hahn H.T., 1997b. Comparative Assembly Cost Performance Analysis of Joint Technology in Composite Structures. In: Proceedings of the American Society for Composites 12th Annual Conference (ASC), 756–765.
Lee, D.E., Hahn, H.T., 1998. Integral Fit Joint Technologies for Composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 11, 144–169.
Lee, L.-H., 1991. Adhesive Bonding, Plenum Press.
Lee, W.I., Springer, G.S., 1984a. Microwave Curing of Composites. Journal of Composite Materials 18, 387–409.
Lee, W.I., Springer, G.S., 1984b. Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Organic Matrix Composites. Journal of Composite Materials 18, 357–386.
Lee, W.I., Springer, G.S., 1987. A Model of the Manufacturing Process of Thermoplastic Matrix Composites. Journal of Composite Materials 21, 1017–1055.
Lees, W.A., 1989. Adhesives and Fasteners. Joining and Materials 2, 377–381.
Li, M.-C., Loos, A.C., 1992. The Effects of Processing on Interply Bond Strength of Thermoplastic Composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 11, 1142–1162.
Lin, W., Buneman, O., Miller, A.K., 1991. Induction Heating Model for Graphite Fibre/Thermoplastic Matrix Composites. SAMPE Journal 27(6), 45–51.
Loven, W.E., 1997. Structural Bonding for Thermoplastics and Composites. Adhesives Age (Dec), 22–25.
Luscher, A.F., Gabriele, G.A., Bonenberger, P.R., Messler, R.W., 1995. A Classification Scheme for Integral Attachments Features. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Technical Conference (ANTE′95), 3783–3787.
Maffezzoli, A.M., Kenny, J.M., Nicolais, L., 1989. Welding of PEEK/Carbon Fibre Composite Laminates. SAMPE Journal 25(1), 35–39.
Maguire, D.M., 1989. Joining Thermoplastic Composites. SAMPE Journal 25(1), 11–14.
Mahon, J., Rutkowski, C., Oelcher, W., 1991. Induction Bonding Procedures for Graphite Reinforced Thermoplastic Assemblies. In: Proceedings of the 23rd International SAMPE Technical Conference 23, 724–738.
Mantell, S.C., Wang, Q., Springer, G. S., 1992. Processing Thermoplastic Composites in a Press and by Tape Laying — Experimental results. Journal of Composite Materials 26, 2378–2401.
Marinelli, J.M., Lambing, C.L.T., 1994. Advancements in Welding Technology for Composite-to-Metallic Joints, Journal of Advanced Materials 25, 20–27.
Matsuoka, S.-C., 1995. Ultrasonic Welding and Characteristics of Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic: Comparison between the Paper-making Method and the Impregnation Method. Journal of Material Processing and Technology 55, 427–431.
Matthews, F.L., 1987. Joining Fibre-Reinforced Plastics, Elsevier Applied Science.
Mayhew, R.T., Kohli, D.K., 1996. Development of High Temperature Service Polyimide based Adhesives for Titanium and Composite Bonding Applications. In: Proceedings of the 41st International SAMPE Symposium, 1024–1034.
Mazumbar, S.K., Hoa, S.V., 1993a. Comparative Effect of the Processing by Hot Gas and Laser Heating on Properties of APC-2 (PEEK/CARBON) Composite Rings. In: Miravete, A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM9), 341–348.
Mazumbar, S.K., Hoa, S.V., 1993b. Experimental Determination of Process Parameters for Laser Assisted Processing of PEEK/Carbon Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 38th International SAMPE Symposium, 189–204.
Mazumbar, S.K., Hoa., S.V., 1996. Determination of Manufacturing Conditions for Hot-Gas-Aided Thermoplastic Tape Winding. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 9, 35–53.
Mclntire, A.J., Davis, G.C., 1994a. Bonding of Thermoplastic Composite Structures to Metal Structures. United States Patent No. 5,342,464.
Mclntire, A.J., Davis, G.C., 1994b. Bonding of Thermoset Composite Structures to Metal Structures. United States Patent No. 5,322,580.
McKnight, S.H., Holmes, S.T., Gillespie Jr, J.W., Lambing, C.L.T., Marinelli, J.M., 1993a. Resistance Heated Fusion Bonding of Carbon Fibre/PEEK Composites and 7075-T6 Aluminium. In: Proceedings of the 51st Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′93), 1474–1479.
McKnight, S.H., McBride, M.G., Gillespie, Jr, J.W., 1993b. Joioning of Polypropylene and Aluminium: Evalutation of Environmental Durability. In: Proceedings of the 25th International SAMPE Technical Conference, 353–365.
McKnight, S.H., Bourban, P.E., Gillespie, J.W. Jr, Karbhari, V.M., 1994. Surface Preparation of Steel for Adhesive Bonding in Rehabilitation Applications. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Materials Engineering Conference Infrastructure, pp.1148–1155.
McKnight, S.H., Holmes, S.T., Gillespie Jr, J.W., Lambing, C.L.T., Marinelli, J.M., 1997. Scaling Issues in Resistance Welded Thermoplastic Composite Joints. Advances in Polymer Technology 16, 279–295.
McKnight, S.H., Don, R.C., Scott, M., Braem, A., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1995. Experimental Investigation of Diffusion Enhanced Adhesive Bonding for Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′95), 1264–1268.
Michel, P, 1989. An Analysis of the Extrusion Welding Process. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1376–1381.
Miyasaka, C., Tittmann, B.R., Costanzo, F., 1999. In-situ Ultrasonic Imaging of CF/PEEK during Delamination Closure at Elevated Temperature. In: Massard, T., Vautrin, A. (Eds), CD-ROM Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM12).
Offringa, A.R., 1992. Thermoplastic — Moving into Series Production. In: Proceedings of the 37th International SAMPE Symposium, 1028–1039.
Ong, C.-L., Sheu, M.-F., Liou, Y.-Y., 1989. The Repair of Thermoplastic Composites after Impact. In: Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE Symposium, 458–469.
Potente, H., Kaiser, H., 1990. Process Variant of Vibration Welding with Variable Welding Pressure, Advances in Joining New Structural Materials. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of the International Welding Institute, 355–359.
Potente, H., Natrop, J., Kilt Pedersen, T., Uebbing, M., 1993. Comparative Investigation into the Welding of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced PES. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 6, 147–159.
Powers, J.W. and Trzakos, W.J., 1989. Recent Developments in Adhesives for Bonding Advanced Thermoplastic Composite. In: Proceedings of the 34th International SAMPE Symposium, 1987–1998.
Prabhakaran, R., 1982. Photoelastic Investigation of Bolted Joints in Composites. Composites, July, 253–256.
Price, W.A., Anderson, D.P., Carlin, D.M., 1990. Reprocessability of APX(ITX) Composite Material. In: Proceedings of the 35th International SAMPE Symposium, 46–58.
Progar, DJ., 1986. Adhesive Evaluation of LARC-TPI and a Water-soluble Version of LARC-PTI. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 6, 12–20.
Progar, D.J., St Clair, T.L., 1986. Evaluation of a Novel Thermoplastic Polyimide for Bonding Titanium. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 6, 25–30.
Ramani, K., Ingram, C., 1996. Durability of Thermoplastic Adhesive Bonding to Metals: Ti to PEKEKK. In: Proceedings of the 11th Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites (ASC), 1069–1075.
Ramani, K, Moriarty, B, 1997. Thermoplastic Bonding to Metals via Injection Molding for Macro-Composite Manufacture. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′97), 1145–1148.
Ramani, K., Tagle, J., 1996. Process-Induced Effects in Thin-Film Bonding of PEKEKK in Metal-Polymer Joints. Polymer Composites 17, 879–886.
Ramani, K., Zhao, W., 1997. The Development of Residual Stresses during Thermoplastic Adhesive Bonding to Metals. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′97), 1160–1164.
Ramani, K., Tagle, J., Devanathan, D., Nazre, A., Lin, S., 1995a. Thermoplastic Bonding for Structural Applications: The Role of Processing. In: Poursartip, A., Street, K. (Eds), Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM10) (3), 309–316.
Ramani, K., Tagle, J., Devanathan, D., Nazre, A., Swarts, D., Lin, S., 1995b. Thin-Film Thermoplastic-Metal Joining Process for Titanium to Poly (EtherKetoneEtherKetone-Ketone), Polymer Engineering and Science 35, 1972–1978.
Ramarathnam, G., North, T.H., Libertucci, M., Woodhams, R.T., 1990. Ultrasonic Bonding of High Strength Polypropylene to Aluminium. In: Proceedings of the 48th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′90), 1778–1782.
Rudolf, R., Neitzel, M., Strohfuss, W., 1997. Interaction of Variables in Vibration Welding of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics. In: Proceedings of the 29th International SAMPE Technical Conference, 462–474.
Rudolf, R., Mitschang, P., Neitzel, M., Rueckert, C., 1999. Welding of High-Performance Thermoplastic Composites. Polymers and Polymer Composites 7, 309–315.
Rutten, G., Goffaux, B., Verpoest, I., 1991. Welding of Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 12th SAMPE European Conference, 133–144.
Sanders, P., 1987. Electromagnetic Welding: An Advance in Thermoplastic Assembly. Materials and Design 8(1), 41–45.
Sherrick, G.O., Rosenthal, J.R., 1985. System and method for producing cured composites. United States Patent No. 4, 560,428.
Schlarb, A.K., Ehrenstein, G.W., 1989. The Impact Strength of Butt Welded Vibration Welds Related to Microstructure and Welding History. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1677–1682.
Schmitt, R.R., Horn, W.J., 1990. Viscoelastic Relaxation in Bolted Thermoplastic Composite Joints. In: Proceedings of the 35th International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition — Advanced Materials: the Challenge for the Next Decade (2), 1336–1347.
Schwartz, M.M., 1994. Joining of Composite Materials, ASM International, 35–88.
Schwartz, M.M., 1997. Composite Materials, Volume 1: Properties, Nondestructive testing and Repair, Prentice Hall PTR.
Silverman, E.M., Forbes, W.C., 1990. Cost Analysis of Thermoplastic Composites Processing Methods for Spacecraft Structures. SAMPE Journal 26(6), 9–15.
Silverman, E.M., Griese, R.A., 1989. Joining Methods for Graphite/PEEK Thermoplastic Composites. SAMPE Journal 25(5), 34–38.
Sindt, M.R., 1976. Fastening Device for Use with Induction Heater Apparatus and System for Holding Together Two Nonmetal Surfaces. United States Patent No. 3,996,402.
Siores, E., 1996. Joining Thermoplastic using Solar Energy. Materials World 4, 387–388.
Siores, E., 1997. Thermoplastic Joining using Solar Energy Concentrator. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 37, 1273–1279.
Siores, E., Rego, D.D., 1994. Joining Materials with Microwave Energy. Australian Welding Journal 39 (Second Quarter), 18–21.
Skiles, J.A., Wightman, J.P., 1988. Heat-resistant Thermoplastic/Chromic Acid Anodized Ti-6-Al-4V Single Lap Bond Evaluation. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 8, 201–206.
Skiles, J.A., Wightman, J.P., 1989. Influence of Chromic Acid Anodization Conditions upon Anodized Ti-6A1-4V/Polysulfone Single Lap Bond Strength. SAMPE Journal 25(1), 41–45.
Smiley, A.J., Halbritter, A., Cogswell, F.N., Meakin, P.J., 1991. Dual Bonding of Thermoplastic Composite Structures. Polymer Engineering and Science 31, 526–532.
Sonmez, F.O., Hahn, H.T., 1997. Analysis of the On-line Consolidation Process of Thermoplastic Composite Tape Placement. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 10, 543–572.
Staicovici, S., Wu, C.Y., Benatar, A., 1997. Welding and Disassembly of Microwave HDPE Bars. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′97), 1140–1144.
Stevens, S.M., 1997. Characterisation of Nylon 6,6 Vibration Welds. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′97), 1228–1232.
Stokes, V.K., 1988a. Vibration Welding of Thermoplastics. Part I: Phenomenology of the Welding Process. Polymer Engineering and Science 28, 718–727.
Stokes, V.K., 1988b. Vibration Welding of Thermoplastics. Part II: Analysis of the Welding Process. Polymer Engineering and Science 28, 728–739.
Stokes, V.K., 1988c. Vibration Welding of Thermoplastics. Part III: Strength of Polycarbonate Butt Welds. Polymer Engineering and Science 28, 989–997.
Stokes, V.K., 1988d. Vibration Welding of Thermoplastics. Part IV: Strengths of poly (butylene terephthalate, Polyetherimide, and modified poly-phenylene Oxide Butt Welds. Polymer Engineering and Science 28, 998–1008.
Stokes, V.K., 1989a. Joining Methods for Plastics and Plastic Composites: An Overview. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1310–1324.
Stokes, V.K., 1989b. Thickness Effects in the Vibration Welding of Polycarbonate. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1683–1688.
Stokes, V.K., Hobbs, S.Y., 1989. Strength and Bonding Mechanisms in Vibration-Welded Polycarbonate to Polyetherimide Joint. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1667–1676.
Stokes, V.K., Poslinski, A.J., 1995. Effect of Variable Viscosity on the Steady Melting of Thermoplastics during Spin Welding. Polymer Engineering and Science 35, 441–459.
Strong, A.B., 1993. High Performance and Engineering Thermoplastic Composites, Technomic Pub.
Strong, A.B., Johnson, D.P., Jonhson, B.A., 1990. Variable Interactions in Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composites. SAMPE Quarterly (Jan.), 36–41.
Sugama, T., Carciello, N.R., Miura, M, 1991. Interfaces of Polyphenylene Sulphide-to-Metal Joints. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 11, 97–104.
Sugama, T., Carciello, N.R., Miura, M, 1992. Adhesion of Crystalline Polyphenyletheretherketone (PEEK) in metal-metal joints. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 12, 27–37.
Sugama, T., Carciello, N.R., Miura, M, 1993. Polyphenyletherketone and polyphenylethersulfone adhesives for metal-to-metal joints. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 13, 257–266.
Swartz, H.D., Swartz, J.L., 1989. Focused Infrared Melt Fusion: Another Option for Welding thermoplastic Composites, SME Technical Paper. Joining Composites, EM89-175, 1–16.
Tackitt, K.D., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1996. Through Transmission Ultrasonics for Process Monitoring of Thermoplastic Fusion Bonding. In: Proceedings of the 1 lth Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites (ASC), 812–821.
Tagle, J., Ramani, K., Weidner, W., Devanathan, D., 1996. Poly ether ketone ether ketone ketone (PEKEKK) as a thermoplastic adhesive in metal-to-metal joints for structural orthopedic applications. In: Proceedings of the 5th World Biomaterials Congress 2, p. 43.
Tappe, P, Potente, H., 1989. New Results on the Spin Welding of Plastics. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1655–1660.
Tateishi, N., Zach, T.B., Woodhams, R.T., North, T.H., 1989. Ultrasonic Bonding of Rolldrawn Polypropylene Using Tie-layers. In: Proceedings of the 47th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC89), 496–498.
Tavakoli, S.M., Legatt, R.H., 1997. Assessment of Ageing Properties and Residual Stresses in PEEK Welds. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′97), 1218–1222.
Taylor, M., 1995. Environmental Change: Industry, Power and Politics, Organisation for Industrial Space Series, Avebury.
Taylor, N.S., 1991. The Application of Ultrasonic Welding to Short Glass Fibre Reinforced Thermplastics. Composite Polymers 4, 316–330.
Taylor, N.S., 1994. Joining Thermoplastic Lined Steel Pipe. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′94), 1356–1359.
Taylor, N.S., Davenport, R., 1991. The Resistive Implant Welding of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. In: Proceedings of the 49th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′91), 2038–2041.
Taylor, N.S., Jones, S.B., 1990. The Feasibility of Welding Thermoplastic Composite Materials. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Joining and Cutting Processes, Abington Publishing, 424–435.
Taylor, N.S., Watson, M.N., 1988. Welding Techniques for Plastics and Composites. Joining and Materials (Aug.), 70–73.
Tierney, J.J., Heider, D., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1997. Welding of Thermoplastic Composites using the Automated Tow-Placement Process: Modelling and Control. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′97), 1165–1170.
Tietenberg, T.H., 1998. Environmental Economics and Policy, 2nd Edition, Addison-Westley Educational Pub. Inc.
Todd, S.M., 1990. Joining Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International SAMPE Technical Conference 22, 383–392.
Tognini, R., Loher, U., Peter, Th., Raschle, R., Mayer, J., Wintermantel, E., 1999. Fatigue Properties of CF/PEEK Cortical Bone Screws Produced by Composite Transfer Squeeze Forming (CTSF). In: Massard, T., Vautrin, A. (Eds), CD-ROM Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM12).
Tosh, M.W., Kelly, D.W., 1999. Design and Manufacturing Issues for Trajectorial Fibre Steering in Composite Structures. In: Bandyopadhyay, S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st ACUN (Australia-Canada-USA-New Zealand) Conference, 239–242.
Troughton, M.J., Hinchcliff, F.A., 1997. A Study of the Applicability of the Tensile Weld Test for Thick Walled Polyethylene Pipe. In: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′97), 1214–1217.
Varadan, V.K., Varadan, V.V., 1991. Microwave Joining and Repair of Composite Materials. Polymer Engineering and Science 31, 470–486.
Venables, J.D., 1984. Adhesion and Durability of Metal-Polymer Bonds. Journal of Materials Science 19, 2431–2453.
Vervlied, J., Heward, C., 1991. Susceptor-less Induction Welding Using FILMIX Co-spun Thermoplastic Blends. In: Proceedings of the Conference: Composites in Manufacturing, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1–10.
Vinson, J.R., 1989. Mechanical Fastening of Polymer Composites. Polymer Engineering and Science 29, 1332–1339.
Volkov, S.S., Kholopov, Y.V., 1998a. Technology and Equipment for Ultrasound Welding Structures Mode of Polymer-based Composite Materials. Welding International 12, 400–403.
Volkov, S.S., Kholopov, Y.V., 1998b. Technology and equipment for ultrasonic welding of polymer based composite structures. Russian Ultrasonics 28, 145–155.
Volkov, S.S., Granin, I.N., Kholopov, Y.V., 1997a. Ultrasound welding of dissimilar plastics using a thermoplastic interlayer and the effect of surface roughness on weldability. Welding International 11, 393–395.
Volkov, S.S., Garanin, I.N., Kohlopov, Y.V., 1997b. Ultrasonic welding of different types of plastic using a thermoplastic liner and the effect of the surface roughness on the weldability. Russian Ultrasonics 27, 71–77.
Warren, C.D., Paulauskas, F.L., Boeman, R.G., 1999. Laser Ablation Assisted Adhesive Bonding of Automotive Structural Composites, In: Massard, T. Vautrin, A. (Eds), CD-ROM Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM12).
Wegman, R.F., 1989. Surface Preparation Techniques for Adhesive Bonding, Noyes Publications.
Weider, S.M., Lause, HJ., Foutain, R., 1984. Structural Repair Systems for Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 16th National SAMPE Technical Conference, 174–181.
Werdermann, C., Friedrich, K., Cirino, M, Pipes, B., 1989. Design and Fabrication of an On-line Consolidation Facility for Thermoplastic Composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 2,293–306.
Wetzel, E.D., Don, R.C., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1994. Modeling Thermal Degradation during Thermoplastic Fusion Bonding of Thermoset Composites. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′94) (1), 1263–1268.
Whitworth, H.A., 1998. Fatigue Evaluation of Composite Bolted and Bonded Joints. Journal of Advanced Materials 30, 25–31.
Williams, G., Green, S, McAfee, J., Heward, CM., 1990. Induction Welding of Thermoplastic Composites. In: FRC90 — Proceedings, ImechE, 133–136.
Wingfield, J.R.J., 1993. Treatment of Composite Surfaces for Adhesive Bonding. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 13, 151–156.
Wise, R.J., Bates, A.D.H., 1996. Ultrasonic Welding of PES to Aluminium Alloy. In: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′96), 1203–1207.
Wise, R.J., Gosai, K., 1999. Polymer-Coated Material (PC) Joining Technology for Manufacture and Repair of Dissimilar Material Structures. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Joining and Repair of Plastics and Composites, 193–203.
Wise, R.J., Watson, M.N., 1992. A New Approach for Joining Plastics and Composites to Metals. In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′92), 2113–2116.
Wolcott, J., 1989. Recent Advances in Ultrasonic Welding Technology. In: Proceedings of the 47th Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC′89), 502–505.
Wolfe, K.L., Kimbrough, K.L., Dillard, J.G., Harp, S.R., Grant, J.W., 1995. Plasma-sprayed Aluminium and Titanium Adherends: I. Characterisation of Coatings. Journal of Adhesion 55, 109–122.
Wolfe, K.L., Dillard, J.G., Harp, S.R., Grant, J.W., 1997. Plasma-sprayed Aluminium and Titanium Adherends: II. Durability studies for Wedge Specimens Bonded with Polyimide Adhesive. Journal of Adhesion 60, 141–152.
Wool, R.P., O'Connor, K.M., 1981. A Theory of Crack Healing in Polymers. Journal of Applied Physics 52, 5953–5963.
Wu, C.-Y., Benatar, A., 1995. Single Mode Microwave Welding of HDPE using Conductive Polyaniline/HDPE Composites. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Technical Conference (ANTEC ′95), 1244–1247.
Wu, S.-I.Y., 1990. Adhesive Bonding of Thermoplastic Composites. 2. Surface Treatment Study. In: Proceedings of the 35th SAMPE International Symposium, 846–858.
Wu, S.-I.Y., 1991. Dual Resin Bonding of Thermoplastic Composites. In: Proceedings of the 36th International SAMPE Symposium 36, 2174–2183.
Wu, S.-I.Y., Schuler, A.M., Keane, D.V., 1987. Adhesive Bonding of Thermoplastic Composites. 1. The Effect of Surface Treatment on Adhesive Bonding. In: Proceedings of the 19th SAMPE Technical Conference, 277–290.
Xiao, X.R., Hoa, S.V., Street, K.N., 1990. Repair of Thermoplastic Composite Structures by Fusion Bonding. In: Proceedings of the 35th International SAMPE Symposium, 37–45.
Xiao, X.R., Hoa, S.V., Street, K.N., 1992a. Processing and Modelling of Resistance Welding of APC-2 Composite. Journal of Composite Materials 26, 1031–1049.
Xiao, X.R., Hoa, S.V., Street, K.N. 1992b. An Overview on the Repair of Thermoplastic Resin Composite. In: Hoa, S.V., Gauvin, R. (Eds), Composite Structures and Materials. Elsevier Applied Science, 125–133.
Xiao, X.R., Hoa, S.V., Street, K.N., 1994. Repair of Thermoplastic Resin Composite by Fusion Bonding. Composite Bonding, ASTM STP 1227, 30–44.
Xu, C., Verhoff, J., Ramani, K., 1999. Processing and Durability Comparison of a Polyurethane Thermoset and a Hot-melt Thermoplastic Adhesive System Bonded to Galvanised Steel. In: Massard, T., Vautrin, A. (Eds), CD-ROM Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM12).
Yakimov, A., North, T.H., Spelt, J.K., 1992. Effect of Wetting Kinetics on Polypropylene-Aluminum Bond Strength. In: Proceedings of the 24th International SAMPE Technical Conference, 338–344.
Yarlagadda, P.K., Chai, T.C., 1998. An Introduction into Welding of Engineering Thermoplastics using Focused Microwave Energy. Journal of Material Processing Technology 74, 199–212.
Yarlagadda, S., Fink, B.K., Gillespie Jr, J.W., 1998. Resistive Susceptor Design for Uniform Heating during Induction Bonding of Composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 11,321–337.
Yoon, T.-H., McGrath, J., 1991. Adhesion Study of PEEK/Graphite Composites. In: Proceedings of the 36th international SAMPE symposium, 428–436.
Zach, T., Lew, J., North, T.H., Woodhams, R.T., 1989. Joining of High Strength Oriented Polypropylene using Electromagnetic Induction Bonding and Ultrasonic Welding. Materials Science and Technology 5, 281–287.
Zhao, W., Ramani, K., 1999. Residual Stresses and Thermoplastic Adhesive Environmental Cracking. In: Massard, T., Vautrin, A. (Eds), CD-ROM Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM12).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ageorges, C., Ye, L. (2002). State of the Art in Fusion Bonding of Polymer Composites. In: Fusion Bonding of Polymer Composites. Engineering Materials and Processes. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0171-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0171-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1087-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-0171-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive