Skip to main content

Protein Drug Delivery and Formulation Development

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series ((AAPS,volume 2))

Abstract

Several therapeutic agents including low and high molecular weight drugs intended for treating back of the eye disorders are routinely administered as intravitreal injections. Intravitreal injection of Lucentis®, a therapeutic protein, was approved in 2006 for treating the wet form of age-related macular degeneration. This chapter summarizes the challenges and opportunities in delivering therapeutic proteins to the eye. Specifically, barriers to delivery including permeability barriers, examples of marketed therapeutic agents as well as those under development, formulation approaches for proteins, and novel delivery systems are discussed. Wherever appropriate, other macromolecules such as aptamers that bind specific protein targets are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrishami M, Ganavati SZ, Soroush D, Rouhbakhsh M, Jaafari MR, Malaekeh-Nikouei B (2009) Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of nanoliposomes-encapsulated bevacizumab (avastin) for intravitreal administration. Retina 29:699–703

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abuchowski A, van Es T, Palczuk NC, Davis FF (1977) Alteration of immunological properties of bovine serum albumin by covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol. J Biol Chem 252:3578–3581

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akers MJ, Defelippis MR (2000) Peptides and proteins as parenteral suspensions. In: Frokjaer S, Hovgaard L (eds) Pharma-ceutical formulation and development of peptides and proteins. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 145–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambati J, Canakis CS, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES, Edwards A, Weissgold DJ, Kim I, Delori FC, Adamis AP (2000) Diffusion of high molecular weight compounds through sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:1181–1185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amrite AC, Ayalasomayajula SP, Cheruvu NP, Kompella UB (2006) Single periocular injection of celecoxib-PLGA microparticles inhibits diabetes-induced elevations in retinal PGE2, VEGF, and vascular leakage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:1149–1160

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrieu-Soler C, Aubert-Pouessel A, Doat M, Picaud S, Halhal M, Simonutti M, Venier-Julienne MC, Benoit JP, Behar-Cohen F (2005) Intravitreous injection of PLGA microspheres encapsulating GDNF promotes the survival of photoreceptors in the rd1/rd1 mouse. Mol Vis 11:1002–1011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apte RS, Modi M, Masonson H, Patel M, Whitfield L, Adamis AP (2007) Pegaptanib 1-year systemic safety results from a safety-pharmacokinetic trial in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 114:1702–1712

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arevalo JF, Fromow-Guerra J, Quiroz-Mercado H, Sanchez JG, Wu L, Maia M, Berrocal MH, Solis-Vivanco A, Farah ME (2007) Primary intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) for diabetic macular edema: results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 6-month follow-up. Ophthalmology 114:743–750

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Augustin AJ, Puls S, Offermann I (2007) Triple therapy for choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration: verteporfin PDT, bevacizumab, and dexamethasone. Retina 27:133–140

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avery RL, Pieramici DJ, Rabena MD, Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, Giust MJ (2006) Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 113:363–372

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakri SJ, Snyder MR, Reid JM, Pulido JS, Ezzat MK, Singh RJ (2007a) Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis). Ophthalmology 114:2179–2182

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakri SJ, Snyder MR, Reid JM, Pulido JS, Singh RJ (2007b) Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin). Ophthalmology 114:855–859

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramaniam J, Kant S, Pandit JK (2003) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the Gelrite gellan gum-based ocular delivery system for indomethacin. Acta Pharm 53:251–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bashshur ZF, Bazarbachi A, Schakal A, Haddad ZA, El Haibi CP, Noureddin BN (2006) Intravitreal bevacizumab for the management of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 142:1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baum J, Peyman GA, Barza M (1982) Intravitreal administration of antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. III. Consensus. Surv Ophthalmol 26:204–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BenEzra D, Maftzir G, Hochberg E, Anteby I, Lorberboum-Galski H (1995) Ocular distribution of the chimeric protein IL2-PE40. Curr Eye Res 14:153–158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bock F, Konig Y, Kruse F, Baier M, Cursiefen C (2008) Bevacizumab (avastin) eye drops inhibit corneal neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 246:281–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bordaberry M, Marques DL, Pereira-Lima JC, Marcon IM, Schmid H (2009) Repeated peribulbar injections of triamcinolone acetonide: a successful and safe treatment for moderate to severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 87:58–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buch PK, MacLaren RE, Duran Y, Balaggan KS, MacNeil A, Schlichtenbrede FC, Smith AJ, Ali RR (2006) In contrast to AAV-mediated Cntf expression, AAV-mediated Gdnf expression enhances gene replacement therapy in rodent models of retinal degeneration. Mol Ther 14:700–709

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budd JM, Brown JP, Thomas J, Hardwick M, McDonald P, Barber K (2009) A comparison of sub-Tenon’s with peribulbar anaesthesia in patients undergoing sequential bilateral cataract surgery. Anaesthesia 64:19–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campochiaro PA, Nguyen QD, Shah SM, Klein ML, Holz E, Frank RN, Saperstein DA, Gupta A, Stout JT, Macko J, DiBartolomeo R, Wei LL (2006) Adenoviral vector-delivered pigment epithelium-derived factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results of a phase I clinical trial. Hum Gene Ther 17:167–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlfors J, Edsman K, Petersson R, Jornving K (1998) Rheological evaluation of Gelrite in situ gels for ophthalmic use. Eur J Pharm Sci 6:113–119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter JF, Pikal MJ, Chang BS, Randolph TW (1997) Rational design of stable lyophilized protein formulations: some practical advice. Pharm Res 14:969–975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cayouette M, Smith SB, Becerra SP, Gravel C (1999) Pigment epithelium-derived factor delays the death of photoreceptors in mouse models of inherited retinal degenerations. Neurobiol Dis 6:523–532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakravarthy U, Adamis AP, Cunningham ET Jr, Goldbaum M, Guyer DR, Katz B, Patel M (2006) Year 2 efficacy results of 2 randomized controlled clinical trials of pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 113(1508):e1501–e1525

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang BS, Hershenson S (2002) Practical approaches to protein formulation development. Pharm Biotechnol 13:1–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang BS, Kendrick BS, Carpenter JF (1996) Surface-induced denaturation of proteins during freezing and its inhibition by surfactants. J Pharm Sci 85:1325–1330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Wiesmann C, Fuh G, Li B, Christinger HW, McKay P, de Vos AM, Lowman HB (1999) Selection and analysis of an optimized anti-VEGF antibody: crystal structure of an affinity-matured Fab in complex with antigen. J Mol Biol 293:865–881

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Congdon N, O’Colmain B, Klaver CC, Klein R, Munoz B, Friedman DS, Kempen J, Taylor HR, Mitchell P (2004) Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 122:477–485

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham ET Jr, Adamis AP, Altaweel M, Aiello LP, Bressler NM, D’Amico DJ, Goldbaum M, Guyer DR, Katz B, Patel M, Schwartz SD (2005) A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 112:1747–1757

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado C, Francis GE, Fisher D (1992) The uses and properties of PEG-linked proteins. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 9:249–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demetriades AM, Deering T, Liu H, Lu L, Gehlbach P, Packer JD, Mac Gabhann F, Popel AS, Wei LL, Campochiaro PA (2008) Trans-scleral delivery of antiangiogenic proteins. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 24:70–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeStafeno JJ, Kim T (2007) Topical bevacizumab therapy for corneal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol 125:834–836

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donati G (2007) Emerging therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: state of the art. Ophthalmologica 221:366–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dratviman-Storobinsky O, Lubin BC, Hasanreisoglu M, Goldenberg-Cohen N (2009) Effect of subconjuctival and intraocular bevacizumab injection on angiogenic gene expression levels in a mouse model of corneal neovascularization. Mol Vis 15:2326–2338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunaief JL, Dentchev T, Ying GS, Milam AH (2002) The role of apoptosis in age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 120:1435–1442

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durairaj C, Shah JC, Senapati S, Kompella UB (2009) Prediction of vitreal half-life based on drug physicochemical properties: quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPKR). Pharm Res 26:1236–1260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich R, Weinberger D, Priel E, Axer-Siegel R (2008) Outcome of bevacizumab (avastin) injection in patients with age-related macular degeneration and low visual acuity. Retina 28:1302–1307

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Einmahl S, Savoldelli M, D’Hermies F, Tabatabay C, Gurny R, Behar-Cohen F (2002) Evaluation of a novel biomaterial in the suprachoroidal space of the rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:1533–1539

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eremina V, Sood M, Haigh J, Nagy A, Lajoie G, Ferrara N, Gerber HP, Kikkawa Y, Miner JH, Quaggin SE (2003) Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J Clin Invest 111:707–716

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faktorovich EG, Steinberg RH, Yasumura D, Matthes MT, LaVail MM (1990) Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor. Nature 347:83–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feher J, Kovacs I, Pacella E, Keresz S, Spagnardi N, Balacco Gabrieli C (2009) Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) attenuated capsaicin-induced neurotrophic keratouveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:5173–5180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara N (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 25:581–611

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara N, Gerber HP (2001) The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in angiogenesis. Acta Haematol 106:148–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara N, Hillan KJ, Gerber HP, Novotny W (2004) Discovery and development of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:391–400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara N, Damico L, Shams N, Lowman H, Kim R (2006) Development of ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antigen binding fragment, as therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 26:859–870

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furrer E, Berdugo M, Stella C, Behar-Cohen F, Gurny R, Feige U, Lichtlen P, Urech DM (2009) Pharmacokinetics and posterior segment biodistribution of ESBA105, an anti-TNF-a single-chain antibody, upon topical administration to the rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:771–778

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giganti M, Beer PM, Lemanski N, Hartman C, Schartman J, Falk N (2010) Adverse events after intravitreal infliximab (remicade). Retina 30:71–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham ET Jr, Feinsod M, Guyer DR (2004) Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 351:2805–2816

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory-Evans K, Chang F, Hodges MD, Gregory-Evans CY (2009) Ex vivo gene therapy using intravitreal injection of GDNF-secreting mouse embryonic stem cells in a rat model of retinal degeneration. Mol Vis 15:962–973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Group MPS (1991) Laser photocoagulation of subfoveal neovascular lesions in age-related macular degeneration. Results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 109:1220–1231

    Google Scholar 

  • Haritoglou C, Kook D, Neubauer A, Wolf A, Priglinger S, Strauss R, Gandorfer A, Ulbig M, Kampik A (2006) Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) therapy for persistent diffuse diabetic macular edema. Retina 26:999–1005

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris JM, Chess RB (2003) Effect of pegylation on pharmaceuticals. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:214–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi A, Naseri A, Pennesi ME, De Juan E Jr (2009) Subretinal delivery of immunoglobulin G with gold nanoparticles in the rabbit eye. Jpn J Ophthalmol 53:249–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heier JS, Antoszyk AN, Pavan PR, Leff SR, Rosenfeld PJ, Ciulla TA, Dreyer RF, Gentile RC, Sy JP, Hantsbarger G, Shams N (2006) Ranibizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a phase I/II multicenter, controlled, multidose study. Ophthalmology 113:633–642

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermeling S, Crommelin DJ, Schellekens H, Jiskoot W (2004) Structure-immunogenicity relationships of therapeutic proteins. Pharm Res 21:897–903

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman H, Pisch-Heberle S (2000) Analytical methods and stability testing of biopharmaceuticals. In: McNally EJ (ed) Protein formulation and delivery. Informa Healthcare, New York, pp 71–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovorka S, Schoneich C (2001) Oxidative degradation of pharmaceuticals: theory, mechanisms and inhibition. J Pharm Sci 90:253–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, Cartwright T, Hainsworth J, Heim W, Berlin J, Baron A, Griffing S, Holmgren E, Ferrara N, Fyfe G, Rogers B, Ross R, Kabbinavar F (2004) Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350:2335–2342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iliev ME, Domig D, Wolf-Schnurrbursch U, Wolf S, Sarra GM (2006) Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 142:1054–1056

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israelachvili J (1997) The different faces of poly(ethylene glycol). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:8378–8379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe GJ, Martin D, Callanan D, Pearson PA, Levy B, Comstock T (2006) Fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert) for noninfectious posterior uveitis: thirty-four-week results of a multicenter randomized clinical study. Ophthalmology 113:1020–1027

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarosch F, Buchner K, Klussmann S (2006) In vitro selection using a dual RNA library that allows primerless selection. Nucleic Acids Res 34:e86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang C, Moore MJ, Zhang X, Klassen H, Langer R, Young M (2007) Intravitreal injections of GDNF-loaded biodegradable microspheres are neuroprotective in a rat model of glaucoma. Mol Vis 13:1783–1792

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser PK (2005) Verteporfin therapy in combination with triamcinolone: published studies investigating a potential synergistic effect. Curr Med Res Opin 21:705–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karalezli A, Borazan M, Akova YA (2008) Intracameral triamcinolone acetonide to control postoperative inflammation following cataract surgery with phacoemulsification. Acta Ophthalmol 86:183–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khossravi M, Borchardt RT (2000) Chemical pathways of peptide degradation. X: effect of metal-catalyzed oxidation on the solution structure of a histidine-containing peptide fragment of human relaxin. Pharm Res 17:851–858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YS, Jones LS, Dong A, Kendrick BS, Chang BS, Manning MC, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF (2003) Effects of sucrose on conformational equilibria and fluctuations within the native-state ensemble of proteins. Protein Sci 12:1252–1261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kompella UB, Lee VHL (1991) Pharmacokinetics of peptide and protein drugs. In: Lee VHL (ed) Peptide and protein drug delivery. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 391–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Kompella UB, Bandi N, Ayalasomayajula SP (2003) Subconjunctival nano- and microparticles sustain retinal delivery of budesonide, a corticosteroid capable of inhibiting VEGF expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:1192–1201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kompella UB, Sundaram S, Raghava S, Escobar ER (2006) Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist and transferrin functionalizations enhance nanoparticle delivery in a novel bovine ex vivo eye model. Mol Vis 12:1185–1198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kompella UB, Rajendra SK, Lee VHL (2010) Recent advances in ophthalmic drug delivery. Ther Deliv 1:435–456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koushik K, Kompella UB (2004) Preparation of large porous deslorelin-PLGA microparticles with reduced residual solvent and cellular uptake using a supercritical carbon dioxide process. Pharm Res 21:524–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landa G, Amde W, Doshi V, Ali A, McGevna L, Gentile RC, Muldoon TO, Walsh JB, Rosen RB (2009) Comparative study of intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) versus ranibizumab (lucentis) in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica 223:370–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaVail MM, Yasumura D, Matthes MT, Lau-Villacorta C, Unoki K, Sung CH, Steinberg RH (1998) Protection of mouse photoreceptors by survival factors in retinal degenerations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:592–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee VH, Robinson JR (1986) Topical ocular drug delivery: recent developments and future challenges. J Ocul Pharmacol 2:67–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee TW, Robinson JR (2001) Drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye: some insights on the penetration pathways after subconjunctival injection. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 17:565–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee H, Jang IH, Ryu SH, Park TG (2003) N-terminal site-specific mono-PEGylation of epidermal growth factor. Pharm Res 20:818–825

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leveillard T, Mohand-Said S, Lorentz O, Hicks D, Fintz AC, Clerin E, Simonutti M, Forster V, Cavusoglu N, Chalmel F, Dolle P, Poch O, Lambrou G, Sahel JA (2004) Identification and characterization of rod-derived cone viability factor. Nat Genet 36:755–759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liang FQ, Dejneka NS, Cohen DR, Krasnoperova NV, Lem J, Maguire AM, Dudus L, Fisher KJ, Bennett J (2001) AAV-mediated delivery of ciliary neurotrophic factor prolongs photoreceptor survival in the rhodopsin knockout mouse. Mol Ther 3:241–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Gaza-Bulseco G, Faldu D, Chumsae C, Sun J (2008) Heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Sci 97:2426–2447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machida S, Chaudhry P, Shinohara T, Singh DP, Reddy VN, Chylack LT Jr, Sieving PA, Bush RA (2001) Lens epithelium-derived growth factor promotes photoreceptor survival in light-damaged and RCS rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:1087–1095

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May DR, Klein ML, Peyman GA (1976) A prospective study of xenon arc photocoagulation for central retinal vein occlusion. Br J Ophthalmol 60:816–818

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehvar R (2000) Modulation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of proteins by polyethylene glycol conjugation. J Pharm Pharm Sci 3:125–136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mori K, Gehlbach P, Ando A, McVey D, Wei L, Campochiaro PA (2002) Regression of ocular neovascularization in response to increased expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:2428–2434

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moshfeghi AA, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, Michels S, Marcus EN, Lenchus JD, Venkatraman AS (2006) Systemic bevacizumab (avastin) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: twenty-four-week results of an uncontrolled open-label clinical study. Ophthalmology 113(2002):e2001–e2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagpal M, Marlecha S, Nagpal K (2010) Comparison of laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy using 532-nm standard laser versus multispot pattern scan laser. Retina 30:452–458

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng EWM, Shima DT, Calias P, Cunningham ET Jr, Guyer DR, Adamis AP (2006) Pegaptanib, a targeted anti-VEGF aptamer for ocular vascular disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:123–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen QD, Shah SM, Hafiz G, Quinlan E, Sung J, Chu K, Cedarbaum JM, Campochiaro PA (2006) A phase I trial of an IV-administered vascular endothelial growth factor trap for treatment in patients with choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 113:1522; e1521–1522; e1514

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen QD, Shah SM, Browning DJ, Hudson H, Sonkin P, Hariprasad SM, Kaiser P, Slakter JS, Haller J, Do DV, Mieler WF, Chu K, Yang K, Ingerman A, Vitti RL, Berliner AJ, Cedarbaum JM, Campochiaro PA (2009) A phase I study of intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor trap-eye in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 116(11):2141–2148

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nie Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Chen J (2006) Preparation and stability of N-terminal mono-PEGylated recombinant human endostatin. Bioconjug Chem 17:995–999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nimjee SM, Rusconi CP, Harrington RA, Sullenger BA (2005) The potential of aptamers as anticoagulants. Trends Cardiovasc Med 15:41–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nissen NN, Polverini PJ, Koch AE, Volin MV, Gamelli RL, DiPietro LA (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor mediates angiogenic activity during the proliferative phase of wound healing. Am J Pathol 152:1445–1452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen TW, Edelhauser HF, Lim JI, Geroski DH (1995) Human scleral permeability. Effects of age, cryotherapy, transscleral diode laser, and surgical thinning. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:1893–1903

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen GR, Brooks AC, James O, Robertson SM (2007) A novel in vivo rabbit model that mimics human dosing to determine the distribution of antibiotics in ocular tissues. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 23:335–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prausnitz MR, Noonan JS (1998) Permeability of cornea, sclera, and conjunctiva: a literature analysis for drug delivery to the eye. J Pharm Sci 87:1479–1488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu G, Seiler MJ, Mui C, Arai S, Aramant RB, De Juan E Jr, Sadda S (2005) Photoreceptor differentiation and integration of retinal progenitor cells transplanted into transgenic rats. Exp Eye Res 80:515–525

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raghava S, Hammond M, Kompella UB (2004) Periocular routes for retinal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 1:99–114

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raghuram A, Saravanan VR, Narendran V (2007) Intracameral injection of bevacizumab (avastin) to treat anterior chamber neovascular membrane in a painful blind eye. Indian J Ophthalmol 55:460–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regillo CD, Brown DM, Abraham P, Yue H, Ianchulev T, Schneider S, Shams N (2008) Randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled trial of ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: PIER study year 1. Am J Ophthalmol 145:239–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich RM, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, Dubovy SR, Davis JL, Flynn HW Jr, Gonzalez S, Feuer WJ, Lin RC, Lalwani GA, Nguyen JK, Kumar G (2006) Short-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 26:495–511

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld PJ, Fung AE, Puliafito CA (2005) Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 36:336–339

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, Boyer DS, Kaiser PK, Chung CY, Kim RY (2006) Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 355:1419–1431

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saishin Y, Saishin Y, Takahashi K, Lima e Silva R, Hylton D, Rudge JS, Wiegand SJ, Campochiaro PA (2003) VEGF-TRAP(R1R2) suppresses choroidal neovascularization and VEGF-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. J Cell Physiol 195:241–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid-Kubista KE, Krebs I, Gruenberger B, Zeiler F, Schueller J, Binder S (2009) Systemic bevacizumab (avastin) therapy for exudative neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The BEAT-AMD-study. Br J Ophthalmol 93:914–919

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Erfurth U, Miller J, Sickenberg M, Bunse A, Laqua H, Gragoudas E, Zografos L, Birngruber R, van den Bergh H, Strong A, Manjuris U, Fsadni M, Lane AM, Piguet B, Bressler NM (1998) Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization: clinical and angiographic examples. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236:365–374

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shelke NB, Kadam R, Tyagi P, Rao VR, Kompella UB (2011) Intravitreal poly(l-lactide) microparticles sustain retinal and choroidal delivery of TG-0054, a hydrophilic drug intended for neovascular diseases. Drug Del Transl Res 1. doi: 10.1007/s13346-13010-10009-13348

  • Sheu SJ, Bee YS, Ma YL, Liu GS, Lin HC, Yeh TL, Liou JC, Tai MH (2009) Inhibition of choroidal neovascularization by topical application of angiogenesis inhibitor vasostatin. Mol Vis 15:1897–1905

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sieving PA, Caruso RC, Tao W, Coleman HR, Thompson DJ, Fullmer KR, Bush RA (2006) Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for human retinal degeneration: phase I trial of CNTF delivered by encapsulated cell intraocular implants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:3896–3901

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson RJ (2010) Stabilization of proteins for storage. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. doi:10.1101/pdb.top1179

  • Singh SR, Grossniklaus HE, Kang SJ, Edelhauser HF, Ambati BK, Kompella UB (2009) Intravenous transferrin, RGD peptide and dual-targeted nanoparticles enhance anti-VEGF intraceptor gene delivery to laser-induced CNV. Gene Ther 16:645–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spaide RF, Laud K, Fine HF, Klancnik JM Jr, Meyerle CB, Yannuzzi LA, Sorenson J, Slakter J, Fisher YL, Cooney MJ (2006) Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Retina 26:383–390

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer WH (1953) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of the eye. Calif Med 79:438–443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srebalus Barnes CA, Lim A (2007) Applications of mass spectrometry for the structural characterization of recombinant protein pharmaceuticals. Mass Spectrom Rev 26:370–388

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steele FR, Chader GJ, Johnson LV, Tombran-Tink J (1993) Pigment epithelium-derived factor: neurotrophic activity and identification as a member of the serine protease inhibitor gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1526–1530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart MW, Rosenfeld PJ (2008) Predicted biological activity of intravitreal VEGF trap. Br J Ophthalmol 92:667–668

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi H, Shibuya M (2005) The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor system and its role under physiological and pathological conditions. Clin Sci (Lond) 109:227–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda AL, Colquitt J, Clegg AJ, Jones J (2007) Pegaptanib and ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol 91:1177–1182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang X, Pikal MJ (2004) Design of freeze-drying processes for pharmaceuticals: practical advice. Pharm Res 21:191–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tao W, Wen R, Goddard MB, Sherman SD, O’Rourke PJ, Stabila PF, Bell WJ, Dean BJ, Kauper KA, Budz VA, Tsiaras WG, Acland GM, Pearce-Kelling S, Laties AM, Aguirre GD (2002) Encapsulated cell-based delivery of CNTF reduces photoreceptor degeneration in animal models of retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:3292–3298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thanos CG, Bell WJ, O’Rourke P, Kauper K, Sherman S, Stabila P, Tao W (2004) Sustained secretion of ciliary neurotrophic factor to the vitreous, using the encapsulated cell therapy-based NT-501 intraocular device. Tissue Eng 10:1617–1622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Travis GH (1998) Mechanisms of cell death in the inherited retinal degenerations. Am J Hum Genet 62:503–508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsinontides SC, Rajniak P, Pham D, Hunke WA, Placek J, Reynolds SD (2004) Freeze drying – principles and practice for successful scale-up to manufacturing. Int J Pharm 280:1–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veronese FM (2001) Peptide and protein PEGylation: a review of problems and solutions. Biomaterials 22:405–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veronese FM, Mero A (2008) The impact of PEGylation on biological therapies. BioDrugs 22:315–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veronese FM, Sacca B, Polverino de Laureto P, Sergi M, Caliceti P, Schiavon O, Orsolini P (2001) New PEGs for peptide and protein modification, suitable for identification of the PEGylation site. Bioconjug Chem 12:62–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JH, Tam SC, Huang H, Ouyang DY, Wang YY, Zheng YT (2004) Site-directed PEGylation of trichosanthin retained its anti-HIV activity with reduced potency in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 317:965–971

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weigert G, Michels S, Sacu S, Varga A, Prager F, Geitzenauer W, Schmidt-Erfurth U (2008) Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) therapy versus photodynamic therapy plus intravitreal triamcinolone for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: 6-month results of a prospective, randomised, controlled clinical study. Br J Ophthalmol 92:356–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenzel A, Grimm C, Samardzija M, Reme CE (2005) Molecular mechanisms of light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and neuroprotection for retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 24:275–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wormald R, Evans J, Smeeth L, Henshaw K (2007) Photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD002030

    Google Scholar 

  • Xuan B, McClellan DA, Moore R, Chiou GC (2005) Alternative delivery of insulin via eye drops. Diabetes Technol Ther 7:695–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto A, Luo AM, Dodda-Kashi S, Lee VH (1989) The ocular route for systemic insulin delivery in the albino rabbit. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 249:249–255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaoka T, Tabata Y, Ikada Y (1994) Distribution and tissue uptake of poly(ethylene glycol) with different molecular weights after intravenous administration to mice. J Pharm Sci 83:601–606

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon S, Kim Y, Shim H, Chung J (2010) Current perspectives on therapeutic antibodies. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 15:709–715

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the NIH grants R01EY018940, R01EY017533, and RC1EY020361.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Uday B. Kompella PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baid, R., Tyagi, P., Durazo, S.A., Kompella, U.B. (2011). Protein Drug Delivery and Formulation Development. In: Kompella, U., Edelhauser, H. (eds) Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9920-7_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics