Skip to main content

Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Chronic Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Conduct disorder (CD) is a behavioral disorder that occurs during childhood and adolescence where children repeatedly act aggressively and express anger inappropriately. The disorder can start in either childhood or adolescence (Conner, 1998–2000).

Children with CD display many different forms of antisocial and destructive behaviors. They violate the rights of others and do not follow accepted social and behavioral norms. They may commit violence against people and animals, destroy property, lie, steal, skip school, and run away from home. At a young age, many of these children start to use and abuse alcohol and drugs and experiment with sex. They commonly exhibit irritability, temper tantrums, and have low self-esteem.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alexander, J.F., Parsons, B.V. (1982). Short-term behavioral intervention with delinquent families: impact on family process and recidivism. J Abnorm Psychol, 81, 219–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker-Henningham, H., Walker, S.P., Powell, C., et al. (2009). Preventing behavior problems through a universal intervention in Jamaican basic schools: a pilot study. West Indian Med J, 58 (5), 460–464.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Chu, M., et al. (1999). Further evidence of a bi-directional overlap between juvenile mania and conduct disorder in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr, 38 (4), 468–476.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Petty, C.R., Dolan, C., et al. (2008a). The long-term longitudinal course of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in ADHD boys: findings from a controlled 10-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study. Psychol Med, 38 (7), 1027–1036.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman, J., Petty, C.R., Monuteaux, M.C., et al. (2008b). The longitudinal course of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: findings from a controlled 5-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 29 (6), 501–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boylan, K., Vaillancourt, T., Boyle, M., et al. (2007). Comorbidity of internalizing disorders in children with oppositional defiant disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 16 (8), 484–494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, S.A. (2009). Rethinking environmental contributions to child and adolescent psychopathology: a meta-analysis of shared environmental influences. Psychol Bull, 135 (4), 608–637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byun, H., Yang, J., Lee, M., et al. (2006). Psychiatric comorbidity in Korean children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: psychopathology according to subtype. Yonsei Med J, 47 (1), 113–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, C., Tamm, L., Gaub, M. (1997). Gender differences in children with ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and co-occurring ADHD/oppositional defiant disorder identified within a school population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr, 36, 1706–1714.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Child Welfare Information Gateway (2007). Parent-child interaction therapy with at-risk families. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chronis, A.M., Chacko, A., Fabiano, G.A., et al. (2004). Enhancements to the behavioral parent training paradigm for families of children with ADHD: review and future directions. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev, 7 (1), 1–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conner, M. (1998–2000). Understanding and dealing with conduct and oppositional disorders. Retrieved from http://www.CrisisCounseling.org

  • Connor, D.F., Barkley, R.A., Davis, H.T. (2000, January). A pilot study of methylphenidate, clonidine, or the combination in ADHD comorbid with aggressive oppositional defiant or conduct disorder. Clin Pediatr, 39 (1), 15–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowles, E.L., Castellano, T.C., Gransky, L.A. (1995). “Boot camp” drug treatment and aftercare interventions: an evaluation review, Research in Brief, U.S. DOJ. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Retrieved March 3, 2010 from: http://www.druglibrary.org/SCHAFFER/GovPubs/btcamp.pdf

  • Cunningham, C.E., Boyle, M.H. (2002). Preschoolers at risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: family, parenting, and behavioral correlates. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 30 (6), 555–569.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daley, D., Jones, K., Hutchings, J., et al. (2009). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in pre-school children: current findings, recommended interventions and future directions. Child Care Health Dev, 35 (6), 754–766.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danforth, J.S., Harvey, E., Ulaszek, W.R., et al. (2006). The outcome of group parent training for families of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and defiant/aggressive behavior. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 37 (3), 188–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Graaf, I., Speetjens, P., Smit, F., et al. (2008). Effectiveness of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program on behavioral problems in children: a meta-analysis. Behav Modif, 32 (5), 714–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dishion, T.J., Andrews, D.W. (1995). Prevention escalation in problem behaviors with high-risk young adolescents: immediate and one-year outcome. J Consult Clin Psychol, 63 (4), 538–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, S., Steart, J., Nunes, E., et al. (2000). Am J Psychiatry, 157, 818–820.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehringer, M.A., Rhee, S.H., Young, S., et al. (2006). Genetic and environmental contributions to common psychopathologies of childhood and adolescence: a study of twins and their siblings. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 34 (1), 1–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Encyclopedia of Children’s Health. (no date). Conduct disorder. Retrieved from http://www.healthofchildren.com

  • Feldman, R.A. (1992). The St. Louis experiment: effective treatment of antisocial youths in prosocial peer groups. In J. McCord, R.E. Tremblay (Eds.), Preventing antisocial behavior. New York, NY: Guilford Press, pp. 233–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, N. (2003). Effects of parent-child interaction therapy on young children with disruptive behavior disorders. Bridges: Pract-Based Res Synthesis, 1, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, R.B., Grant, B.F., Ruan, W.J., et al. (2006). Antisocial personality disorder with childhood- vs. adolescence-onset conduct disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Nerv Ment Dis, 194 (9), 667–675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grizenko, N. (1997). Outcome of multimodal day treatment for children with severe behavior problems: a five-year follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry, 36, 989–997.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahlweg, K., Heinrichs, N., Kuschel, A., et al. (2010). Long-term outcome of a randomized controlled universal prevention trial through a positive parenting program: is it worth the effort? Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 4, 14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, E.L., Lahey, B.B., Loeber, R., et al. (1994). Criterion validity of informants in the diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorders in children: a preliminary study. J Consult Clin Psychol, 62 (2), 410–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazell, P.L., Tarren-Sweeney, M., Vimpani, G.V., et al. (2002). Children with disruptive behaviours II: clinical and community service needs. J Paediatr Child Health, 38 (1), 32–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henggeler, S., Rowland, M., Randall, J., et al. (1999). Home-based multi-systemic therapy as an alternative to the hospitalization of youths in psychiatric crisis: clinical outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry, 38, 1331–1339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, T. (Ed.) (1987). Family interaction and psychopathology: theories, methods, and findings. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K., Daley, D., Hutchings, J., et al. (2007). Efficacy of the Incredible Years Basic parent training programme as an early intervention for children with conduct problems and ADHD. Child Care Health Dev, 33 (6), 749–756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K., Daley, D., Hutchings, J., et al. (2008). Efficacy of the Incredible Years Programme as an early intervention for children with conduct problems and ADHD: long-term follow-up. Child Care Health Dev, 34 (3), 380–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E. (1985). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E. (1987). Conduct disorder in childhood and adolescence. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A.E. (1994). Interventions for aggressive and antisocial children. In L.D. Eron, J.H. Gentry, P. Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: a psychological perspective on violence and youth. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 341–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A., Wassell, G. (2000). Therapeutic changes in children, parents, and families resulting from treatment of children with conduct problems. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry, 39, 414–420.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilic, B.G., Sener, S. (2005). Family functioning and psychosocial characteristics in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with comorbid oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 16 (1), 21–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klassen, A.F., Miller, A., Fine, S. (2004, November). Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents who have a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 114 (5), e541–547.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koegl, C.J., Farrington, D.P., Augimeri, L.K., et al. (2008, July). Evaluation of a targeted cognitive-behavioral program for children with conduct problems—the SNAP Under 12 Outreach Project: service intensity, age and gender effects on short- and long-term outcomes. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry, 13 (3), 419–434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolko, D., Bukstein, O., Barron, J. (1999). Methylphenidate and behavior modification in children with ADHD and comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Conduct Disorder: main and incremental effects across settings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38 (5), 578–586.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutcher, S., Aman, M., Brooks, S.J., et al. (2004). International consensus statement on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs): clinical implications and treatment practice suggestions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 14 (1), 11–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, B., Loeber, R., Hart, E., et al. (1995). Four-year longitudinal study of conduct disorder in boys: patterns of predictors of persistence. J Abnorm Psychol, 104, 93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., Lahey, B., Thomas, C. (1991). Diagnostic conundrum of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 100 (3), 379–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorber, T. (1981). Parental tracking of childhood behavior as a function of family stress. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maughan, B., Rowe, R., Messer, J., et al. (2004). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 45 (3), 609–621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, T. (1993). The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Dev Psychopath, 5, 135–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz-Solomando, A., Kendall, T., Whittington, C.J. (2008). Cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents. Curr Opin Psychiatry, 21 (4), 332–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Office of Child and Family Policy. (2008). A clinical information guide: conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G.R., Reid, J.B., Dishion, T.J. (1992). Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, J.B., Kavanagh, K., Baldwin, D.V. (1987). Abusive parents’ perceptions of child problem behaviors: an example of parental bias. J Abn Child Psychol, 15, 457–466.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, P., Leon, S., Mikulich, S. (1998). An open trial of bupropion for ADHD in adolescents with substance abuse disorders and conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry, 37 (12), 1271–1278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L.N. (1981). Epidemiological approaches to natural history research: antisocial disorders in children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry, 20, 566–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M.R. (1999, June). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev, 2 (2), 71–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M.R., Markie-Dadds, C., Tully, L.A., et al. (2000). The triple P-positive parenting program: a comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of children with early onset problems. J Consult Clin Psychol, 68 (4), 624–640.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scahill, L., Sukhodolsky, D.G., Bearss, K., et al. (2006). Randomized trial of parent management training in children with tic disorders and disruptive behavior. J Child Neurol, 21 (8), 650–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenwald, S., Henggeler, S. (1999). Treatment of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in home and community settings. In H. Quay, A. Hogan, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 475–493.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Siminoff, E., Pickles, A., Meyer, J., et al. (1997). The Virginia twin study of adolescent behavioral development: influences of age, sex, and impairment on rates of disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 54 (9), 801–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speltz, M.L. (1990). The treatment of preschool conduct problems: An integration of behavioral and attachment concepts. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: theory, research, and intervention. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 399–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, H. (1997). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry, 36 (10 Suppl), 122S–139S.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R., Zimmer-Gembeck, M.J. (2007). Behavioral outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: a review and meta-analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 35 (3), 475–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turgay, A. (2005). Treatment of comorbidity in conduct disorder with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Essent Psychopharmacol, 6 (5), 277–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turgay, A. (2009). Psychopharmacological treatment of oppositional defiant disorder. CNS Drugs, 23 (1), 1–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, W., Macdonald, G.M., Dennis, J.A. (2005). Cognitive-behavioural training interventions for assisting foster carers in the management of difficult behaviour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 18 (2), CD003760.

    Google Scholar 

  • van de Wiel, N., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P.C., et al. (2002). Effective treatments of school-aged conduct disordered children: recommendations for changing clinical and research practices. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 11 (2), 79–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early-onset conduct problems a comparison of child and parent training interventions. J Consulting Clin Psychology, 65, 93–109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., Jamila Reid, M., Stoolmiller, M. (2008). Preventing conduct problems and improving school readiness: evaluation of the Incredible Years Teacher and Child Training Programs in high-risk schools. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 49 (5), 471–488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wrowley, T., Riggs, P. (1995). Adolescent substance use disorders with conduct disorder, comorbid conditions. NIDA Res Monographs, 156, 49–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, S., Mikulich, S., Goodwin, M., et al. (1995). Treated delinquent boy’ substance use: onset, pattern, relationship to conduct and mood disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend, 37 (2), 149–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark L. Goldstein .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goldstein, M.L., Morewitz, S. (2011). Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. In: Chronic Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9764-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9764-7_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-9763-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-9764-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics