Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Simulation in the Health Services and Biomedicine

  • Chapter
Applied System Simulation

  • 509 Accesses

Abstract

Computer simulation can be used to evaluate complex health services and biomedical systems in situations where traditional methodologies are difficult or too costly to employ. The construction of a computer simulation model involves the development of a model that represents important aspects of the system under evaluation. Once validated, the model can be used to study the effects of variations in system inputs, differences in initial conditions and changes in the structure of the system. The modeling process is described followed by a review of examples where computer simulation has been utilized in health care policy making, health services planning, biomedical applications from the systems to the cellular and genetic level, and education.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G. Gordon. System Simulation. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J.G. Anderson, “Evaluation in health informatics: Computer simulation,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2002;32(3): 151–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. J.J. Swain, “Simulation goes mainstream,” 1997 Simulation Software Survey, ORMS Today 1997;24(5):35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  4. J. Banks, J.S. Carson and B.L. Nelson, Discrete-Event System Simulation, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  5. B. Hannon and M. Ruth, Dynamic Modeling, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. J.L. Hargrove, Dynamic Modeling in the Health Sciences, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. A.M. Law and W. D. Kelton, Simulation Modeling and Analysis, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  8. N. Oreskes, K. Schrader-Frechette and K. Belitz, “Verification, validation and confirmation of numerical models in the earth sciences,” Science, 1994; 2163: 641–646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. R.G. Sargent, “Verification and validation of simulation models,” Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 1994, pp. 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  10. M. Katzper, “Epistemological bases of postulational modeling,” In Health Sciences, Physiological and Pharmacological Simulation Studies, Proceedings of the 1995 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 15-18, 1995 Las Vegas, Nevada, San Diego, CA, Society for Computer Simulation, San Diego, CA,1995, pp. 83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  11. M. McCarthy, “LIFT: INFORUM’s model of the U.S. economy,” Economic Systems Research, 1991; 3(1).

    Google Scholar 

  12. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Understanding Estimates of National Health Expenditures under Health Care Reform. OTA-H-594, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  13. J.H. Phelps and R.M. Monaco, “Macroeconomic implications of health care cost containment,” Health Sciences, Physiological and Pharmacological Simulation Studies, Proceedings of the 1995 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 15-18, 1995, Las Vegas, Nevada; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1995, pp. 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  14. C. Winterbottom, “Microsimulation modeling of health care reform,” Health Sciences, Physiological and Pharmacological Simulation Studies, Proceedings of the 1995 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 15-18, 1995; Las Vegas, Nevada: San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1995, pp. 15–16.

    Google Scholar 

  15. B.G. Lopez-Valcarcel, P. Barber, M.I. Tocino and E. Rodriguez, “Policy decisions in medical enrollment, training and retirement on the labor market for physicians: A simulation model,” In: Health Science Simulation, Proceedings of the 1999 Health Sciences Simulation Conference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 17-20, 1999, San Francisco, CA; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1999, pp. 3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  16. R. Davies and P. Roderick, “Planning resources for renal services throughout England using simulation,” European Operational Research Journal, 1998;105:285–295.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. D. Levy, F. Chaloupka, J. Gitchell, D. Mendez and K.E. Warner, “The use of simulation models for the surveillance, justification and understanding of tobacco control policies,” Special Issue on Simulation, Health Care Management Science, 2002;5(2):113–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. D. Levy, K.M. Cummings and A. Hyland, “The effects of reductions in initiation on smoking rates: A computer simulation model,” American Journal of Public Health, 2000;90(8):1311–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. T.J. Chaussalet, H. Xie, W.A. Thompson and P.H. Millard, “A Discrete event simulation approach for evaluating screening policies for Alzheimer’s disease,” Proceedings of the 14th European Simulation Multiconference, Ghent, Belgium, 2000 May 23-26, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2000, pp. 624–630.

    Google Scholar 

  20. W.A. Thompson and T.J. Chaussalet, “Subgroup analysis of costs of care in a Markov model of the natural history of Alzheimer’s disease,” Simulation in the Health and Medical Sciences 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 Western Multiconference; January 7-11, 2001, Phoenix, AZ: San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 2001, pp. 41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  21. M.J. Fett, “Development and application of a group simulation model of breast cancer screening,” Health Sciences Simulation 2000, Proceedings of the 2000 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 23-27, 2000, San Diego, CA; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2000, pp. 173–178.

    Google Scholar 

  22. A. van Zon and G.J. Kommer, “A dynamic resource allocation model of the care for the mentally disabled in the Netherlands,” In: Health Science Simulation, Proceedings of the 1999 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, San Francisco, CA; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1999, pp.16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  23. A.A.B. Pritsker, O.P Daily, J.R, Wilson, J.P. Roberts, M.D. Allen and J.F. Burdick, “Organ transplantation modeling and analysis,” In: Simulation in the Medical Sciences, Proceedings of the 1996 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 14-17, 1996, San Diego, CA; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 1996, pp. 29–35.

    Google Scholar 

  24. UNAIDS/WHO, Epidemic Update, December 2002, Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2002. Available: http://www.unaids.org

    Google Scholar 

  25. Special Issue on Modeling the Spread of AIDS, Simulation, 1990;54(1).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Special Issue on Modeling Epidemics, Simulation, 1998;71(4).

    Google Scholar 

  27. D.J. Ahlgren and A.C. Stein, “Dynamic models of the AIDS epidemic,” Simulation, 1990;54(1):7–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. J.G. Anderson and M.M. Anderson, “Modeling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Indiana,” The Health Education Monograph, 1996;14(1):1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  29. C. Pasqualucci, L. Rava, C. Rossi and G. Schinaia, “Estimating the size of the HIV/AIDS epidemic: Complementary use of the empirical Bayesian back-calculation and the mover-stayer model for gathering the largest amount of information,” Simulation, 1998;71(4): 213–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. B. Dangerfield and C. Roberts, “Model-based scenarios for the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS: The consequences of highly active antiretroviral therapy,” Systems Dynamics Review, 2001; 17(: 119–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. M.S. Rauner, “Using Simulation for AIDS policy modeling: Benefits for HIV/AIDS Prevention policy makers in Vienna, Austria,” Health Care Management Science, 2002;5(2): 121–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. M.L. Brandeau, H.L. Lee, D.K. Owens, C.H. Cox and R.M. Wachter, “Policy analysis of human immunodeficiency virus screening and intervention: A review of modeling approaches,” AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 1990;5(2): 119–131.

    Google Scholar 

  33. C.M. Friedrich and M.L. Brandeau, “Using simulation to find optimal; funding levels for HIV prevention programs with different costs and effectiveness,” In: Proceedings of the 1998 Medical Sciences Simulation Conference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 1998, 58–64.

    Google Scholar 

  34. K. Heidenberger and S. Flessa, “A systems dynamics model for AIDS policy support in Tanzania,” European Journal of Operational Research, 1993;70(2): 167–176.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. D. M. Edwards, R.D. Shachter and D.K. Owens, “A dynamic HIV transmission model for evaluating the costs and benefits of vaccine programs,” Interface, 1998;28(3):144–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. A.L. Adams, S.E. Chick, D.C. Barth-Jones and J.S. Koopman, “Simulation to evaluate HIV vaccine trial designs,” Simulation, 1998;71(4):228–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. G.S. Zaric, M.L. Brandeau, A.M. Bayoumi and D.K. Owens, “The effects of protease inhibitors on the spread of HIV and the development of drug-resistant HIV strains: A simulation study,” Simulation, 1998;71(4):262–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. J.G. Anderson and M.M. Anderson, “HIV screening and treatment of pregnant women and their newborns: A simulation-based analysis,” Simulation, 1998;71(4):276–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. M.L. Brandeau, D.K. Owens, C.H. Sox and R.M. Wachter, “Screening women of childbearing age for human immunodeficiency virus — A model-based policy analysis,” Management Science, 1993;39(1):72–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Special Issue on Simulation in Health Sciences, Simulation, 1996;66(4).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Special Issue on Simulation, Health Care Management Science, 2002;5(2).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Special Issue on Focus on Simulation, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2002;9(5).

    Google Scholar 

  43. R. Davies and C. Canning, “Discrete event simulation to evaluate screening for diabetic eye disease,” Simulation, 1996;66(4):209–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. R. Davies, K. Cooper and P. Roderick, “Simulation of policies for prevention and treatment in coronary heart disease,” In: Health Sciences Simulation, Proceedings of the 2002 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 27-31, 2002, San Antonio, TX; San Diego, CA: Society for Modeling and Simulation International, 2002, pp. 134–138.

    Google Scholar 

  45. A.J. Alessandra et al., “Using simulation in hospital planning,” Simulation, 1978;30(2):62–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. D.H. Uyeno, “Health manpower systems: An application of simulation to the design of primary healthcare teams,” Management Science, 1974;20(6):981–989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. D.C. Lane, C. Monefeldt and J.V. Rosenhead, “Looking in the wrong place for healthcare improvements: A systems dynamics study of an accident and emergency department,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 2000;51(5):518–531.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. K.I. Altinel and E. Ulas, “Simulation modeling for emergency bed requirement planning,” Annals of Operations Research, 1996;67:183–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. J.E. Everett, “A decision support simulation model for the management of an elective surgery waiting system,” Health Care Management Science, 2002;5(2):89–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. J.R. Swisher, S.H. Jacobson, J.B. Jun and O. Balci, “Modeling and analyzing a physician clinic environment using discrete-event (visual) simulation,” Computers and Operations Research, 2001;28(2): 105–125.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  51. J.B. Jun, H. Jacobson and J.R. Swisher, “Application of discrete-event simulation in health care clinics,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 1999;50(10): 109–123.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. W. Vogt, S.L. Braun, F. Hanssmann, F. Liebl, G. Berchtold, H. Blaschke, M. Eckert, G.E. Hoffmann and S. Klose, “Realistic modeling of clinical laboratory operations by computer simulation,” Clinical Chemistry, 1994;40(6):922–928.

    Google Scholar 

  53. L.A. Riley, “Applied simulation for systems’ optimization in the health care industry,” In: Health Sciences Simulation, Proceedings of the 1999 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 17-20, 1999, San Francisco, CA; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 1999, pp. 22–27.

    Google Scholar 

  54. S. Groothuis, F. van Merode, A. Hasman and F. Bar, “Cost calculations at the catherization room using a simulation model,” In: Health Sciences Simulation, Proceedings of the 1999 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 17-20, 1999, San Francisco, CA; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 1999, pp. 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  55. G.G. van Merode, M. Schoenmakers, S. Groothuis and H.H. Boersma, “Simulation studies and the alignment of interests,” Health Care Management Science, 2002;5(2):97–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. J.G. Anderson, W. Harshbarger, H.C. Weng, S.J. Jay and M.M. Anderson, “Modeling the costs and outcomes of cardiovascular surgery,” Health Care management Science, 2002;5(2): 103–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. J.G. Anderson, S.J. Jay, M.M. Anderson and T.J. Hunt, “Evaluating the capability of information technology to prevent adverse drug events: A computer simulation approach,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2002;9(5):479–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. J.G. McDaniel, “Discrete-Event Simulation of a Wide-Area Health Care Network,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 1995;2(4), 220–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. M.A. Shifman, F.G. Sayward, M.E. Mattie and P.L. Miller, “Exploring issues of quality of service in a Next Generation Internet testbed: A case study using PathMaster,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2002;9(5):491–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. W.L. Chandler and T. Velan, “ACM4WB — An advanced whole body circulatory model,” In: Simulation in the Health and Medical Sciences 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 7-11, 2001, Phoenix, AZ; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2001, pp. 91–96.

    Google Scholar 

  61. J.N. Amoore and W.P. Santamore, “A simulation study of factors influencing respiratory variations in blood flow with special reference to the effects of the phase delay between the respiratory and cardiac cycles,” Simulation, 1996;66(4):229–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. T. Velan and W.L. Chandler, “A multilevel integrated simulation of coagulation in vivo,” In: Simulation in the Health and Medical Sciences 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 Western Muticonference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 7-11, 2001, Phoenix, AZ; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2001, pp. 115–120.

    Google Scholar 

  63. B. Romagnoli, M. Guarini and J. Urzua, “A model of the capillary effects on the arterial circulation,” In: Simulation in the Health and Medical Sciences 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 7-11, 2001, Phoenix, AZ; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2001, pp. 103–108.

    Google Scholar 

  64. D. Schneditz, R. Pilgram and T. Kenner, “Oscillations of red blood cell concentrations in the circulation,” In: Health Sciences Simulation 2000, Proceedings of the Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 23-27, 2000, San Diego, CA; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2000, pp. 157–161.

    Google Scholar 

  65. B. Quatember and H. Muhlthaler, “Simulation of three-dimensional flow of blood around stenoses: Mesh generation issues,” In: Health Sciences Simulation 2002, Proceedings of the 2002 Western Multiconference, eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper; January 27-31, 2002, San Antonio, TX; San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 2002, pp. 151–156.

    Google Scholar 

  66. B. Fan, N. Rose, J.L. Hargrove and D.K. Hartle, “Computer simulation model for vitamin effects on homocysteine metabolism,” In: Health Sciences Simulation, Proceedings of the 1999 Western Multiconference, eds. J. G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 17-20, 1999, San Francisco, CA, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1999, pp. 170–174.

    Google Scholar 

  67. K. Thomaseth and B. Boniollo, Simulation of plasmatic enzyme reactions during thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator: From in vitro knowledge to new assumptions in vivo,” Simulation, 1996;66(4):219–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. G. Pacini, “Simulation of insulin secretion: From physiological knowledge to clinical applications,” In: Simulation in the Medical Sciences, Proceedings of the 1997 Western Multiconference, eds. J. G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 12-15, 1997, Phoenix, AZ, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1997, pp. 177–181.

    Google Scholar 

  69. D. Tsavachidou, and M. N. Liebman, “Modeling and simulation of pathways in menopause,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2002; 9(5): 461–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. W.Y. Tan, W. Wang and J.H. Zhu, “A state space model of cancer tumors under chemotherapy and drug resistance,” In: Simulation in the Health and Medical Sciences, Proceedings of the 2001 Western Multiconference, eds. J. G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 7-11, 2001, Phoenix, AZ, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 2001, pp. 137–142.

    Google Scholar 

  71. J. Rosenberg, “Modeling temporal patterns in breast cancer recurrence,” In: Health Sciences Simulation, Proceedings of the 1999 Western Multiconference, eds. J. G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 17-20, 1999, San Francisco, CA, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1999, pp. 190–194.

    Google Scholar 

  72. M. Hirosawa, R. Tanaka, H. Tanaka, M. Akahoshi and M. Ishikawa, “Toward simulation-like representation of the cell” In: Health Sciences, Physiological and Pharmacological Simulation studies,” Proceedings of the 1995 Western Multiconference, eds. J. G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 15-18, 1999, Las Vegas, NE, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1995, pp. 131–135.

    Google Scholar 

  73. A.A. Amelkin and A.K. Amelkin, “Respiration control,” In: Health Sciences Simulation, Proceedings of the 1999 Western Multiconference, eds. J. G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 17-20, 1999, San Francisco, CA, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1999, pp. 175–180.

    Google Scholar 

  74. J.R. Hargrove, Dynamic Modeling in the Health Sciences, New York: Springer 1998:159–174.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  75. J.R. Hargrove, Dynamic Modeling in the Health Sciences, New York: Springer 1998:148–157.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  76. J.L. Hargrove, C.Y. Chung, O. R. Bunce and D.K. Hartle, “Diet, lifestyle and risk for colon cancer: A probabilistic model based on odds ratios,” In: Health Sciences Simulation, Proceedings of the 1999 Western Multiconference, eds. J. G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 17-20, 1999, San Francisco, CA, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1999, pp. 195–199.

    Google Scholar 

  77. J.R. Hargrove, Dynamic Modeling in the Health Sciences, New York: Springer 1998:246–254.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  78. J.R. Hargrove, Dynamic Modeling in the Health Sciences, New York: Springer 1998:238–245.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  79. P.C. Specht, “Pharmacokinetic training using simulation,” In Simulation in the Health Sciences, Proceeding of the 1994 Western Multiconference, Eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 24-26, 1994, Tempe, AZ, San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1994, pp. 79–83.

    Google Scholar 

  80. J. Kefranek, M. Andrlik, T. Kripner, J. Masek, and T. Velan, “Simulation chips for GOLEM — Multimedia simulator of physiological functions,” In Health Sciences Simulation 2002, Proceedings of the 2002 Western Multiconference, Eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 27-31, 2002, San Antonio, TX: San Diego, CA: Society for Modeling and Simulation, 2002, pp. 159–163.

    Google Scholar 

  81. G. Pitts, C. Smith, and F. Weaker, “A new virtual reality simulator of medical and dental training,” In Health Sciences Simulation 2002, Proceedings of the 2002 Western Multiconference, Eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 27-31, 2002, San Antonio, TX: San Diego, CA: Society for Modeling and Simulation, 2002, pp. 164–169.

    Google Scholar 

  82. J. P. Duclos, S. Gil, R. Alvaarez, and A. Guesalaga, “Computer simulation techniques for clinical training in ophthalmic photocoagulation”, In Simulation in the Medical Sciences, Proceedings of the 1997 Western MultiConference, Eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 12-15, 1997, Phoenix, AZ, San Diego, CA, Society for Computer Simulation International, 1997, pp. 135–138.

    Google Scholar 

  83. A. Lewandowski, W. Michalowski and S. Rubin, “Acquiring diagnostic skills using finite state machine simulator of a medical case management process,” In: Health Sciences, Physiological and Pharmacological simulation Studies, Proceedings of the 19957 Western MultiConference, Eds. J.G. Anderson and M. Katzper, January 15-18, 1995, Las Vegas, NE, San Diego, CA, Society for Computer Simulation International, 1995, pp. 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  84. C.M. Pugh and P. Youngblood, “Development and validation of assessment measures for a newly developed physical examination simulator,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2002; 9(5): 448–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. B. Temkin, E. Acvosta, P. Hatfield, E. Onal and A. Tong, “Web-based three-dimensional virtual body structures: W3D-VBS,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2002;9(5):425–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. P. Dev, K. Montgomery, S. Senger, W.L. Heinrichs, S. Srivasstava and K. Waldron, “Simulated medical learning environments on the Internet,” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 2002;9(5):437–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Purdue University, USA

    James G. Anderson Ph.D.

Authors
  1. James G. Anderson Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Monmouth University, USA

    Mohammad S. Obaidat

  2. Aristotle University, Greece

    Georgios I. Papadimitriou

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Anderson, J.G. (2003). Simulation in the Health Services and Biomedicine. In: Obaidat, M.S., Papadimitriou, G.I. (eds) Applied System Simulation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9218-5_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9218-5_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4843-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-9218-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation