Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Aspects of Cadmium Neurotoxicity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Metal Ion in Stroke

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

Abstract

Occupational and environmental exposure to Cd leads to a progressive and almost irreversible accumulation of the metal in the body determined by various host factors such as Cd body burden, age, gender, body status of vitamins, and essential elements. Cadmium absorption rate is increasing by low Fe, Zn, and Ca levels. Metallothioneins play a critical role in the protection of human health from Cd toxic effects. Today besides many organs toxicity and carcinogenicity, Cd is considered also as a neurotoxin. Although Cd does not easily penetrate BBB barriers in adults, this heavy metal can disturb CNS function either via alterations in the trace elements brain contents or/and via disturbances of crucial brain enzymes interfering in neurotransmitters release and neurotransmission. Chronic low level to Cd exposure in developing organisms may cause serious behavioral problems in later life. Experimental in vitro and in vivo data refer to effects of Cd on the hypothalamus–pituitary axis at different levels which may lead to disorders of the endocrine and/or immune system. In conclusion, Cd-induced brain dysfunction may be related to disruption of metal ion homeostasis, reduction of the total brain antioxidant status, inhibition of oxidative DNA repair systems, alteration in signal transduction, stimulation in the production of ROS, which may act as signaling molecules in the induction of gene expression and apoptosis. Antioxidants to some extent may protect the brain from Cd oxidative stress.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdel-Majid RM, Leong WL, Schalkwyk LC, Smallman DS, Wong ST, Storm DR, Fine A, Dobson MJ, Guernsey DL, Neumann PE (1998) Loss of adenylyl cyclase I activity disrupts patterning of mouse somatosensory cortex. Nat Genet 19(3):289–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MM, Mathur N, Chandra SV (1990) Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on locomotor behaviour of rats. Indian J Exp Biol 28(7):653–656

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alshuaib WB, Cherian SP, Hasan MY, Fahim MA (2003) Drug effects on calcium homeostasis in mouse CA1 hippocampal neurons. Int J Neurosci 10:1317–1332

    Google Scholar 

  • Amara S, Douki T, Garrel C, Favier A, Ben Rhouma K, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H (2011) Effects of static magnetic field and cadmium on oxidative stress and DNA damage in rat cortex brain and hippocampus. Toxicol Ind Health 27(2):99–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JM, Van Itallie CM (1995) Tight junctions and the molecular basis for regulation of paracellular permeability. Am J Physiol 69:G467–G475, Review

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson H, Petersson-Grawe K, Lindqvist E, Luthman J, Oskarsson A, Olson L (1997) Low level cadmium exposure of lactating rats causes alterations in brain serotonin levels in the offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol 19:105–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anke M, Muller R, Dorn W, Seifert M, Muller M, Gonzales D, Kronemann H, Schäfer U (2000) Toxicity and essentiality of cadmium. In: Ermidou-Pollet S, Pollet S (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on trace elements in human: new perspectives, Athens, 7–9 Oct 1999, pp 343–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Annunziato L, Amoroso S, Pannaccione A, Cataldi M, Pignataro G, D’Alessio A, Sirabella R, Secondo A, Sibaud L, Di Renzo GF (2003) Apoptosis induced in neuronal cells by oxidative stress: role played by caspases and intracellular calcium ions. Toxicol Lett 139(2–3):125–133, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonio MT, Benito MJ, Leret ML, Corpas I (1998) Gestational administration of cadmium alters the neurotransmitter levels in newborn rat brains. J Appl Toxicol 18(2):83–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonio MT, LĂłpez N, Leret ML (2002) Pb and Cd poisoning during development alters cerebellar and striatal function in rats. Toxicology 176(1–2):59–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonio MT, Corredor L, Leret ML (2003) Study of the activity of several brain enzymes like markers of the neurotoxicity induced by perinatal exposure to lead and/or cadmium. Toxicol Lett 143(3):331–340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apostoli P, Catalani S (2011) Metal ions affecting reproduction and development. Met Ions Life Sci 8:263–303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arito H, Sudo A, Suzuki Y (1981) Aggressive behavior of the rat induced by repeated administration of cadmium. Toxicol Lett 7(6):457–461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidson B (1986) Autoradiographic localization of cadmium in the rat brain. Neurotoxicology 7(3):89–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidson B, Tjälve H (1986) Distribution of 109Cd in the nervous system of rats after intravenous injection. Acta Neuropathol 69(1–2):111–116

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aschner M (1997) Astrocyte metallothioneins (MTs) and their neuroprotective role. Ann N Y Acad Sci 825:334–347, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aschner M, West AK (2005) The role of MT in neurological disorders. J Alzheimers Dis 8(2):139–145, discussion 209–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aschner M, Cherian MG, Klaassen CD, Palmiter RD, Erickson JC, Bush AI (1997) Metallothioneins in brain – the role in physiology and pathology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 142(2):229–242, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ATSDR (1999) Toxicological profile for cadmium (final report). NTIS Accession No PB99-166621. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, pp 450

    Google Scholar 

  • Auld DS, Mennicken F, Quirion R (2001) Nerve growth factor rapidly induces prolonged acetylcholine release from cultured basal forebrain neurons: differentiation between neuromodulatory and neurotrophic influences. J Neurosci 21(10):3375–3382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Badisa VL, Latinwo LM, Odewumi CO, Ikediobi CO, Badisa RB, Ayuk-Takem LT, Nwoga J, West J (2007) Mechanism of DNA damage by cadmium and interplay of antioxidant enzymes and agents. Environ Toxicol 22(2):144–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker TK, VanVooren HB, Smith WC, Carfagna MA (2003) Involvement of calcium channels in the sexual dimorphism of cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 137(3):185–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Sela S, Reingold S, Richter ED (2001) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a battery-factory worker exposed to cadmium. Int J Occup Environ Health 7(2):109–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benitez MA, Mendez-Armenta M, Montes S, Rembao D, Sanin LH, Rios C (2009) Mother-fetus transference of lead and cadmium in rats: involvement of metallothionein. Histol Histopathol 24(12):1523–1530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benters J, Flögel U, Schäfer T, Leibfritz D, Hechtenberg S, Beyersmann D (1997) Study of the interactions of cadmium and zinc ions with cellular calcium homoeostasis using 19F-NMR spectroscopy. Biochem J 322(Pt 3):793–799

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berglund M, Akesson A, Nermell B, Vahter M (1994) Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women depends on body iron stores and fiber intake. Environ Health Perspect 102(12):1058–1066

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertin G, Averbeck D (2006) Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences (a review). Biochimie 88(11):1549–1559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyersmann D, Hechtenberg S (1997) Cadmium, gene regulation, and cellular signalling in mammalian cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 144(2):247–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biekofsky RR, Martin SR, Browne JP, Bayley PM, Feeney J (1998) Ca2+ coordination to backbone carbonyl oxygen atoms in calmodulin and other EF-hand proteins: 15N chemical shifts as probes for monitoring individual-site Ca2+ coordination. Biochemistry 37(20):7617–7629

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bondier JR, Michel G, Propper A, Badot PM (2008) Harmful effects of cadmium on olfactory system in mice. Inhal Toxicol 20(13):11

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourre JM (2006) Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 2: macronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging 10(5):386–399, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bressler JP, Olivi L, Cheong JH, Kim Y, Maerten A, Bannon D (2007) Metal transporters in intestine and brain: their involvement in metal-associated neurotoxicities. Hum Exp Toxicol 26(3):221–229, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges CC, Zalups RK (2005) Molecular and ionic mimicry and the transport of toxic metals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 204(3):274–308, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brus R, Kostrzewa RM, FeliĹ„ska W, Plech A, Szkilnik R, Frydrych J (1995) Ethanol inhibits cadmium accumulation in brains of offspring of pregnant rats that consume cadmium. Toxicol Lett 76(1):57–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BrzĂłska MM, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J, Jurczuk M, GaĹ‚azyn-Sidorczuk M (2002) Cadmium turnover and changes of zinc and copper body status of rats continuously exposed to cadmium and ethanol. Alcohol Alcohol 37(3):213–221

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton GW, Ingold KU (1989) Vitamin E as an in vitro and in vivo antioxidant. Ann N Y Acad Sci 570:7–22, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese V, Bates TE, Stella AMG (2000) NO synthase and NO-dependent signal pathways in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders: the role of oxidant/antioxidant balance. Neurochem Res 25:1315–1341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calevro F, Beyersmann D, Hartwig A (1998) Effect of cadmium (II) on the extent of oxidative DNA damage in primary brain cell cultures from Pleurodeles larvae. Toxicol Lett 94(3):217–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carageorgiou H, Boviatsis St,Carageorgiou-Kassaveti M, Pantos C, Messari I, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z (2000) Dopamine, 5-HT and their metabolite levels in certain rat brain areas after acute and chronic administration of Cd++. In: Ermidou-Pollet S, Pollet S (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on trace elements in human: new perspectives, Athens, 7–9 Oct 1999, pp 723–730

    Google Scholar 

  • Carageorgiou H, Tzotzes V, Pantos C, Mourouzis C, Zarros A, Tsakiris S (2004) In vivo and in vitro effects of cadmium on adult rat brain total antioxidant status, acetylcholinesterase (Na+, K+)-ATPase andMg2+-ATPase activities: protection by l-cysteine. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 94:112–118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carageorgiou H, Tzotzes V, Sideris A, Zarros A, Tsakiris S (2005) Cadmium effects on brain acetylcholinesterase activity and antioxidant status of adult rats: modulation by zinc, calcium and l-cysteine co-administration. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 97:320–324

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caride A, Fernández-PĂ©rez B, Cabaleiroa T, Esquifino AI, Lafuente A (2009) Cadmium exposure disrupts GABA and taurine regulation of prolactin secretion in adult male rats. Toxicol Lett 185(3):175–179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caride A, Fernández-PĂ©rez B, Cabaleiro T, Tarasco M, Esquifino AI, Lafuente A (2010a) Cadmium chronotoxicity at pituitary level: effects on plasma ACTH, GH, and TSH daily pattern. J Physiol Biochem 66(3):213–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caride A, Fernández-PĂ©rez B, Cabaleiro T, Bernárdez G, Lafuente A (2010b) Cadmium chloride exposure modifies amino acid daily pattern in the mediobasal hypothalamus in adult male rat. J Appl Toxicol 30(1):84–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caride A, Fernández PĂ©rez B, Cabaleiro T, Lafuente A (2010c) Daily pattern of pituitary glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate content disrupted by cadmium exposure. Amino Acids 38(4):1165–1172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casali TA, Gomez RS, Moraes-Santos T, Gomez MV (1995) Differential effects of calcium channel antagonists on tityustoxin and ouabain-induced release of [3H] acetylcholine from brain cortical slices. Neuropharmacology 34(6):599–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra SV, Kalia K, Hussain T (1985) Biogenic amines and some metals in brain of cadmium-exposed diabetic rats. J Appl Toxicol 5(6):378–381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao SH, Bu CH, Cheung WY (1995) Stimulation of myosin light-chain kinase by Cd2+ and Pb2+. Arch Toxicol 69(3):197–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Liu L, Huang S (2008a) Cadmium activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway via induction of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of protein phosphatases 2A and 5. Free Radic Biol Med 45:1035–1044

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Liu L, Luo Y, Huang S (2008b) MAPK and mTOR pathways are involved in cadmium-induced neuronal apoptosis. J Neurochem 105(1):251–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Xu B, Liu L, Luo Y, Zhou H, Chen W, Shen T, Han X, Kontos CD, Huang S (2011) Cadmium induction of reactive oxygen species activates the mTOR pathway, leading to neuronal cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 50(5):624–632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho SJ, Maysinger D, Jain M, Röder B, Hackbarth S, Winnik FM (2007) Long-term exposure to CdTe quantum dots causes functional impairments in live cells. Langmuir 23(4):1974–1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow RH (1991) Cadmium block of squid calcium currents. Macroscopic data and a kinetic model. J Gen Physiol 98(4):751–770

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clapham DE (2007) Calcium signaling. Cell 131(6):1047–1058

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark DE, Nation JR, Bourgeois AJ, Hare MF, Baker DM, Hinderberger EJ (1985) The regional distribution of cadmium in the brains of orally exposed adult rats. Neurotoxicology 6(3):109–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson TW (1993) Molecular and ionic mimicry of toxic metals. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 33:545–571, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb A (2007) Cadmium: the elements. Marshall Cavendish, Tarrytown

    Google Scholar 

  • Colwell CS, Levine MS (1999) Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation of excitotoxicity in the neostriatum: role of calcium channels. Brain Res 833(2):234–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper GP, Suzuki JB, Manalis RS (1984) Heavy metals: effects on synaptic transmission. Neurotoxicology 5(3):247–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crews HM, Owen LM, Langford N, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Fox TE, Hubbard L, Phillips D (2000) Use of the stable isotope (106) Cd for studying dietary cadmium absorption in humans. Toxicol Lett 112–113:201–207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuypers A, Plusquin M, Remans T, Jozefczak M, Keunen E, Gielen H, Opdenakker K, Nair AR, Munters E, Artois TJ, Nawrot T, Vangronsveld J, Smeets K (2010) Cadmium stress: an oxidative challenge. Biometals 23(5):927–940, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton TP, He L, Wang B, Miller ML, Jin L, Stringer KF, Chang X, Baxter CS, Nebert DW (2005) Identification of mouse SLC39A8 as the transporter responsible for cadmium-induced toxicity in the testis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(9):3401–3406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das KP, Das PC, Dasgupta S, Dey CD (1993) Serotonergic-cholinergic neurotransmitters’ function in brain during cadmium exposure in protein restricted rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 36(2):119–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davson H, Segal MB (eds) (1996) Physiology of the CSF and blood–brain barriers. CRC, New Yok

    Google Scholar 

  • DĂ©si I, NagymajtĂ©nyi L, Schulz H (1998) Behavioural and neurotoxicological changes caused by cadmium treatment of rats during development. J Appl Toxicol 18(1):63–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond GL, Goodrum PE, Felter SP, Ruoff WL (1998) Gastrointestinal absorption of metals. Drug Chem Toxicol 21(2):223–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DĂ­az D, Bartolo R, Delgadillo DM, Higueldo F, Gomora JC (2005) Contrasting effects of Cd2+ and Co2+ on the blocking/unblocking of human Cav3 channels. J Membr Biol 207(2):91–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dringen R (2000) Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain. Prog Neurobiol 62:649–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elinder F, Arhem P (2003) Metal ion effects on ion channel gating. Q Rev Biophys 36(4):373–427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Missiry MA, Shalaby F (2000) Role of beta-carotene in ameliorating the cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rat brain and testis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 14(5):238–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esquifino AI, Seara R, Fernández-Rey E, Lafuente A (2001) Alternate cadmium exposure differentially affects the content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine within the hypothalamus, median eminence, striatum and prefrontal cortex of male rats. Arch Toxicol 75(3):127–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans J, Hastings L (1992) Accumulation of Cd (II) in the CNS depending on the route of administration: intraperitoneal, intratracheal, or intranasal. Fundam Appl Toxicol 19(2):275–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eybl V, Kotyzova D, Koutensky J (2006) Comparative study of natural antioxidants – curcumin, resveratrol and melatonin – in cadmium-induced oxidative damage in mice. Toxicology 225(2–3):150–156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fassio A, Sala R, Bonanno G, Marchi M, Raiteri M (1999) Evidence for calcium-dependent vesicular transmitter release insensitive to tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin type F. Neuroscience 90(3):893–902

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fasitsas CD, Theocharis SE, Zoulas D, Chrissimou S, Deliconstantinos G (1991) Time-dependent cadmium-neurotoxicity in rat brain synaptosomal plasma membranes. Comp Biochem Physiol C 100:271–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fern R, Black JA, Ransom BR, Waxman SG (1996) Cd (2+)-induced injury in CNS white matter. J Neurophysiol 76(5):3264–3273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-PĂ©rez B, Caride A, Cabaleiro T, Lafuente A (2010) Cadmium effects on 24 h changes in glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, GABA and taurine content of rat striatum. J Trace Elem Med Biol 24(3):212–218

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Yakushin S, Cohen G (1998) Disruption of the intracellular sulfhydryl homeostasis by cadmium-induced oxidative stress leads to protein thiolation and ubiquitination in neuronal. J Biol Chem 273(21):12703–12709

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filipic M, Fatur T, Vudrag M (2006) Molecular mechanisms of cadmium induced mutagenicity. Hum Exp Toxicol 25(2):67–77, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J, Kuchel TR (2006) Neonatal mouse brain exposure to mobile telephony and effect on blood-brain barrier permeability. Pathology 38(3):262–263

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan PR, McLellan JS, Haist J, Cherian G, Chamberlain MJ, Valberg LS (1978) Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency. Gastroenterology 74:841–846

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flora SJ (2007) Role of free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 53(1):1–2

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flora SO, Tandon SK (1987) Effect of combined exposure to cadmium and ethanol on regional brain biogenic amine levels in the rat. Biochem Int 15(4):863–871

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman PA, Gesek FA (1994) Cadmium uptake by kidney distal convoluted tubule cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 128(2):257–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fullmer CS (1990) Intestinal lead and calcium absorption: effect of 1, 25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol and lead status. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 194(3):258–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fullmer CS, Rosen JF (1990) Effect of dietary calcium and lead status on intestinal calcium absorption. Environ Res 51(1):91–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbiani G, Gregory A, Baic D (1967a) Cadmium-induced selective lesions of sensory ganglia. Neuropathol Exp Neurol 26(3):498–506

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbiani G, Baic D, DĂ©ziel C (1967b) Toxicity of cadmium for the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 18(2):154–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galan A, Garcia-Bermejo L, Troyano A, Vilaboa NE, Fernandez C, de Blas E, Aller P (2001) The role of intracellular oxidation in death induction (apoptosis and necrosis) in human promonocytic cells treated with stress inducers (cadmium, heat, X-rays). Eur J Cell Biol 80:312–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gale TF, Layton WM (1980) The susceptibility of inbred strains of hamsters to cadmium-induced embryotoxicity. Teratology 21(2):181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghersi-Egea JF, Finnegan W, Chen JL, Fenstermacher JD (1996) Rapid distribution of intraventricularly administered sucrose into cerebrospinal fluid cisterns via subarachnoid velae in rat. Neuroscience 75(4):1271–1288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghersi-Egea JF, Strazielle N (2001) Brain drug delivery, drug metabolism, and multidrug resistance at the choroid plexus. Microsc Res Tech 52(1):83–88, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghersi-Egea JF, Strazielle N (2002) Choroid plexus transporters for drugs and other xenobiotics. J Drug Target 10(4):353–357, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghersi-Egea JF, Strazielle N, Murat A, Edwards J, Belin MF (2001) Are blood-brain interfaces efficient in protecting the brain from reactive molecules? Adv Exp Med Biol 500:359–364, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottofrey J, Tjälve H (1991) Axonal transport of cadmium in the olfactory nerve of the pike. Pharmacol Toxicol 69(4):242–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green RD, Reed CJ (1998) Mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 281:1309–1312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gu C, Chen S, Xu X, Zheng L, Li Y, Wu K, Liu J, Qi Z, Han D, Chen G, Huo X (2009) Lead and cadmium synergistically enhance the expression of divalent metal transporter 1 protein in central nervous system of developing rats. Neurochem Res 34(6):1150–1156

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guan YY, Quastel DM, Saint DA (1987) Multiple actions of cadmium on transmitter release at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65(10):2131–2136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guan YY, Quastel DM, Saint DA (1988) Single Ca2+ entry and transmitter release systems at the neuromuscular synapse. Synapse 2(5):558–564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerri C (2002) Mechanisms involved in central nervous system dysfunctions induced by prenatal ethanol exposure. Neurotox Res 4(4):327–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerri C, Pascual M, Renau-Piqueras J (2001) Glia and fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotoxicology 22(5):593–599, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Chandra SV (1991) Gestational cadmium exposure and brain development: a biochemical study. Ind Health 29(2):65–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Murthy RC, Chandra SV (1993) Neurochemical changes in developing rat brain after pre- and postnatal cadmium exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 51(1):12–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Murthy RC, Thakur SR, Dubey MP, Chandra SV (1990) Comparative neurotoxicity of cadmium in growing and adult rats after repeated administration. Biochem Int 21(1):97–105

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Shukla GS (1996) Ontogenic profile of brain lipids following perinatal exposure to cadmium. J Appl Toxicol 16(3):227–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GutiĂ©rrez-Reyes EY, Albores A, RĂ­os C (1998) Increase of striatal dopamine release by cadmium in nursing rats and its prevention by dexamethasone-induced metallothionein. Toxicology 131(2–3):145–154

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haage D, Karlsson U, Johansson S (1998) Heterogeneous presynaptic Ca2+ channel types triggering GABA release onto medial preoptic neurons from rat. J Physiol 507(Pt 1):77–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagino N (1957) A study on the cause of itai-itai disease. J Toyama Med Ass 7 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamann I, König C, Richter C, Jahnke G, Hartwig A (2011) Impact of cadmium on hOGG1 and APE1 as a function of the cellular p53 status. Mutat Res [Epub ahead of print]

    Google Scholar 

  • Harsing LG Jr, Sershen H, Vizi SE, Lajtha A (1992) N-type calcium channels are involved in the dopamine releasing effect of nicotine. Neurochem Res 17(7):729–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart RP, Rose CS, Hamer RM (1989) Neuropsychological effects of occupational exposure to cadmium. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 11(6):933–943

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart BA, Lee CH, Shukla GS, Shukla A, Osier M, Eneman JD, Chiu JF (1999) Characterization of cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat lung epithelial cells: evidence for the participation of oxidant stress. Toxicology 133(1):43–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartwig A (1995) Current aspects in metal genotoxicity. Biometals 8(1):3–11, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartwig A, Asmuss M, Ehleben I, Herzer U, Kostelac D, Pelzer A, Schwerdtle T, BĂĽrkle A (2002) Interference by toxic metal ions with DNA repair processes and cell cycle control: molecular mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect 110(Suppl 5):797–799, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings L, Evans JE (1991) Olfactory primary neurons as a route of entry for toxic agents into the CNS. Neurotoxicology 12(4):707–714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He L, Wang B, Hay EB, Nebert DW (2009) Discovery of ZIP transporters that participate in cadmium damage to testis and kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):250–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkle PM, Kinsella PA, Osterhoudt KC (1987) Cadmium uptake and toxicity via voltage-sensitive calcium channels. J Biol Chem 262(34):16333–16337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson M, Milhouse M, Rajanna B (1986) Effects of cadmium on the uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine in rat brain synaptosomes. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 37(3):421–426

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horiguchi H, Oguma E, Sasaki S, Miyamoto K, Ikeda Y, Machida M, Kayama F (2004) Comprehensive study of the effects of age, iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and cadmium burden on dietary cadmium absorption in cadmium-exposed female Japanese farmers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 196(1):114–123

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horiguchi H, Aoshima K, Oguma E, Sasaki S, Miyamoto K, Hosoi Y, Katoh T, Kayama F (2010) Latest status of cadmium accumulation and its effects on kidneys, bone, and erythropoiesis in inhabitants of the formerly cadmium-polluted Jinzu River Basin in Toyama, Japan, after restoration of rice paddies. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 83(8):953–970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horváth E, Oszlánczi G, MátĂ© Z, SzabĂł A, Kozma G, Sápi A, KĂłnya Z, Paulik E, NagymajtĂ©nyi L, Papp A (2011) Nervous system effects of dissolved and nanoparticulate cadmium in rats in subacute exposure. J Appl Toxicol, 10.1002/jat.1664

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdina PD, Peters DA, Singhal RL (1976) Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium, lead and mercury of brain biogenic amines in the rat. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 15(3):483–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YH, Shih CM, Huang CJ, Lin CM, Chou CM, Tsai ML, Liu TP, Chiu JF, Chen CT (2006) Effects of cadmium on structure and enzymatic activity of Cu, Zn-SOD and oxidative status in neural cells. J Cell Biochem 98(3):577–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ieiri I, Takane H, Otsubo K (2004) The MDR1 (ABCB1) gene polymorphism and its clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 43(9):553–576, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Im JY, Paik S-G, Han P-L (2006) Cadmium-induced astroglial death proceeds via glutathione depletion. J Neurosci Res 83:301–308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Järup L, Akesson A (2009) Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):201–208, Review

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jasim S, Tjälve H (1986) Effect of zinc pyridinethione on the tissue disposition of nickel and cadmium in mice. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 59(3):204–208

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang LF, Yao TM, Zhu ZL, Wang C, Ji LN (2007) Impacts of Cd(II) on the conformation and self-aggregation of Alzheimer’s tau fragment corresponding to the third repeat of microtubule-binding domain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1774(11):1414–1421

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JimĂ©nez-Ortega V, Cardinali DP, Fernández-Mateos MP, RĂ­os-Lugo MJ, Scacchi PA, Esquifino AI (2010) Effect of cadmium on 24-hour pattern in expression of redox enzyme and clock genes in rat medial basal hypothalamus. Biometals 23(2):327–337

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JimĂ©nez-Ortega V, Cano-Barquilla P, Scacchi PA, Cardinali DP, Esquifino AI (2011) Cadmium-induced disruption in 24-h expression of clock and redox enzyme genes in rat medial basal hypothalamus: prevention by melatonin. Front Neurol 2:13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jin T, Lu J, Nordberg M (1998) Toxicokinetics and biochemistry of cadmium with special emphasis on the role of metallothionein. Neurotoxicology 19(4–5):529–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jomova K, Valko M (2011) Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease. Toxicology 283(2–3):65–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagi JH, Vallee BL (1960) Metallothionein: a cadmium- and zinc-containing protein from equine renal cortex. J Biol Chem 235:3460–3465

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang H, Sun LD, Atkins CM, Soderling TR, Wilson MA, Tonegawa S (2001) An important role of neural activity-dependent CaMKIV signaling in the consolidation of long-term memory. Cell 106(6):771–783

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karihtala P, Soini Y (2007) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant mechanisms in human tissues and their relation to malignancies. APMIS 115(2):81–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kass GE, Nicotera P, Orrenius S (1990) Effects of xenobiotics on signal transduction and Ca2+ mediated processes in mammalian cells. Princess Takamatsu Symp 21:213–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazantzis G (2004) Cadmium, osteoporosis and calcium metabolism. Biometals 5:493–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilburn KH, McKinley KL (1996) Persistent neurotoxicity from a battery fire: is cadmium the culprit? South Med J 89(7):693–698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim RB, Fromm MF, Wandel C, Leake B, Wood AJ, Roden DM, Wilkinson GR (1998) The drug transporter P-glycoprotein limits oral absorption and brain entry of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Clin Invest 101(2):289–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SD, Moon CK, Eun SY, Ryu PD, Jo SA (2005) Identification of ASK1, MKK4, JNK, c-Jun, and caspase-3 as a signaling cascade involved in cadmium-induced neuronal cell apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328(1):326–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King RG, Sharp JA, Boura AL (1983) The effects of Al3+, Cd2+ and Mn2+ on human erythrocyte choline transport. Biochem Pharmacol 32(23):3611–3617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kippler M, Ekström EC, Lönnerdal B, Goessler W, Akesson A, El Arifeen S, Persson LA, Vahter M (2007) Influence of iron and zinc status on cadmium accumulation in Bangladeshi women. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 222(2):221–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kippler M, Lönnerdal B, Goessler W, Ekström EC, Arifeen SE, Vahter M (2009) Cadmium interacts with the transport of essential micronutrients in the mammary gland – a study in rural Bangladeshi women. Toxicology 257(1–2):64–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kippler M, Hoque AM, Raqib R, Ohrvik H, Ekström EC, Vahter M (2010) Accumulation of cadmium in human placenta interacts with the transport of micronutrients to the fetus. Toxicol Lett 192(2):162–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD, Wong KL (1982) Cadmium toxicity in the newborn rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60(7):1027–1036

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD, Liu J, Diwan BA (2009) Metallothionein protection of cadmium toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):215–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komatsu F, Kagawa Y, Kawabata T, Kaneko Y, Chimedregzen U, Purvee B, Otgon J (2011) A high accumulation of hair minerals in Mongolian people: 2(nd) report; influence of manganese, iron, lead, cadmium and aluminum to oxidative stress, Parkinsonism and arthritis. Curr Aging Sci 4(1):42–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostrzewska A, Sobieszek A (1990) Diverse actions of cadmium on the smooth muscle myosin phosphorylation system. FEBS Lett 263(2):381–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer KK, Zoelle JT, Klaassen CD (1996) Induction of metallothionein mRNA and protein in primary murine neuron cultures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 141(1):1–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronemann H (1982) Die Kadmiumbelastung von Pflanze, Tier und Mensch in DDR u. VR Ungarn, Dissertation, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Agarwal AK, Seth PK (1996) Oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity of cadmium. Toxicol Lett 89:65–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacinová L (2005) Voltage-dependent calcium channels. Gen Physiol Biophys 24(Suppl 1):1–78

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lafuente A, Márquez N, PĂ©rez-Lorenzo M, Pazo D, Esquifino AI (2000a) Pubertal and postpubertal cadmium exposure differentially affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 38(10):913–923

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafuente A, Márquez N, Pazo D, Esquifino AI (2000b) Effects of subchronic alternating cadmium exposure on dopamine turnover and plasma levels of prolactin, GH and ACTH. Biometals 13(1):47–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafuente A, González-Carracedo A, Romero A, Esquifino AI (2003) Effect of cadmium on 24 h variations in hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin metabolism in adult male rats. Exp Brain Res 149(2):200–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafuente A, González-Carracedo A, Romero A, Cano P, Esquifino AI (2004) Cadmium exposure differentially modifies the circadian patterns of norepinephrine at the median eminence and plasma LH, FSH and testosterone levels. Toxicol Lett 15;146(2):175–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafuente A, González-Carracedo A, Cabaleiro T, Romero A, Esquifino AI (2005a) Τoxic effects of cadmium on GABA and taurine content in different brain areas of adult male rats. J Physiol Biochem 61(3):439–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafuente A, González-Carracedo A, Romero A, Cabaleiro T, Esquifino AI (2005b) Toxic effects of cadmium on the regulatory mechanism of dopamine and serotonin on prolactin secretion in adult male rats. Toxicol Lett 155(1):87–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai JC, Lim L, Davison AN (1981) Differences in the inhibitory effect of Cd2+, Mn2+ and Al3+ on the uptake of dopamine by synaptosomes from forebrain and from striatum of the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 30(22):3123–3125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai JC, Lim L, Davison AN (1982) Effects of Cd2+, Mn2+, and Al3+ on rat brain synaptosomal uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin. J Inorg Biochem 17(3):215–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane TW, Morel FM (2000) A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(9):4627–4631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauwerys R, Buchet JP, Roels H, Bernard A (1982) Cadmium toxicity: summary of personal studies. Toxicol Eur Res 4(1):7–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Layton WM Jr, Layton MW (1979) Cadmium induced limb defects in mice: strain associated differences in sensitivity. Teratology 19(2):229–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus M, Orct T, Aladrović J, Ljubić BB, Jurasović J, Blanuša M (2011) Effect of selenium pre-treatment on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in Cd-exposed suckling rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 142(3):611–622

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LemariĂ© A, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Morzadec C, Allain N, Fardel O, Vernhet L (2004) Cadmium induces caspase-independent apoptosis in liver Hep3B cells: role for calcium in signaling oxidative stress-related impairment of mitochondria and relocation of endonuclease G and apoptosis-inducing factor. Free Radic Biol Med 36(12):1517–1531

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leret ML, Millán JA, Antonio MT (2003) Perinatal exposure to lead and cadmium affects anxiety-like behaviour. Toxicology 186(1–2):125–130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li KG, Chen JT, Bai SS, Wen X, Song SY, Yu Q, Li J, Wang YQ (2009) Intracellular oxidative stress and cadmium ions release induce cytotoxicity of unmodified cadmium sulfide quantum dots. Toxicol In Vitro 23(6):1007–1013

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Templeton DM (2007) Cadmium activates CaMK-II and initiates CaMK-II-dependent apoptosis in mesangial cells. FEBS Lett 581(7):1481–1486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu YP, Yang CS, Tzeng SF (2008) Inhibitory regulation of glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) expression in astrocytes by cadmium-induced calcium influx. J Neurochem 105(1):137–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LĂłpez E, Figueroa S, Oset-Gasque MJ, González MP (2003) Apoptosis and necrosis: two distinct events induced by cadmium in cortical neurons in culture. Br J Pharmacol 138(5):901–911

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LĂłpez E, Arce C, Oset-Gasque MJ, Cañadas S, González MP (2006) Cadmium induces reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation in cortical neurons in culture. Free Radic Biol Med 40(6):940–951

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg U, Milanes CL, Pernalete N, Weisinger JR, Contreras NE, Paz-Martinez V, Bellorin-Font E (1987) Effects of cadmium on canine renal cortical adenylate cyclase. Am J Physiol 253(3 Pt 2):F401–F407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma M, Xu Z, Li B, Liu Y (2002) Effect of choroid plexus on sequestering cadmium and its pathomorphological change. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 31(5):335–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manso Y, Adlard PA, Carrasco J, Vašák M, Hidalgo J (2011) Metallothionein and brain inflammation. J Biol Inorg Chem 16(7):1103–1113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margoshes M, Vallee BL (1957) A cadmium protein from equine kidney cortex. J Am Chem Soc 79:4813–4814

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MatĂ©s JM, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Márquez J (2010) Roles of dioxins and heavy metals in cancer and neurological diseases using ROS-mediated mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 49(9):1328–1341, Review

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzei GJ, Girard PR, Kuo JF (1984) Environmental pollutant Cd2+ biphasically and differentially regulates myosin light chain kinase and phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase. FEBS Lett 173(1):124–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehmet H (2000) Caspases find a new place to hide. Nature 403(6765):29–30

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meir A, Ginsburg S, Butkevich A, Kachalsky SG, Kaiserman I, Ahdut R, Demirgoren S, Rahamimoff R (1999) Ion channels in presynaptic nerve terminals and control of transmitter release. Physiol Rev 79(3):1019–1088

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MĂ©ndez-Armenta M, RĂ­os C (2007) Cadmium neurotoxicity. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 23:350–358

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MĂ©ndez-Armenta M, Barroso-Moguel R, Villeda-Hernández J, Nava-RuĂ­z C, RĂ­os C (2001) Histopathological alterations in the brain regions of rats after perinatal combined treatment with cadmium and dexamethasone. Toxicology 161(3):189–199

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MĂ©ndez-Armenta M, Villeda-Hernández J, Barroso-Moguel R, Nava-RuĂ­z C, JimĂ©nez-Capdeville ME, RĂ­os C (2003) Brain regional lipid peroxidation and metallothionein levels of developing rats exposed to cadmium and dexamethasone. Toxicol Lett 144(2):151–157

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JL, Marx J (1998) Apoptosis. Science 281:1301–1304

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller DK, Dopheide MM, Smith SM, Casteel SW (2005) Dietary cadmium exposure attenuates D-amphetamine-evoked [3H] dopamine release from striatal slices and methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 80(4):557–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minami A, Takeda D, Nishibaba ST, Oku N (2001) Cadmium toxicity in synaptic neurotransmission in the brain. Brain Res 894:336–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molnár G, Salánki J, Kiss T (2004) Cadmium inhibits GABA-activated ion currents by increasing intracellular calcium level in snail neurons. Brain Res 1008(2):205–211

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montoliu C, Monfort P, Carrasco J, Palacios O, Capdevila M, Hidalgo J, Felipo V (2000) Metallothionein-III prevents glutamate and nitric oxide neurotoxicity in primary cultures of cerebellar neurons. J Neurochem 75(1):266–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosby’s Medical Dictionary (2009) 8th edn. US Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  • Moschou M, Papaefthimiou C, Kagiava A, Antonopoulou E, Theophilidis G (2008) In vitro assessment of the effects of cadmium and zinc on mammalian nerve fibres. Chemosphere 71(10):1996–2002

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulis JM, ThĂ©venod F (2010) New perspectives in cadmium toxicity: an introduction. Biometals 5:763–768

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy RC, Ali MM, Chandra SV (1986) Effects of in-utero exposure to cadmium on the brain biogenic amine levels and tissue metal distribution in rats. Ind Health 24(1):15–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy RC, Saxena DK, Lal B, Chandra SV (1989) Chronic cadmium-ethanol administration alters metal distribution and some biochemicals in rat brain. Biochem Int 19(1):135–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naranjo CA, Chu AY, Tremblay LK (2002) Neurodevelopmental liabilities in alcohol dependence: central serotonin and dopamine dysfunction. Neurotox Res 4(4):343–361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nation JR, Baker DM, Bratton GR, Fantasia MA, Andrews K, Womac C (1987) Ethanol self-administration in rats following exposure to dietary cadmium. Neurotoxicol Teratol 9(5):339–344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nation JR, Wellman PJ, Von Stultz J, Taylor B, Clark DE, Bratton GR (1988) Cadmium exposure results in decreased responsiveness to ethanol. Alcohol 5(2):99–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nation JR, Burkey RT, Grover CA, Bratton GR (1994) The effects of cadmium exposure on ethanol pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48(2):543–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemmiche S, Chabane-Sari D, Guiraud P (2007) Role of alpha-tocopherol in cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rat’s blood, liver and brain. Chem Biol Interact 170(3):221–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicotera P, Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S (1994) Nuclear calcium transport and the role of calcium in apoptosis. Cell Calcium 16(4):279–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nogueira CW, Zeni G, Rocha JB (2004) Organoselenium and organotellurium compounds: toxicology and pharmacology. Chem Rev 104(12):6255–6285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordberg M, Nordberg GF (2000) Toxicological aspects of metallothionein. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 46(2):451–463, Review

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordberg GF (2009) Historical perspectives on cadmium toxicology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):192–200, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak P, Dabrowska J, Bortel A, Izabela B, Kostrzewa RM, Brus R (2006) Prenatal cadmium and ethanol increase amphetamine-evoked dopamine release in rat striatum. Neurotoxicol Teratol 28(5):563–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ognjanović BI, Marković SD, Pavlović SZ, Zikić RV, Stajn AS, Saicić ZS (2008) Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxidant defense system in some tissues of rats: protective effect of selenium. Physiol Res 57(3):403–411

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda B, Iwamoto Y, Tachibana H, Sugita M (1997) Parkinsonism after acute cadmium poisoning. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99(4):263–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olney JW, Wozniak DF, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Farber NB, Bittigau P, Ikonomidou C (2002) Glutamate and GABA receptor dysfunction in the fetal alcohol syndrome. Neurotox Res 4(4):315–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson IM, Bensryd I, Lundh T, Ottosson H, Skerfving S, Oskarsson A (2002) Cadmium in blood and urine – impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking – association of renal effects. Environ Health Perspect 110(12):1185–1190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orrenius S, Nicotera P (1994) The calcium ion and cell death. J Neural Transm Suppl 43:1–11, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle WK, Nahirney PC (2008) Nahirney Netter’s essential histology. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, p 114

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozden TA, Gökçay G, Ertem HV, SĂĽoÄźlu OD, Kiliç A, SökĂĽcĂĽ S, Saner G (2007) Elevated hair levels of cadmium and lead in school children exposed to smoking and in highways near schools. Clin Biochem 40(1–2):52–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pal R, Nath R, Gill KD (1993a) Influence of ethanol on cadmium accumulation and its impact on lipid peroxidation and membrane bound functional enzymes (Na+, K(+)-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase) in various regions of adult rat brain. Neurochem Int 23(5):451–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pal R, Nath R, Gill KD (1993b) Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense enzymes in various regions of adult rat brain after co-exposure to cadmium and ethanol. Pharmacol Toxicol 73(4):209–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papp A, NagymajtĂ©nyi L, DĂ©si I (2003) A study on electrophysiological effects of subchronic cadmium treatment in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 13:181–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parekh AB, Penner R (1997) Store depletion and calcium influx. Physiol Rev 77(4):901–930

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parekh AB, Putney JW Jr (2005) Store-operated calcium channels. Physiol Rev 85(2):757–810

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park H, Song B, Morel FM (2007) Diversity of the cadmium-containing carbonic anhydrase in marine diatoms and natural waters. Environ Microbiol 9(2):403–413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pastore A, Federici G, Bertini E, Piemonte F (2003) Analysis of glutathione: implication in redox and detoxification. Clin Chim Acta 333(1):19–39, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng JB, Chen XZ, Berger UV, Vassilev PM, Tsukaguchi H, Brown EM, Hediger MA (1999) Molecular cloning and characterization of a channel-like transporter mediating intestinal calcium absorption. J Biol Chem 274(32):22739–22746

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters JL, Perlstein TS, Perry MJ, McNeely E, Weuve J (2010) Cadmium exposure in association with history of stroke and heart failure. Environ Res 110(2):199–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pillai A, Priya L, Gupta S (2003) Effects of combined exposure to lead and cadmium on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis function in proestrous rats. Food Chem Toxicol 41(3):379–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl HR, Roney N, Abadin HG (2011) Metal ions affecting the neurological system. Met Ions Life Sci 8:247–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poliandri AH, Esquifino AI, Cano P, JimĂ©nez V, Lafuente A, Cardinali DP, Duvilanski BH (2006) In vivo protective effect of melatonin on cadmium-induced changes in redox balance and gene expression in rat hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. J Pineal Res 41(3):238–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Potier M, Trebak M (2008) New developments in the signaling mechanisms of the store-operated calcium entry pathway. Pflugers Arch 457(2):405–415, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pretto A, Loro VL, Morsch VM, Moraes BS, Menezes C, Clasen B, Hoehne L, Dressler V (2010) Acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation, and bioaccumulation in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to cadmium. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 58(4):1008–1014

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pretto A, Loro VL, Baldisserotto B, Pavanato MA, Moraes BS, Menezes C, Cattaneo R, Clasen B, Finamor IA, Dressler V (2011) Effects of water cadmium concentrations on bioaccumulation and various oxidative stress parameters in Rhamdia quelen. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 60(2):309–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priester JH, Stoimenov PK, Mielke RE, Webb SM, Ehrhardt C, Zhang JP, Stucky GD, Holden PA (2009) Effects of soluble cadmium salts versus CdSe quantum dots on the growth of planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Sci Technol 43(7):2589–2594

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provias JP, Acherley CA, Smith C, Becker LE (1994) Cadmium encephalopathy: a report with elemental analysis and pathological findings. Acta Neuropathol 88:538–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Putney JW (2010) Pharmacology of store-operated calcium channels. Mol Interv 10(4):209–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Putney JW (2011) The physiological function of store-operated calcium entry. Neurochem Res 36(7):1157–1165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai A, Maurya SK, Khare P, Srivastava A, Bandyopadhyay S (2010) Characterization of developmental neurotoxicity of As, Cd, and Pb mixture: synergistic action of metal mixture in glial and neuronal functions. Toxicol Sci 118(2):586–601

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajanna B, Hobson M, Harris L, Ware L, Chetty CS (1990a) Effects of cadmium and mercury on Na(+)-K+, ATPase and uptake of 3H-dopamine in rat brain synaptosomes. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 98(5):291–296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajanna B, Hobson M, Boykin M, Chetty CS (1990b) Effects of chronic treatment with cadmium on ATPases, uptake of catecholamines, and lipid peroxidation in rat brain synaptosomes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 20(1):36–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves PG, Chaney RL (2002) Nutritional status affects the absorption and whole-body and organ retention of cadmium in rats fed rice-based diets. Environ Sci Technol 15;36(12):2684–2692

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardt G, Federolf G, Habermann E (1986) Affinity of heavy metal ions to intracellular Ca2+-binding proteins. Biochem Pharmacol 35(8):1331–1335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigon AP, Cordova FM, Oliveira CS, Posser T, Costa AP, Silva IG, Santos DA, Rossi FM, Rocha JB, Leal RB (2008) Neurotoxicity of cadmium on immature hippocampus and a neuroprotective role for p38 MAPK. Neurotoxicology 29(4):727–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockwell P, Martinez J, Papa L, Gomes E (2004) Redox regulates COX-2 upregulation and cell death in the neuronal response to cadmium. Cell Signal 16:343–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romero A, Caride A, Pereiro N, Lafuente A (2011) Modulatory effects of melatonin on cadmium-induced changes in biogenic amines in rat hypothalamus. Neurotox Res 20(3):240–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabolić I, Breljak D, Skarica M, Herak-Kramberger CM (2010) Role of metallothionein in cadmium traffic and toxicity in kidneys and other mammalian organs. Biometals 23(5):897–926

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SaĹ‚aga-Pylak M, PikuĹ‚a A, WĂłjtowicz-Chomicz K, Sygit K, Klatka M, Kowal M, Borzecki A (2010) The influence of intracerebral streptozotocin and/or cadmium on memory processes in mice exposed to transient cerebral oligemia. J Toxicol Environ Health A 73(17–18):1159–1165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salánki J, Budai D, Hiripi L, Kása P (1993) Acetylcholine level in the brain and other organs of the bivalve Anodonta cygnea L and its modification by heavy metals. Acta Biol Hung 44(1):21–24

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvatori F, Talassi CB, Salzgeber SA, Spinosa HS, Bernardi MM (2004) Embryotoxic and long-term effects of cadmium exposure during embryogenesis in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26(5):673–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato F, Watanabe T, Hoshi E, Endo A (1985) Teratogenic effect of maternal zinc deficiency and its co-teratogenic effect with cadmium. Teratology 31(1):13–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satarug S, Moore MR (2004) Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke. Environ Health Perspect 112(10):1099–1103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satarug S, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Sens DA (2010) Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect 118(2):182–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwerdtle T, Ebert F, Thuy C, Richter C, Mullenders LH, Hartwig A (2010) Genotoxicity of soluble and particulate cadmium compounds: impact on oxidative DNA damage and nucleotide excision repair. Chem Res Toxicol 23(2):432–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shankar VS, Bax CM, Alam AS, Bax BE, Huang CL, Zaidi M (1992) The osteoclast Ca2+ receptor is highly sensitive to activation by transition metal cations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187(2):913–918

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu M, Morita S (1990) Effects of fasting on cadmium toxicity, glutathione metabolism, and metallothionein synthesis in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 103(1):28–39

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla GS, Chandra SV (1989) Cadmium toxicity and bioantioxidants: status of vitamin E and ascorbic acid of selected organs in rat. J Appl Toxicol 9(2):119–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla GS, Hussain T, Chandra SV (1987) Possible role of regional superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxide levels in cadmium neurotoxicity: in vivo and in vitro studies in growing rats. Life Sci 41(19):2215–2221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla GS, Srivastava RS, Chandra SV (1988a) Prevention of cadmium-induced effects on regional glutathione status of rat brain by vitamin E. J Appl Toxicol 8(5):355–359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla GS, Hussain T, Chandra SV (1988b) Protective effect of vitamin E on cadmium-induced alterations in lipofuscin and superoxide dismutase in rat brain regions. Pharmacol Toxicol 63(4):305–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla GS, Srivastava RS, Chandra SV (1988c) Glutathione status and cadmium neurotoxicity: studies in discrete brain regions of growing rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 11(2):229–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla GS, Hussain T, Srivastava RS, Chandra SV (1989) Glutathione peroxidase and catalase in liver, kidney, testis and brain regions of rats following cadmium exposure and subsequent withdrawal. Ind Health 27(2):59–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla A, Shukla GS, Srimal RC (1996) Cadmium-induced alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability and its possible correlation with decreased microvessel antioxidant potential in rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 15(5):400–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW et al (eds) (1999) Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular and medical aspects, 6th edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Siesjö BK (1993) [Future treatment of stroke. Brain injury can be reduced with drugs]. Nord Med 108(12):316–318, 329

    Google Scholar 

  • Siesjö BK (1994) Calcium-mediated processes in neuronal degeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 747:140–161

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva AJ, Paylor R, Wehner JM, Tonegawa S (1992) Impaired spatial learning in alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II mutant mice. Science 257(5067):206–211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonian NA, Coyle JT (1996) Oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 36:83–106, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh PK, Jones SG, Jones MM (1990) Structural factors in the in vivo chelate mobilization of aged cadmium deposits. Environ Health Perspect 85:361–370

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal RL, Merali Z, Hrdina PD (1976) Aspects of the biochemical toxicology of cadmium. Fed Proc 35(1):75–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal RK, Anderson ME, Meister A (1987) Glutathione, a first line of defense against cadmium toxicity. FASEB J 1(3):220–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha M, Manna P, Sil PC (2008) Cadmium-induced neurological disorders: prophylactic role of taurine. J Appl Toxicol 28(8):974–986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slater TF (1987) Free radicals and tissue injury: fact and fiction. Br J Cancer 8(Suppl):5–10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JB, Dwyer SD, Smith L (1989) Cadmium evokes inositol polyphosphate formation and calcium mobilization. Evidence for a cell surface receptor that cadmium stimulates and zinc antagonizes. J Biol Chem 264(13):7115–7118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speizer LA, Watson MJ, Kanter JR, Brunton LL (1989) Inhibition of phorbol ester binding and protein kinase C activity by heavy metals. J Biol Chem 264(10):5581–5585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stellern J, Marlowe M, Cossairt A, Errera J (1983) Low lead and cadmium levels and childhood visual-perception development. Percept Mot Skills 56(2):539–544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stohs SJ, Bagchi D (1995) Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic Biol Med 18(2):321–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storm DR, Hansel C, Hacker B, Parent A, Linden DJ (1998) Impaired cerebellar long-term potentiation in type I adenylyl cyclase mutant mice. Neuron 20(6):1199–1210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF (2000) Choroid plexus in the central nervous system: biology and physiopathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59(7):561–574, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Su Y, Hu M, Fan C, He Y, Li Q, Li W, Wang LH, Shen P, Huang Q (2010) The cytotoxicity of CdTe quantum dots and the relative contributions from released cadmium ions and nanoparticle properties. Biomaterials 31(18):4829–4834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun TJ, Miller ML, Hastings L (1996) Effects of inhalation of cadmium on the rat olfactory system: behavior and morphology. Neurotoxicol Teratol 18(1):89–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sunahara RK, Taussig R (2002) Isoforms of mammalian adenylyl cyclase: multiplicities of signaling. Mol Interv 2(3):168–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suszkiw J, Toth G, Murawsky M, Cooper GP (1984) Effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on acetylcholine release and Ca2+ movements in synaptosomes and subcellular fractions from rat brain and Torpedo electric organ. Brain Res 323(1):31–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutoo D, Akiyama K (2000) Effect of cadmium or magnesium on calcium-dependent central function that reduces blood pressure. Arch Toxicol 74(1):1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutoo D, Akiyama K, Imamiya S (1990) A mechanism of cadmium poisoning: the cross effect of calcium and cadmium in the calmodulin-dependent system. Arch Toxicol 64(2):161–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki Y, Arito H (1975) Cadmium content of the olfactory bulb of Cd administered rats for a long term. Ind Health 13:77–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Chodobski A, Johanson CE (1994) Postnatal developmental changes in blood flow to choroid plexuses and cerebral cortex of the rat. Am J Physiol 266(5 Pt 2):R1488–R1492

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tajuddin N, Druse MJ (1988a) Chronic maternal ethanol consumption results in decreased serotonergic 5-HT1 sites in cerebral cortical regions from offspring. Alcohol 5(6):465–470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tajuddin N, Druse MJ (1988b) Effects of in utero ethanol exposure on cortical 5-HT2 binding sites. Alcohol 5(6):461–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda A, Takefuta S, Ijiro H, Okada S, Oku N (1999) 109Cd transport in rat brain. Brain Res Bull 49(6):453–457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda A, Suzuki M, Oku N (2002) Possible involvement of plasma histidine in differential brain permeability to zinc and cadmium. Biometals 15(4):371–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tallkvist J, Persson E, Henriksson J, Tjälve H (2002) Cadmium-metallothionein interactions in the olfactory pathways of rats and pikes. Toxicol Sci 67(1):108–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tandon SK, Singh S, Prasad S, Khandekar K, Dwivedi VK, Chatterjee M, Mathur N (2003) Reversal of cadmium induced oxidative stress by chelating agent, antioxidant or their combination in rat. Toxicol Lett 145(3):211–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang M, Wang M, Xing T, Zeng J, Wang H, Ruan DY (2008) Mechanisms of unmodified CdSe quantum dot-induced elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. Biomaterials 29(33):4383–4391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tayarani I, CloĂ«z I, ClĂ©ment M, Bourre JM (1989) Antioxidant enzymes and related trace elements in aging brain capillaries and choroid plexus. J Neurochem 53(3):817–824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thatcher RW, Lester ML, McAlaster R, Horst R (1982) Effects of low levels of cadmium and lead on cognitive functioning in children. Arch Environ Health 37(3):159–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ThĂ©venod F (2009) Cadmium and cellular signaling cascades: to be or not to be? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):221–239

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ThĂ©venod F (2010) Catch me if you can! Novel aspects of cadmium transport in mammalian cells. Biometals 23(5):857–875

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ThĂ©venod F, Jones SW (1992) Cadmium block of calcium current in frog sympathetic neurons. Biophys J 63(1):162–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thirumoorthy N, Manisenthil Kumar KT, Shyam Sundar A, Panayappan L, Chatterjee M (2007) Metallothionein: an overview. World J Gastroenterol 13(7):993–996

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjälve H, Henriksson J, Tallkvist J, Larsson BS, Lindquist NG (1996) Uptake of manganese and cadmium from the nasal mucosa into the central nervous system via olfactory pathways in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 79(6):347–356

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toledo-Maciel A, Gonçalves-Gomes S, de Gouveia Castex M, Vieyra A (1998) Progressive inactivation of plasma membrane (Ca2++Mg2+)ATPase by Cd2+ in the absence of ATP and reversible inhibition during catalysis. Biochemistry 37(44):15261–15265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson G, Mutus B, McLennan I (1981) Activation and inactivation of acetylcholinesterase by metal ions. Can J Biochem 59:728–735

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsakiris S, Kontopoulos AN (1993) Time changes in Na+, K(+)-ATPase, Mg(++)-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the rat cerebrum and cerebellum caused by stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44(2):339–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Usai C, Barberis A, Moccagatta L, Marchetti C (1999) Pathways of cadmium influx in mammalian neurons. J Neurochem 72(5):2154–2161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vahter M, Akesson A, LidĂ©n C, Ceccatelli S, Berglund M (2007) Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals. Environ Res 104(1):85–95, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MT (2005) Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 12(10):1161–1208, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39(1):44–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valois AA, Webster WS (1989) The choroid plexus as a target site for cadmium toxicity following chronic exposure in the adult mouse: an ultrastructural study. Toxicology 55(1–2):193–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vesey DA (2010) Transport pathways for cadmium in the intestine and kidney proximal tubule: focus on the interaction with essential metals. Toxicol Lett 198(1):13–19, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viaene MK, Roels HA, Leenders J, De Groof M, Swerts LJ, Lison D, Masschelein R (1999) Cadmium: a possible etiological factor in peripheral polyneuropathy. Neurotoxicology 20(1):7–16

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viaene MK, Masschelein R, Leenders J, De Groof M, Swerts LJ, Roels HA (2000) Neurobehavioural effects of occupational exposure to cadmium: a cross sectional epidemiological study. Occup Environ Med 57(1):19–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viarengo A, Nicotera P (1991) Possible role of Ca2+ in heavy metal cytotoxicity. Comp Biochem Physiol C 100(1–2):81–84, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vickroy TW, Schneider CJ, Hildreth JM (1992) Pharmacological heterogeneity among calcium channels that subserve acetylcholine release in vertebrate forebrain. Neuropharmacology 31(3):307–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vig PJ, Nath R (1991) In vivo effects of cadmium on calmodulin and calmodulin regulated enzymes in rat brain. Biochem Int 23(5):927–934

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waisberg M, Joseph P, Hale B, Beyersmann D (2003) Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicology 192(2–3):95–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Fang J, Lenonard SS, Murali Krishna Rao K (2004) Cadmium inhibits the electron transfer chain and induces reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 36:1434–1443

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Hu P, Wang HL, Wang M, Chen JT, Tang JL, Ruan DY (2008) Effects of Cd(2+) on AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal CA1 area. Toxicol Lett 176(3):215–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Cao J, Chen D, Liu X, Lu H, Liu Z (2009) Role of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and intracellular homeostasis in primary cultures of rat proximal tubular cells exposed to cadmium. Biol Trace Elem Res 127(1):53–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe M, Henmi K, Ogawa K, Suzuki T (2003) Cadmium-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial DNA breaks in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic strains of Euglena gracilis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 134(2):227–234

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wätjen W, Haase H, Biagioli M, Beyersmann D (2002a) Induction of apoptosis in mammalian cells by cadmium and zinc. Environ Health Perspect 110(Suppl 5):865–867

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wätjen W, Cox M, Biagioli M, Beyersmann D (2002b) Cadmium-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells: mediation by caspase 9-activation. Biometals 15(1):15–25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong KL, Cachia R, Klaassen CD (1980) Comparison of the toxicity and tissue distribution of cadmium in newborn and adult rats after repeated administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 56(3):317–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong KL, Klaassen CD (1982) Neurotoxic effects of cadmium in young rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 63(3):330–337

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamagami K, Nishimura S, Sorimachi M (1998) Cd2+ and Co2+ at micromolar concentrations mobilize intracellular Ca2+ via the generation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate in bovine chromaffin cells. Brain Res 798(1–2):316–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Yang S, Qian SY, Hong JS, Kadiiska MB, Tennant RW, Waalkes MP, Liu J (2007) Cadmium-induced toxicity in rat primary mid-brain neuroglia cultures: role of oxidative stress from microglia. Toxicol Sci 98(2):488–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang CS, Tzou BC, Liu YP, Tsai MJ, Shyue SK, Tzeng SF (2008) Inhibition of cadmium-induced oxidative injury in rat primary astrocytes by the addition of antioxidants and the reduction of intracellular calcium. J Cell Biochem 103(3):825–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida S (2001) Re-evaluation of acute neurotoxic effects of Cd2+ on mesencephalic trigeminal neurons of the adult rat. Brain Res 892(1):102–110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan T, Gomes AV, Barnes JA, Hunter HN, Vogel HJ (2004) Spectroscopic characterization of the calmodulin-binding and autoinhibitory domains of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I. Arch Biochem Biophys 421(2):192–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaroogian G, Jackim E (2000) In vivo metallothionein and glutathione status in an acute response to cadmium in Mercenaria mercenaria brown cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 127(3):251–261

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng W (2001a) Neurotoxicology of the brain barrier system: new implications. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39:711–719

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng W (2001b) Toxicology of choroid plexus: special reference to metal-induced neurotoxicities. Microsc Res Tech 52(1):89–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng W, Perry DF, Nelson DL, Aposhian HV (1991) Choroid plexus protects cerebrospinal fluid against toxic metals. FASEB J 5(8):2188–2193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng W, Aschner M, Ghersi-Egea JF (2003) Brain barrier systems: a new frontier in metal neurotoxicological research. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 192(1):1–11, Review

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou FC, Sari Y, Li TK, Goodlett C, Azmitia EC (2002) Deviations in brain early serotonergic development as a result of fetal alcohol exposure. Neurotox Res 4(4):337–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Haris Carageorgiou MD, PhD & Myrto Katramadou MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Haris Carageorgiou MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Myrto Katramadou MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haris Carageorgiou MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, 346 Irvine Hall, Athens, 45701, Ohio, USA

    Yang V. Li

  2. Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson Street, Room 2562B, Loma Linda, 92354, California, USA

    John H. Zhang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carageorgiou, H., Katramadou, M. (2012). Aspects of Cadmium Neurotoxicity. In: Li, Y., Zhang, J. (eds) Metal Ion in Stroke. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9663-3_33

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation