Abstract
Self-concept theory and research (Rosenberg, 1979; Gecas and Burke, 1995; McCall and Simmons, 1966) takes as a central goal demonstration of the fact that the self “matters” (i.e., is not an epiphenomenon) for social behavior and the organization of society. In this chapter, I explore some ways in which self and identity matter—as both “social product” and “social force” (Rosenberg, 1981)—for the study of social stratification and inequality. The goal of this paper is to review some existing research lying at the intersection of the study of self and stratification, and to suggest several ways in which such scholarship can be further developed. Special emphasis is placed on integrating key concepts from “identity theory” (Stryker and Burke, 2000) into our understanding of stratification processes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alba, R. D. (1990). Ethnic identity: The transformation of white America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Brown, T. N. (1999). Predictors of racial label preference in Detroit:Examining trends from 1971 to 1992. Sociological Spectrum, 19, 421–442.
Burke, P. J. (1980). The self: Measurement implications from a symbolic interactionist Perspective. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 18–29.
Burke, P. J. & D. C. Reitzes. (1981). The link between identity and role performance. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 83–92. Callero,P.L. The political self: Identity resources for radical democracy. (this volume).
Coverdill, J. E. (1997). White ethnic identification and racial attitudes. In S.A. Tuch & J. K. Martin (Eds.), Racial altitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and change (pp. 144–174). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Crittenden, K. S. (1983). Sociological aspects of attribution. Annual Review of Sociology, 9, 425–446.
Davis, N. J. & R. V. Robinson. (1996). Are the rumors of war exaggerated?: Religious orthodoxy and moral progressivism in America. American Journal of Sociology, 102, 756–787.
Della Fave, L. R. (1980). The meek shall not inherit the earth: Self-evaluation and the legitimacy of stratification. American Sociological Review, 45, 955–971.
-. (1986). Toward an explication of the legitimation process. Social Forces, 65, P.
Ellison, C.G. & D. E. Sherkat. (1995). The “semi-involuntary institution” revisited: Regional variations in church participation among black Americans. Social Forces, 73, 1415–37.
Gecas, V. & P. J. Burke. (1995). Self and identity. In K. S. Cook, G. A. Fine, & J. S. House (Eds.), Sociological perspectives on social psychology (pp. 41–67). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Gouldner, A. (1970). The coming crisis in western sociology. New York: Basic Books.
Gurin, P., A. H. Miller, & G. Gurin. (1980). Stratum identification and consciousness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, 30–47.
Harris, D. (1995). Exploring the determinants of adult black identity: Context and process. Social Forces, 74, 227–241.
Heaven, P. C.L. (1989). Economic locus of control beliefs and lay attributions of poverty. Australian Journal of Psychology, 41, 315–325.
Hollander, J. A. & J. A. Howard. (2000). Social psychological theories on social inequalities. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 338–351.
House, J. S. (1977). The three faces of social psychology. Sociometry, 40, 161–77.
-. (1981). Socialstructure and personality. In M. Rosenberg & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Social psychology: Sociological perspectives (pp. 525–561) New York: Basic Books.
Howard, J. (2000). Social psychology of identities. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 367–393.
Hughes, M. & D. H. Demo. (1989). Self-perceptions of black Americans: Self-esteem and personal efficacy. American Journal of Sociology, 95, 132–59.
Hunt, M. O. (1996). The individual, society, or both?: Acomparison of black, Latino,and white beliefs about the causes of poverty. Social Forces, 75, 293–322.
-. (2001). Self-evaluation and stratification beliefs. In T.J. Owens, S. Stryker, & N. Goodman (Eds.). Extending self-esteem theory and research: Social and psychological currents (pp. 330–350). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hunt, M. O., P. B. Jackson, B. Powell, & L. C. Steelman. (2000). Color-blind: The treatment of race and ethnicity in social psychology. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 352–364.
Hunt, M. O. and L. L. Hunt. (2000). Regional religions?: Extending the “semi-involuntary” thesis of African American religious participation. Sociological Forum, 15, 569–594.
Hunt, L. L. & M. O. Hunt. (1999). Regional patterns of African American church attendance: Revisiting the semi-involuntary thesis. Social Forces, 78, 779–791.
-. (2001). Race, region, and religious involvement: A comparative study of whites and African Americans. Social Forces, 80, 605–631.
Hunter, J. D. (1990). Culture wars: The struggle to define America. New York: Basic Books.
Jackman, M. & R. Jackman. (1983). Class awareness in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
James, W. (1950). The principles of psychology. New York: Dover. (Original work published 1890)
Kluegel, J. R. & d E. Smith. (1986). Beliefs about inequality. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Lane, R. E. (1959). The fear of equality. American Journal of Political Science, 53: 35–51.
Lewis, M. (1978). The culture of inequality. New York: Meridian.
Linville, P. (1987). Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 663–676.
McCall, G.J. & J. L. Simmons. (1966). Identities and interactions. New York: Free Press.
Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nagel, J. (1995). American Indian ethnic renewal: Politics and the resurgence of identity. American Sociological Review, 60, 947–965.
National Opinion Research Center. (2002). General Social Survey. Retrieved September 15, 2002, from http:// www.nore.uehieago.edu/projects/gensocl.asp
Owens, T. J., S. Stryker, & N. Goodman. (2001). Extending self-esteem theory and research: Social and psychological currents. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Porter, J. R. & R. E. Washington. (1979). Black identity and self-esteem: A review of studies of black self-concept, 1968–1978. Annual Review of Sociology, 5, 53–74.
Robinson, R. V. & W. Bell. (1978). Equality, success,and social justice in England and the United States. American Sociological Review, 43, 125–43.
Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self. New York: Basic Books.
-. 1981. The self-concept: Social product and social force.” In M. Rosenberg & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Social psychology: Sociological perspectives (pp. 593–624). New York: Basic Books.
Rosenberg, M. & L. I. Pearlin. (1978). Social class and self-esteem among children and adults. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 53–77.
Rotter, J. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal vs. external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80: 1.
Schuman, H., C. Steeh, L. Bobo, & M. Krysan. (1997). Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretations (revised edition). Cambridge, MA: Harvard.
Serpe, R. T. & S. Stryker. (1987). The construction and reconstruction of social relationships. In E. Lawler and B. Markovsky (Eds.), Advances in Group Processes (pp. 41–66). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Shepelak, N. (1987). The role of self-explanations and self-evaluations in legitimating inequality. American Journal of Sociology, 52, 495–503.
Stets, J. & P. Burke. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 224–237.
Stolte, J. F. (1983). The legitimation of structural inequality: Reformulation and test of the self-evaluation argument. American Sociological Review, 48, 331–342.
Stryker, S. (1968). Identity salience and role performance, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 4, 558–64.
-. (1977). Developments in “two social psychologies”: Toward an appreciation of mutual relevance. Sociometry, 40, 145–160.
-. (1980). Symbolic interaction ism: A social structural version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
-. (1987). Identity theory: Developments and extensions. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity (pp. 89–104). New York: Wiley.
Stryker, S. & P. Burke. (2000). The past, present,and future of an identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63, 284–297.
Stryker, S. & R. T. Serpe. (1982). Commitment, identity salience,and role behavior: A theory and research example. In W. Ickes & E. S. Knowles (Eds.), Personality, Roles, and Social Behavior (pp. 199–218). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Stryker, S., R. T. Serpe, & M. O. Hunt. (2001). Social structure and commitment: A study of blacks, Latinos and whites (unpublished manuscript).
Tajfel, H. (1982). Social identity and intergroup relations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Thoits, P. A. (1983). Multiple identities and psychological well-being: A reformulation and test of the social isolation hypothesis. American Sociological Review, 48, 174–87.
-. (1986). Multiple identities: Examining gender and marital status differences in distress. American Sociological Review, 51, 259–72.
-. (1992). Identity structures and psychological well-being: Gender and marital status comparisons. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 236–56.
Tuch, S. A. & J. K. Martin. (1997). Regional differences in whites’ racial policy attitudes. In SA Tuch and J.K. Martin (Eds.) Racial attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and change (Pp. 165–176). Westport, CT: Praeger.
University of Michigan. (1972). National Election Study. Retrieved February 15, 2001 from http://www. umich.edu/~nes/
Vanneman, R. & L. Cannon. (1987). The American perception of class. Temple University Press.
Waters, M. C. (1990). Ethnic options: Choosing identities in America. Berkcley: University of California Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hunt, M.O. (2003). Identities and Inequalities. In: Burke, P.J., Owens, T.J., Serpe, R.T., Thoits, P.A. (eds) Advances in Identity Theory and Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9188-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9188-1_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47741-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-9188-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive