Abstract
Regulation of cutaneous vascular tone in humans is complex due to the different types of skin in various regions of the body and the vast array of nerves involved in regulation of blood flow. Due to these complexities, it is unclear how the cutaneous vasculature responds to hypoxia. There are reports of exaggerated vasoconstriction and vasodilation, while others suggest the skin is unresponsive to a hypoxic stimulus. Preliminary work in our laboratory suggests hypoxic vasodilation may be unmasked with ¨¢-receptor blockade. In contrast to skeletal muscle, hypoxic cutaneous vasodilation is not blunted by â-blockade, but may be abolished with NO-synthase inhibition. Furthermore, effects of hypoxia on skin blood flow may be more pronounced during combined hypoxic and thermoregulatory challenges. Along these lines, overall thermoregulation may be impacted by hypoxic effects on the cutaneous vasculature and hypobaric effects on sweating and evaporation. During supine heat stress, for example, skin blood flow can increase to 8 Liters per minute. This dramatic rise in skin blood flow is accomplished by an increase in cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow from the splanchnic and renal vascular beds. During hypoxia, splanchnic blood flow has been shown to increase. Thus, during a hypoxic challenge in the heat, a competition for blood flow between the compliant skin and splanchnic regions must exist, but is not well understood. In this review, the effects of hypoxia on the regulation of cutaneous vascular tone and the impact on tempera- ture regulation will be discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Blatteis CM, and Lutherer LO. Effect of altitude exposure on thermoregulatory response of man to cold. J Appl Phvsiol 41: 848–58, 1976.
Cipriano LF, and Goldman RF. Thermal responses of unclothed men exposed to both cold temperatures and high altitudes. J Appl Phvsiol 39: 796–800, 1975.
Crandall CG, Etzel RA, and Johnson JM. Evidence of functional beta-adrenoceptors in the cutaneous vasculature. Am J Physiol 273: H1038–43, 1997.
Crandall CG, Musick J, Hatch JP, Kellogg DL, Jr. , and Johnson JM. Cutaneous vascular and sudomotor responses to isometric exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 79: 1946–50, 1995.
Daanen HA, and van Ruiten HJ. Cold-induced peripheral vasodilation at high altitudes--a field study. High Alt Med Biol 1: 323–9, 2000.
Dipasquale DM, Kolkhorst FW, Nichols JF, Buono MJ. Effect of Acute Normobaric Hypoxia on Peripheral Sweat Rate. High Alt Med Biol 3(3): 289–292, 2002.
Dinenno FA. Hypoxic regulation of blood flow in humans: cc-adrenergic receptors and functional sympatholysis in skeletal muscle. In: Hypoxia Symposium, edited by Roach RC, Wagner PD and Hackett PH. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003.
Durand J, Verpillat JM, Pradel M, and Martineaud JP. Influence of altitude on the cutaneous circulation of residents and newcomers. Fed Proc 28: 1124–8, 1969.
Elizondo RS. Local control of eccrine sweat gland function. Federation Proc. 32: 1583–1587, 1973.
Fahim M. Effect of hypoxic breathing on cutaneous temperature recovery in man. Int J Biometeorol 36: 5–9, 1992.
Gauthier JP, Bonora M, M’Barek SB, and Sinclair JD. Effects of hypoxia and cold acclimation on thermoregulation in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 71: 1355–1363, 1991.
Gautier H, Bonora M, and Remmers JE. Effects of hypoxia on metabolic rate of conscious adult cats during cold exposure. J Appl Physiol 67: 32–8, 1989.
Gautier H, Bonora M, Schultz SA, and Remmers JE. Hypoxia-induced changes in shivering and body temperature. J Appl Physiol 62: 2477–84, 1987.
Gellhorn E, and Janus A. The influence of partial pressure of 02 on body temperature. Am. J. Physiol 116:327–329, 1936.
Greenleaf JE, Greenleaf J, Card DH, and Saltin B. Exercise-temperature regulation in man during acute exposure to simulated altitude. J Appl Physiol 26: 290–6, 1969.
Halliwill JR. Hypoxic regulation of blood flow in humans: Skeletal muscle circulation and the role of epinephrine. In: Hypoxia Symposium, edited by Roach RC, Wagner PD and Hackett PH. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003.
Hokfelt TM, Johansson O, Ljungdahl A, Lundberg JM, and Shchultzberg M. Peptidergic Neurones. Nature 184: 515–521, 1980.
Johnson JM. Nonthermoregulatory control of human skin blood flow. J. Appl. Phyiol. 61: 1613–1622, 1986.
Johnston CE, White MD, Wu M, Bristow GK, and Giesbrecht GG. Eucapnic hypoxia lowers human cold thermoregulatory response thresholds and accelerates core cooling. J Appl Physiol 80:422–9, 1996.
Kellogg DL, Jr. , Crandall CG, Liu Y, Charkoudian N, and Johnson JM. Nitric oxide and cutaneous active vasodilation during heat stress in humans. J Appl Physiol 85: 824–9, 1998.
Kellogg DL, Jr. , Pergola PE, Piest KL, Kosiba WA, Crandall CG, Grossmann M, and Johnson JM. Cutaneous active vasodilation in humans is mediated by cholinergic nerve cotransmission. Circ Res 77: 1222–8, 1995.
Kolka MA, Stephenson LA, Rock PB, and Gonzalez RR. Local sweating and cutaneous blood flow during exercise in hypobaric environments. J Appl Physiol 62: 2224–9, 1987.
Kollai M. Responses in cutaneous vascular tone to transient hypoxia in man. J Auton Nerv Syst 9:497–512, 1983.
Leider M. On the weight of the skin. J Invest. Dermatol. 12: 187–191, 1949.
Lewis T. Observations upon the reactions of the vessels of the human skin to cold. Heart 15: 177–208, 1930.
Lossius K, Eriksen M, and Walloe L. Flucuations in blood flow to acral skin in humans: connection with heart rate and blood pressure variability. Journal of Physiology 460: 641–655, 1993.
Mathew L, Purkayastha SS, Selvamurthy W, and Malhotra MS. Cold-induced vasodilation and peripheral blood flow under local cold stress in man at altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med 48: 497–500, 1977.
Nelms JD, and Soper DJG. Cold vasodilation and cold acclimatization in the hands of British fish filleters. J Appl Physiol 19: 444–448, 1962.
Nishi Y, and Gagge AP. Effective temperature scale useful for hypo- and hyperbaric environments. Aviat Space Environ Med 48: 97–107, 1977.
Passino C, Bernardi L, Spadacini G, Calciati A, Robergs R, Anand I, Greene R, Martignoni E, and Appenzeller O. Autonomic regulation of heart rate and peripheral circulation: comparison of high altitude and sea level residents. Clin Sci (Lond) 91:81–3, 1996.
Purkayastha SS, Sharma RP, Ilavazhagan G, Sridharan K, Ranganathan S, and Selvamurthy W. Effect of vitamin C and E in modulating peripheral vascular response to local cold stimulus in man at high altitude. Jpn J Physiol 49: 159–67, 1999.
Robinson KA, and Haymes EM. Metabolic effects o fexposure to hypoxia plus cold at rest and during exercise in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 68: 720–725, 1990.
Rowell LB. Cardiovascular adjustments to thermal stress. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation and Organ Blood Flow., edited by Shepherd JT, Abboud FM and Geiger SR. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1983, p. 967–1023.
Rowell LB. Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev 54: 75–159, 1974.
Rowell LB, Blackmon JR, Kenny MA, and Escourrou P. Splanchnic vasomotor and metabolic adjustments to hypoxia and exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 247: H251–8, 1984.
Rowell LB, Brengelmann GL, Blackmon JR, Twiss RD, and Kusumi F. Splanchnic blood flow and metabolism in heat-stressed man. J Appl Physiol 24: 475–84, 1968.
Rowell LB, Freund PR, and Brengelmann GL. Cutaneous vascular response to exercise and acute hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 53: 920–4, 1982.
Rowell LB, Marx HJ, Bruce RA, Conn RD, and Kusumi F. Reductions in cardiac output, central blood volume, and stroke volume with thermal stress in normal men during exercise. J Clin Invest 45: 1801–16, 1966.
Sagawa S, Shiraki K, and Konda N. Cutaneous vascular responses to heat simulated at a high altitude of 5, 600m. J Appl Physiol 60: 1150–4, 1986.
Saltin B, and Hermansen L. Esophageal, rectal and muscle temperatures during exercise. J. Appl Physiol 21: 1757–1762, 1966.
Savage MV, Brengelmann GL, Buchan AM, and Freund PR. Cystic fibrosis, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and active cutaneous vasodilation. J. Appl Phyiol 69: 2149–2154, 1990.
Schmelz M, Luz O, Averbeck B, and Bickel A. Plasma extravasation and neuropeptide release in human skin as measured by intradermal microdialysis. Neuroscience Letters 230: 117–120, 1997.
Shastry S, Dietz NM, Halliwill JR, Reed AS, and Joyner MJ. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on cutaneous vasodilation during body heating in humans. J Appl Physiol 85: 830–4, 1998.
Shastry S, Minson CT, Wilson SA, Dietz NM, and Joyner MJ. Effects of atropine and L-NAME on cutaneous blood flow during body heating in humans. J Appl Physiol 88: 467–72, 2000.
Shepherd JT, Rusch NT, and Vanhoutte PM. Effect of cold on the blood vessel wall. Gen. Pharmacol 14: 61–64, 1983.
Thoresen M, and Walloe L. Skin blood flow in humans as a function of environmental temperature measured by ultrasound. Acta Physiol Scand 109: 333–41, 1980.
Wallengren J, Ekman R, and Sundler F. Occurence and distribution of neuropeptides in the human skin. An immunochemical and immunocytochemical study on normal human skin and blister fluid from inflamed skin. Acta Derm Venereol 66: 185–192, 1987.
Weil JV, Battock DJ, Grover RF, and Chidsey CA. Venoconstriction in man upon ascent to high altitude: studies on potential mechanisms. Fed Proc 28: 1160–4, 1969.
Weisbrod CJ, Minson CT, Joyner MJ, and Halliwill JR. Effects of regional phentolamine on hypoxic vasodilatation in healthy humans. J Physiol 537: 613–21, 2001.
Wenger CB, Bailey RB, Roberts MF, and Nadel ER. Interaction of local and reflex thermal effects in control of forearm blood flow. J. Appl Physiol 58: 251–257, 1985.
Wilkins BW, Wong BJ, Holowatz LA, and Minson CT. Nitric oxide is not permissive for cutaneous active vasodilation in humans. J. Physiol In Press, 10. 1113, 2003.
Wood JE, and Roy SB. The relationship of peripheral venomotor responses to high altitude pulmonary edema in man. Am J Med Sci 259: 56–65, 1970.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork
About this paper
Cite this paper
Minson, C.T. (2003). Hypoxic Regulation of Blood Flow in Humans. In: Roach, R.C., Wagner, P.D., Hackett, P.H. (eds) Hypoxia. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 543. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8997-0_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8997-0_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4753-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8997-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive