Abstract
In this article, we propose a novel modeling approach – the sandwich approach – to deal with evacuation time bounds (ETB) - in which lower and upper bounds for the evacuation time are calculated. A provable lower bound is achieved by computing a quickest flow, using a dynamic network flow model, an upper bound is obtained via simulation using a cellular automaton model. Coherence between the macroscopic network flow and the microscopic simulation model will be discussed. In order to validate our theoretical results, we report on our practical experiences with the Betzenberg, the region containing the Fritz-Walter soccer stadium in Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Acknowledgments
This paper is supported in part by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF), Project REPKA, under FKZ 13N9961 (TU Kaiserslautern), 13N9964 (Siemens)
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Hamacher, H., Heller, S., Klein, W., Köster, G., Ruzika, S. (2011). A Sandwich Approach for Evacuation Time Bounds. In: Peacock, R., Kuligowski, E., Averill, J. (eds) Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9725-8_45
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9725-8_45
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