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Improvements in RFID Physical Layer Using Ultra-wideband Signals

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Ultra-Wideband Radio Frequency Identification Systems

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Abstract

Even though narrowband RFID systems are currently quite mature and effective in many applications, the limitations posed by narrowband signal characteristics (discussed in Chap. 2) makes them somewhat unreliable for use in certain practical environments [1].

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Notes

  1. 1.

    (In this Chapter, UWB refers to impulse radio (IR-UWB) due to its simplicity for RFID implementation compared to multi-band UWB approach discussed in Chap. 2.)

  2. 2.

    (Courtesy of Prof. Sergey Makarov of Worcester Polytechnique Institute (WPI).).

  3. 3.

    This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract, DE-AC52-07NA27344-LLNL-PRES-401143

  4. 4.

    (This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract, DE-AC52-07NA27344-LLNL-PRES-401,143)

  5. 5.

    (This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract, DE-AC52-07NA27344-LLNL-PRES-401,143)

  6. 6.

    (This limit applies to UWB transmissions in Europe (ETSI), Japan, Korea, Singapore, etc.)

  7. 7.

    (Energy detector receivers calculate the signal energy by squaring the received signal. If the detected energy passes a predefined threshold level, the data is demodulated as a digital bit “1”. If the data is not present or its energy does not pass the threshold level, the received data will be demodulated as “0”.)

  8. 8.

    (Template matching techniques correlate the received signal, comprising of the transmitted signal and channel noise, with a pre-defined template (similar to the transmitted signal) to maximize the received signal’s SNR and detects the desired signal from the background random noise.)

  9. 9.

    (This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract, DE-AC52-07NA27344-LLNL-PRES-401,143)

  10. 10.

    (This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract, DE-AC52-07NA27344-LLNL-PRES-401,143)

  11. 11.

    (This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract, DE-AC52-07NA27344-LLNL-PRES-401,143)

  12. 12.

    (This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract, DE-AC52-07NA27344-LLNL-PRES-401,143)

  13. 13.

    (A discussion with the vendor about range limitation revealed that in our experiments we used the mid-gain antenna which is one of the three antennas offered with Sapphire DART receivers. According to the vendors engineering team, with additional training on antenna planning, distances can improve the performance on a case by case basis.)

  14. 14.

    (According to the vendor “Tag to receiver line of sight ensures the most accurate TDOA position calculation so any condition that limits this physical configuration will degrade the accuracy of the position calculation but inaccurate coordinate data for the receiver infrastructure and reference tag may contribute as well”.)

  15. 15.

    (This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344, LLNL-TR-433,473.

    The authors would like to thank the Office of Nuclear Verification for funding this project, California State University East Bay for providing the test facility, Zebra Enterprise Solutions, and Ubisense LTD for their inputs and comments.

    Disclaimer – Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately-owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not imply its endorsement, recommendation, favoring or disfavoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof.)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA

    Faranak Nekoogar & Farid Dowla

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  1. Faranak Nekoogar
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Correspondence to Faranak Nekoogar .

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Nekoogar, F., Dowla, F. (2011). Improvements in RFID Physical Layer Using Ultra-wideband Signals. In: Ultra-Wideband Radio Frequency Identification Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9701-2_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9701-2_3

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