Abstract
Although the emphasis of this book is on the development of a physical understanding of helium as a cryogenic fluid, the discussion would be incomplete without at least an overview of the various methods of obtaining low-temperature helium. Such methods are based solidly in engineering thermodynamics and rely primarily on a combination of processes that make up a thermodynamic cycle. A thermodynamic cycle consists of a closed circuit where the working fluid, for example helium, is compressed, expanded, and heat exchanged in such a way as to achieve cooling. The most thermodynamically ideal cycle is the Carnot cycle which consists of a combination of isothermal and isentropic processes. However, the Carnot cycle is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve in a practical system. Real refrigeration and liquefaction systems are made up of similar processes and are usually compared in their performance to that of the ideal Carnot cycle. These issues form the content of the present chapter.
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HEPAK® is a data base software available through Cryodata.
REFPROP® is a data base software available through the National Institute for Standards and Technology.
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Further Readings
R. F. Barron, Cryogenic Systems, 2nd ed, Oxford Science Press, 1985.
F. E. Hoare, L. C. Jackson, and N. Kurti, Experimental Cryophysics, Butterworth, London, 1961.
R. B. Scott, Cryogenic engineering, Met-Chem Research, 1959 (1988).
K. Timmerhaus and T. Flynn, Cryogenic Process Engineering, Plenum Press, New York, 1989.
M. W. Zemansky, Heat and Thermodynamics, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
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Van Sciver, S.W. (2012). Liquefaction and Refrigeration Systems. In: Helium Cryogenics. International Cryogenics Monograph Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9979-5_8
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