Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Long-Term Durability of Polymeric Matrix Composites pp 427–481Cite as

Composite Structures Durability Design and Substantiation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

An overview of the durability design requirements and substantiation approaches, with an emphasis on aerospace applications, is provided in this chapter. The service history of both commercial and military composite aircraft structures has provided numerous examples of both good and bad designs from which current design specification and guidance are derived. Issues to be considered in the design of composites used in primary and secondary composite structures including corrosion prevention measures associated with joining composite and metallic components are described. Design details, material selection, and demonstration that designs meet performance criteria are dependent on a structure’s thermal and mechanical loading environments, service and economic life requirements, manufacturing constraints, and inspectability requirements. Based on an assessment of the durability of composite materials at the coupon level through modeling and testing, a description of the building block approach used to validate durability predictions of elements, subcomponents, components, and full-scale structural testing is given. The unique requirements for developing load spectra for accelerated full-scale durability testing for both composite and combined composite/metallic structures are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ransom JB, Glaessgen EH, Raju IS, Knight NF, and Reeder JR, 2008, ‘Lessons Learned from Recent Failure and Incident Investigations of Composite Structures,’ Proceedings of the 49th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, 7 – 10 April 2008, Schaumburg, IL, AIAA 2008–2317.

    Google Scholar 

  2. MIL-STD-1530C, 2005, DOD Standard Practice, Aircraft Structural Integrity Program (ASIP).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mohaghegh M, 2004,’Evolution of Structures Design Philosophy and Criteria,’ 45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & materials Conference 19–22 April 2004, Palm Springs, CA, AIAA 2004–1785.

    Google Scholar 

  4. MIL-HDBK-17F, 2002, DOD Composite Materials Handbook Volume 3. Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis.

    Google Scholar 

  5. ADS-13F-HDBK, 1997, Aeronautical Design Standard Handbook; Air Vehicle Materials and Processes, United States Army Aviation and Troop Command.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Tomblin JS, Ng YC, Raju KS, 2003,’Material Qualification and Equivalency for Polymer Matrix Composite Material Systems: Updated Procedure,’ DOT/FAA/AR-03/19

    Google Scholar 

  7. AC 20-107B, 2009, DOT Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular on Composite Aircraft Structure.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Reddick HK, 1983,’Safe-Life and Damage-Tolerant Design Approaches for Helicopter Structures,’ In NASA. Langley Research Center Failure Analysis and Mechanics of Failure of Fibrous Composite Structures, pp 129–152.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lieblein S, 1981,’Survey of Long-Term Durability of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Structures,’ NASA CR-165320.

    Google Scholar 

  10. JSSG-2006, 1998, DOD Joint Service Specification Guidance, Aircraft Structures.

    Google Scholar 

  11. MIL-HDBK-310, 1997, DOD Handbook, Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rousseau C, 2001, Test Program Planning, ASM Handbook, Volume 21 Composites, ASM International.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wilkins DJ, 1983, A Preliminary Damage Tolerance Methodology for Composite Structures, In NASA. Langley Research Center Failure Analysis and Mechanics of Failure of Fibrous Composite Structures pp. 67–94.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Reddy DJ, 2006, Composites in Rotorcraft Industry & Damage Tolerance Requirements, Presented at the FAA Composites Workshop, Chicago, IL, July 19–21, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  15. ADS-51-HDBK, 1996, Aeronautical Design Standard Handbook, Rotorcraft and Aircraft Qualification (Raq) Handbook.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Pagano NJ, Schoeppner GA, 2000, Delamination in Polymer Matrix Composites: Problems and Assessment’, Vol. 2 Polymer Matrix Composites, in series Comprehensive Composite Materials, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Davis GW, Sakata IF, 1981, Design Considerations for Composite Fuselage Structure of Commercial Transport Aircraft, NASA CR-159296.

    Google Scholar 

  18. FAR PART 23—Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, And Commuter Category Airplanes, § 23.573 Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Vosteen LF, Hadcock RN, 1994, Composite Chronicles: A Study of the Lessons Learned in the Development, Production, and Service of Composite Structures, NASA CR-4620.

    Google Scholar 

  20. MIL-STD-889B, 1993, DOD Standard Practice, Dissimilar Materials.

    Google Scholar 

  21. ASTM G82-98, 2009, Standard Guide for Development and Use of a Galvanic Series for Predicting Galvanic Corrosion Performance.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Aylor DM and Murray JN, 1992, The Effect of a Seawater Environment on the Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of Graphite/Epoxy Composite Coupled to Metals, Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center, CDNSWC-SME-92/93.

    Google Scholar 

  23. ’Corrosion Prevention and Control Planning Guidebook Spiral 3‘, 2007, Department of Defense, Principle Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisitions, Tech and Logistics, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Campbell FC, 2004, Manufacturing Processes for Advanced Composites, Elsevier Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hoeckelman LA, 2001, “Environmental Protection and Sealing,“ASM Handbook, Volume 21 Composites, ASM International.

    Google Scholar 

  26. MIL-HDBK-1568, 1996, DOD Standardization Handbook, Materials and Processes for Corrosion Prevention and Control in Aerospace Weapons Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  27. MIL-HDBK-729, 1983, DOD Standardization Handbook, Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention Metals.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Gintert LA, Hihara LH, 2002, ‘Corrosion Considerations for Military Applications of Composite Materials,’ CORROSION 2002, NACE International, Houston, Paper 02162.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Harris CE, Starnes JH, Shuart MJ, 2001, An Assessment of the State-of-the-Art in the Design and Manufacturing of Large Composite Structures for Aerospace Vehicles, NASA/TM-2001-210844.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Demuts E, Whitehead RS, and Deo RB, 1989, ‘Assessment of Damage Tolerance in Composites,’ Composite Structures, vol. 4, pp. 45–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Baker AA; Jones R; Callinan RJ, 1985, ‘Damage Tolerance of Graphite/Epoxy Composites,’ Composite Structures, vol. 4, pp. 15–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. ARP-5414, 2005, Aircraft Lightning Zoning, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (SAE) Aerospace Recommended Practice.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gardiner, G, 2006, ‘Lightning Strike Protection for Composite Structures’ High Performance Composites, http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/lightning-strike-protection-for-composite-structures, Accessed in 2009.

  34. AC 20-53B, 2006DOT Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular on Protection of Aircraft Fuel Systems Against Fuel Vapor Ignition Caused by Lightning.

    Google Scholar 

  35. AC 20–136, 1990, DOT Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular on Protection of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems Against the Indirect Effects of Lightning.

    Google Scholar 

  36. MIL-STD-1795A, 1989, DOD Standard Practice, Lightning Protection of Aerospace Vehicles and Hardware.

    Google Scholar 

  37. MIL-STD-1757A, 1983, DOD Standard Practice, Lightning Qualification Test Techniques for Aerospace Vehicles and Hardware.

    Google Scholar 

  38. MIL-B-5087, 1964, DOD Specification, Bonding, Electrical, and Lightning Protection for Aerospace Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Schoeppner GA, Curliss DB, 2002,’Model-Based Design for Composite Materials Life Management,’ Proceedings of the 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, 4–6 September 2002, Atlanta, GA, Paper number AIAA-2002-5516.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Tomblin J, Lacy T, Smith B, Hooper S, Vizzini A, Lee S, 1999, Review of Damage Tolerance for Composite Sandwich Airframe Structures, DOT/FAA/AR-99/49.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lincoln JW, Yeh HC, 1999, Treatment of High-Cycle Vibratory Stress in Rotorcraft Damage Tolerance Design, RTO AVT Specialists’ Meeting on Application of Damage Tolerance Principles for Improved Airworthiness of Rotorcraft, held in Corfu, Greece, 21–22 April 1999, and published in RTO MP-24.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Lazzeri L, Mariani U, 2009 ‘Application of Damage Tolerance Principles to the Design of Helicopters,’ Int J, Fatigue, vol. 31, pp. 1039–1045.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Miner MA, 1945, ‘Cumulative Damage in Fatigue,’ J. Appl. Mech., pp. A159 – A164.

    Google Scholar 

  44. FAA FAR Part 25, Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes.

    Google Scholar 

  45. AC 35.37-1A, 2001, DOT Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular on Guidance Material for Fatigue Limit Tests and Composite Blade Fatigue Substantiation.

    Google Scholar 

  46. AC 20-66A, 2001, DOT Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular on Vibration and Fatigue Evaluation of Airplane Propellers.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Whitehead RS, Kan HP, Cordero R, Saether ES, 1986, ‘Certification Testing Methodology for Composite Structures, Volumes I and II,’ Report numbers NADC-87042-60 and DOT/FAA/CT-86/39.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Whitehead RS, 1991, Lessons learned for composite structures, NASA. Langley Research Center, The First NASA Advanced Composites Technology Conference, Part 1, pp. 399–415.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kan HP, Cordero R, Whitehead RS, 1997, Advanced Certification Methodology for Composite Structures, DOT/FAA/AR-96/111.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Lincoln J, 1986, ‘Certification of Composites for Aircraft,’ Proceedings of the 1986 Aircraft Structural Integrity Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Lincoln JW, 2000, ‘USAF Experience in the Qualification of Composite Structures,’ Composite Structures: Theory and Practice, ASTM STP 1383, P. Grant, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials. West Conshohocken. PA, pp. 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  52. AC 25.571 -1C, 1998, DOT Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular on Damage Tolerance and Fatigue Evaluation of Structure.

    Google Scholar 

  53. CMH-17-3F, Composite Materials Handbook, Volume 3. Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis.

    Google Scholar 

  54. AC 29-2C, 2003, DOT Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular on Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Rouchon J, 2007, How, Over the Past 30 Years, “Part 25” Composite Structures Have Been Coping with Metal Minded Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Requirements, 24th ICAF Symposium, Naples, Italy, 16 May 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Tillman MS, 2009, Addendum to NAWCADPAX/TR-2009/139 – Evaluation of Flight Load Spectrum and Fatigue Test Spectrum Severity, Report No: NAWCADPAX/TM-2009-169, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Tillman MS, Tsai HC, Peek M, 2009, An Investigation of the End-of-Life Residual Strength of the F/A-18A-D Inner Wing Step Lap Joint, Report No: NAWCADPAX/TR-2009/139, Naval Air Systems Command, Patuxent River, MD.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge contributions from David Stone from US Army, Aviation Engineering Directorate, Aviation and Missile RDEC for his many discussions on the US Army’s substantiation methods for rotorcraft. In addition, the contributions of Kevin Miller, Wayne Koegel, David Quinn, and David Barrett from the Naval Air Systems Command were critical, in particular for their knowledge of design substantiation methods for Naval systems. Finally, the consultations with Jeffery Hendrix, Carl Rousseau (Lockheed Martin), Harlan Ashton (Boeing), and Charles Babish (Air Force, Aeronautical Systems Center) were of tremendous value.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. US Air Force, Air Force Research Laboratory Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA

    Gregory A. Schoeppner

Authors
  1. Gregory A. Schoeppner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew S. Tillman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregory A. Schoeppner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point of Hudson, Hoboken, 07030, New Jersey, USA

    Kishore V. Pochiraju

  2. Dept. Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, College Park 300, Dayton, 45469-0160, Ohio, USA

    Gyaneshwar P. Tandon

  3. Materials & Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, 45433-7702, Ohio, USA

    Gregory A. Schoeppner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schoeppner, G.A., Tillman, M.S. (2012). Composite Structures Durability Design and Substantiation. In: Pochiraju, K., Tandon, G., Schoeppner, G. (eds) Long-Term Durability of Polymeric Matrix Composites. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9308-3_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation