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Coronal Mass Ejections

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 376))

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Abstract

The history of the observation of coronal mass ejections is reviewed, from a lucky find in 1860 through to the first observation by spacecraft in 1973 and the work leading up to the current datasets. The history of the evolution of ideas for what CMEs are and their place in the scheme of things is also reviewed. Of particular importance is the placement of the CME at “centre stage” in the space weather big picture, in the place of the traditionally-accepted solar flare. This often explosive debate, now known as the Solar Flare Myth, is covered in detail. The connection between CMEs, ICMEs and space weather is also discussed, along with a review of the hardware used for CME study through the decades. The chapter concludes with a review of the most recent instruments used for CME, ICME and space weather study, including those that continue to function today. Emphasis throughout is placed on the scientific progress established through the decades up to and following the discovery of the CME.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For a review of geomagnetism, refer to Stern [231].

  2. 2.

    An excellent summary on the history of the study of the Sun may be found at the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) webpage, at http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/spTimeline.html.

  3. 3.

    This is not to be confused with the classic three part CME structure observed in coronagraphs, where the shock and sheath are not involved. Relative to that structure the shock and sheath will form ahead of the leading structure (flux rope).

  4. 4.

    The settling of the debate may have occurred at a meeting on CMEs in Bozeman Montana in 1996 where a large number of those from the flare camp were present. According to Jack Gosling (private communication (2009)), Loren Acton, a main player in solar flares, was instrumental in getting the solar community to take notice.

  5. 5.

    For a review of early work, refer to W. A. Coles in Space Science Reviews [37].

  6. 6.

    The \(4\frac{1} {2}\) Acre Array was the telescope used by Hewish and co-workers to identify the first pulsar, a discovery for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974.

  7. 7.

    The low corona did continue to be observed by ground coronagraphs throughout, solar flare activity was monitored by the GOES spacecraft, and brief studies of the outer corona were provided by the SPARTAN-201 flights with the Shuttle in 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1998.

  8. 8.

    With the exception of a number of brief flights with the SPARTAN-201 coronagraph.

  9. 9.

    EPAM is the flight spare for Ulysses/HI-SCALE, SWEPAM is the flight spare for Ulysses/ SWOOPS, SWICS is the flight spare for Ulysses/SWICS, and MAG is the flight spare from WIND/MFI.

  10. 10.

    I like to joke that LASCO should now be called LACO, as the spectroscopic capabilities of the instrument were lost when C1 ceased to operate.

  11. 11.

    The World Wide Web Consortium (WC3), for example, was founded in September 1994 [152].

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Howard, T. (2011). History. In: Coronal Mass Ejections. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 376. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8789-1_2

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