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Abstract

The control of venous smooth muscle tone and venous function is dominated by the sympathetic nervous system, its activity being coordinated in the vasomotor center in the brainstem. The degree of adrenergic innervation of the veins varies widely; cutaneous and splachnic veins are most densely innervated, while large conduit veins and the deep limb veins receive only scarce adrenergic innervation (396).

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Schneider, F.A., Siska, I.R., Avram, J.A. (2003). Regulation of the venous tone. In: Clinical Physiology of the Venous System. Basic Science for the Cardiologist, vol 15. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9282-6_4

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