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The Endbulbs of Held

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Synaptic Mechanisms in the Auditory System

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 41))

Abstract

A remarkable nerve terminal is present at the endings of the auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), called the “endbulb of Held.” The endbulbs are complex synaptic endings that provide a coordinated release from multiple presynaptic sites of neurotransmitter onto their target postsynaptic cells, the globular and spherical bushy cells of the cochlear nucleus. These synapses play a key role in bringing a precisely timed representation of sound into the central auditory system. Traditionally, the endbulbs, owing to their large size and the presence of multiple presynaptic release zones, were thought to provide a “secure” synapse between auditory nerve fibers and the target neurons, the globular and spherical bushy cells. However, this view has been strongly challenged by several recent observations. While the endbulbs are indeed a particularly strong synapse, they are subject to dynamic regulation of transmitter release probability and receptor sensitivity, and their ability to initiate action potentials in the postsynaptic cell is not immune to postsynaptic inhibition. Integration by convergence of endbulb synapses onto target cells is an important part of central auditory processing. In particular, cells postsynaptic to the endbulbs can fire more precisely to specific temporal features of acoustic stimuli than their individual auditory nerve fiber inputs. The endbulb synapses are found widely in mammals including humans (Adams 1986), as well as in birds (Carr and Boudreau 1991; Koppl 1994) and reptiles (Browner and Marbey 1988; Szpir et al. 1990), but their presence in amphibians is less clear (Lewis et al. 1980; Feng and Lin 1996).

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NIDCD grant R01DC004551 to PBM (PBM, RX); a grant from the Deafness Research Foundation to RX; NIDCD grant R03DC008190 to YW; grants P20 RR015774 to the Sensory Neuroscience Research Center at WVU and R01 DC007695 to GAS; and F32 DC010546 to GSM.

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  1. Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, UNC Chapel Hill, G127 Physician’s Office Building., CB#7070, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599–7070, USA

    Paul B. Manis

  2. Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, UNC Chapel Hill, G127 Physician’s Office Bldg., CB#7070, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599–7070, USA

    Ruili Xie

  3. Otolaryngology/Neuroscience Program, 3C120 School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA

    Yong Wang

  4. Department of Otolaryngology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive Health Sciences Center, 9304, Morgantown, WV, 26506–9304, USA

    Glen S. Marrs & George A. Spirou

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  1. Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, SW. Sam Jackson Park Rd. 3181, Portland, 97239-3098, Oregon, USA

    Laurence O. Trussell

  2. , Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742-4415, Maryland, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

  3. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 02543, Massachusetts, USA

    Richard R. Fay

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Manis, P.B., Xie, R., Wang, Y., Marrs, G.S., Spirou, G.A. (2012). The Endbulbs of Held. In: Trussell, L., Popper, A., Fay, R. (eds) Synaptic Mechanisms in the Auditory System. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 41. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9517-9_4

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