Abstract
Cell locomotion is an important activity in many cellular phenomena such as wound healing, morphogenesis and development (Stossel, 1993). The cell locomotion can be divided into three distinct, but consecutive steps: protrusion of the cell front, adhesion of that portion to substrate and contraction of the tail portion of the cell. The membrane protrusion is indispensable in the locomotion, and the mechanism that drives this movement has been a subject of a number of studies (for reviews, see Condeelis, 1993; Mitchson and Cramer, 1996; Lauffenburger and Horwitz, 1996; Borisy and Svitkina, 2000). Since lamellipodium is bordered by an elastic cell membrane and is highly anisotropic in shape, it should be supported by some intracellular architecture to maintain its morphology. Electron microscopic studies have established that in lamellipodium crisscrossing meshwork of actin filaments resides immediately beneath the cell membrane with their plus end (the end where polymerization occurs in vivo) oriented toward the membrane (Small et al., 1978; Small, 1988). Hence, actin filament plays a major role in supporting lamellipodial shape.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abercrombie, M., Heaysman, J.E.M., and Pegrum, S.M., 1970, The locomotion of fibroblasts in culture, Exp. Cell Res. 59:393–398.
Bear, J.E., Svitkina, T.M., Krause, M., Schafer, D.A., Luoreiro, J.J., Strasser, G.A., Maly, I.V., Chaga, O.Y., Cooper, J.A., Borisy, G.G., and Gertler, F.B., 2002, Antagonism between Ena/VASP proteins and actin filament capping regulates fibroblast motility, Cell 109:509–521.
Borisy, G.G., and Svitkina, T.M., 2000, Actin machinery pushing the envelope, Curr. Opin. CellBiol. 12:104–112.
Choquet, D., Felsenfeld, DP., and Sheetz, MP., 1997, Extracellular matrix rigidity causes strengthening of integrin-cytoskeleton linkages, Cell 88:39–48.
Condeelis, J., 1993, Life at the leading edge: the formation of cell protrusions, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 9:411–444
Condeelis, J., Hall, A., Bresnick, A., Warren, V, Hock, R., Bennet, H, and Ogihara, S., 1988, Actin polymerization and pseudopod extension during amoeboid chemotaxis, Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 10: 77–90.
Cooper, J.A., 1987, Effects of cytochalasin and phalloidin on actin, J. Cell Biol. 105:1473–1478.
Cooper, J.A., 1991, The role of actin polymerization in cell motility, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 53:585–605.
Cortese, J.D., Schwab III, B., Frieden, C, and Elson, E.L., 1989, Actin polymerization induces a shape change in actin-containing vesicles, Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 86:5773–5777.
Cossart, P., and Lecuit, M., 1998, Interactions of Listeria monocytogenes with mammalian cells during entry and actin-based movement: bacterial factors, cellular ligands and signaling, EMBO J. 17:3797–3806.
Cramer, LP., 1999, Role of actin-filament disassembly in lamellipodium protrusion in motile cells revealed using the drug jasplakinolide, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:1095–1105.
Evans, E.A., 1983, Bending elastic modulus of red blood cell membrane derived from buckling instability in micropipette aspiration tests, Biophys. J. 43:27–30.
Finer, J.T., Simmons, R.M., and Spudich, J.A., 1994, Single myosin molecule mechanics: piconewton forces and nanometer steps, Nature 368:113–119.
Helfrich, W., and Seruvuss, R.-M., 1984, Undulations, steric interaction and cohesion of fluid membranes, Il Nuovo Cimento 3D: 137–151.
Hill, T.L., 1981, Microfilament or microtubule assembly or disassembly against a force, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78:5613–5617.
Hill, T.L., and Kirshcner, M.W., 1982, Subunit treadmilling of microtubules or actin in the presence of cellular barriers: possible conversion of chemical free energy into mechanical work, ibid, 79:490–494.
Kuo, S.C., and McGrath, J.L., 2000, Steps and fluctuations of Listeria monocytogenes during actin-based motility, Nature 409:1026–1029.
Lauffenburger, D.A., and Horwitz, A.F., 1996, Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process, Cell 84:359–369.
Loisel, TP., Boujeman, R., Pantaloni, D., and Carlier, M.-F., 1999, Reconstitution of actin-based motility of Listeria and Shigella using pure proteins, Nature 401:613–616.
Mitchson, T.J., and Cramer, LP., 1996, Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion, Cell 84:371-379. Miyata, H. and Hotani, H., 1992, Morphological change in liposomes caused by polymerization of encapsulated actin and spontaneous formation of actin bundles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89: 11547–11551.
Miyata, H., Hakozaki, H., Yoshikawa, H., Suzuki, N., Kinosita, K. Jr., Nishizaka, T., and Ishiwata, S.-I, 1994, Stepwise motion of an actin filament over a small number of heavy meromyosin molecules is revealed in an in vitro motility assay, J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 115:644–647.
Miyata, H., Nishiyama, S., Akashi, K-i., and Kinosita, K. Jr., 1999, Protrusive growth from giant liposomes driven by actin polymerization, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96:2048–2053.
Mogliner, A., and Oster, G., 1996, Cell motility driven by actin polymerization, Biophys. J., 71:3030–3045.
Pantaloni, D., LeClainche, C, and Carlier, M.-F., 2001, Mechanism of actin-based motility, Science 292: 1502–1506.
Peskin, C.S., Odell, G.M., and Oster, G.F., 1993, Cellular motions and thermal fluctuations: the Brownian ratchet, Biophys. J. 65:316–324.
Pollard, T.D., Blanchion, L., and Mullins, R.D., 2000, Molecular mechanisms controlling actin filament dynamics in nonmuscle cells, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bimol. Struct. 29:545–576.
Rotch, C, Jacobson, K., and Radmacher, M., 1999, Dimensional and mechanical dynamics of active and stable edges in motile fibroblasts investigated by using atomic force microscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 921–926.
Schafer, D.A., Welch, M.D., Machesky, L.M., Bridgman, P.C., Meyer, S.M., and Cooper, J.A., 1998, Visualization and molecular analysis of actin assembly in living cells, J. Cell Biol. 143:1919–1930.
Sheetz, MP., Wayne, D.B., and Pearlman, A., 1992, Extension of filopodia by motor-dependent actin assembly. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 22:160–169.
Sheetz, MP., and Dai, J., 1996, Modulation of membrane dynamics and cell motility by membrane tension. Trends Cell Biol. 6:85–89.
Small, J.V., 1988, The actin cytoskeleton, Electron Microsc. Rev. 1:155–174.
Small, J.V., Isenberg, G., and Celis, J.E., 1978, Polarity of actin at the leading edge of cultured cells. Nature, 272:638–639.
Stossel, TP.,1993, On the crawling of animal cells, Science. 260:1086–1094.
Svoboda, K., and Block, S.M., 1994, Biological applications of optical forces, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23:247–285.
Takahashi, F., Higashino, Y., and Miyata, H., Biophysical Journal, to be published.
Tilney, L.G., and Portmoy, D.A., 1985, Actin filaments and the growth, movement, and spread of the intracellular bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes, J. Cell Biol. 109:1597–1608.
Welch, M.D., Mallavarapu, A., Rosenblatt, J., and Mitchson, T.J., 1997, Actin dynamics in vivo, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:54–61.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
Miyata, H. (2003). A Study of Lamellipodial Membrane Dynamics by Optical Trapping Technique: Implication of Motor Activity in Movements. In: Sugi, H. (eds) Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Muscle Contraction. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 538. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9029-7_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9029-7_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4764-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-9029-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive