Abstract
If we compare the present situation of forest area and of tree species composition within forests with the situation which would be the natural pattern of species after the last glaciation, there are drastic differences due to human interference. Clearing of land for agriculture and settlement, overutilization of certain species, preference of species in plantations, replacement of hardwoods by faster growing conifers, intensive forest management, reduction of specific ecological niches like riparian forests, introduction of pests and diseases, seed transfer partly over long distances changed forest area, tree species composition, and genetic structure of the tree species. Conifers extended their relative participation, hardwood species were reduced. Especially minor hardwood species were without economic interest and some were regionally extinct.
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Kleinschmit, J., Kleinschmit, J.R.G. (2002). Integration of Conservation and Utilization in Temperate Hardwood Species. In: Şener, B. (eds) Biodiversity. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9242-0_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9242-0_1
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