Abstract
The science of data acquisition has changed a lot in the past two decades (Oppenheimer et al., 1974; Michener, 1986). In 1974, Austin (in Oppenheimer et al., 1974) marveled at the ability to view data and computer outputs directly on a television screen (cathode ray tube). It was a time when the acronym GIS referred to “general information system” (Oppenheimer et al., 1974, p. 232). In 1986, Klopsch and Stafford recommended the use of 8-inch single-sided, single-density or 5 1/2-inch double-sided, double-density diskettes for the storage of medium-sized data sets for the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program. Kriging was touted as the best interpolation method for spatial analysis (Seilkop, 1986). There is little doubt that 10 or 20 years from now our current commonly used hardware (e.g., Unix-based workstations, Pentiumtype personal computers, digitizing tablets), storage media (e.g., CD-ROM, 3 1/2-inch high-density diskettes, tape backups), and software (e.g., ARC/ INFO geographic information systems, cokriging spatial analysis programs) will invoke a similar comedic response. However, some things haven’t changed; there is a consistent, unrelenting commitment to improve data acquisition and management in the ecological sciences.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Austin, T. 1974. Existing bodies of data—non-computerized. In: Oppenheimer, C. H.; Oppenheimer, D.; Brogden, W. B., eds. Environmental data management. New York: Plenum Press: 27–45.
Berkowitz, A. R.; Kolosa, K.; Peters, R. H.; Pickett, S. T. A. 1989. How far in space and time can the results from a single long-term study be extrapolated. In: Likens, G.E., ed. Long-term studies in ecology: approaches and alternatives.New York: Springer-Verlag: 192–198.
Buckley, D. J.; Coughenour, M. B.; Blyth, C. B.; O’Leary, D. J.; Bentz, J. A. 1993. Ecosystem management model—Elk Island National Park: a case study of integrating environmental models with GIS. Breckenridge, CO: Second International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling.
Burkman, W. G.; Hertel, G. D. 1992. Forest health monitoring. J. For.90:2.
Congalton, R. G. 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of classification of remotely sensed data. Remote Sens. Environ.37:35–46.
Coughenour, M. B. 1993. Savanna—landscape and regional ecosystem model: documentation.Fort Collins, CO: Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University.
Coughenour, M. B.; Singer, F. J. 1991. The concept of overgrazing and its application to Yellowstone’s northern range. In: Keiter, R. B.; Boyce, M. S., eds. The greater Yellowstone ecosystem.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press: 209–230.
Dallmeier, F., editor. 1992. Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas: methods for establishment and inventory of permanent plots.MAB Digest 11. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Dallmeier, F.; Taylor, C. M.; Mayne, J. C.; Kabel, M.; Rice, R. 1992. Effects of Hurricane Hugo on the Bisley Biodiversity Plot, Luquillo Biosphere Reserve, Puerto Rico. In: Dallmeier, F., ed. Long-term monitoring of biological diversity in tropical forest areas: Methods for establishment and inventory of permanent plots.MAB Digest 11. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): 47–72.
Federal Geographic Data Committee. 1998. Content standards for digital geospatial metadata(revised June 1998). FGDC-STD-001-1998. Washington, DC: Federal Geographic Data Committee.
Fortin, M. J.; Drapeau, P.; Legendre, P. 1989. Spatial autocorrelation and sampling design in plant ecology. Vegetatio 83:209–222.
Franklin, J. F.; DeBeil, D. S. 1988. Thirty-six years of tree population change in an old-growth PseudotsugaTsuga forest. Can. J. For. Res. 18:633–639.
Franklin, J. F.; Bledsoe, C. S.; Callahan, J. T. 1990. Contributions of the Long-Term Ecological Research Program. BioScience 40:509–523.
Hawk, G. M.; Franklin, J. F.; McKee, W. A.; Brown, R. B. 1978. H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest reference stand system: establish and use history.U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Bull. 12. Washington, DC: U.S. International Biosphere Program.
Hinds, W. T. 1984. Towards monitoring of long-term trends in terrestrial ecosystems. Environ. Conserv. 11:11–18.
Hubbell, S. P.; Foster, R. B. 1987. The spatial context of regeneration in a neotropical forest. In: Gray, A. J.; Crawley, M. J.; Edwards, P. J., eds. Colonization, succession and stability.Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Huribert, S. H. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr.54: 187–211.
Jones, K. B. 1986. The inventory and monitoring process. In: Cooperrider, A. Y.; Boyde, R. J.; Stuart, H. R., eds. Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat. Denver: U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Manage., Serv. Center: 1–10.
Kalkhan, M. A.; Stohlgren, T. J.; Coughenour, M. 1995. An investigation of biodiversity and landscape-scale gap patterns using double sampling: a GIS approach. Vancouver, B.C.: In: Proceedings of the ninth conference on geographic information systems: 708–712.
Kanciruk, P.; Olson, R. J.; McCord, R. A. 1986. Data quality assurance in a research database: the 1984 national surface water survey. In: Michener, W. K., ed. Research data management in the ecological sciences. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number 16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press: 193–208.
Kareiva, P. M.; Anderson, M. 1988. Spatial aspects of species interactions: the wedding of models and experiments. In: Hastings, A., ed. Community ecology. Lecture notes in biomathematics 77. Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 35–50.
Klopsch, M. W.; Stafford, S. G. 1986. The status and promise of intersite computer communication. In: Michener, W. K., ed. Research data management in the ecological sciences. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number 16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press: 115–124.
Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological methodology. New York: Harper & Row.
Legendre, P.; Fortin, M. J. 1989. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis. Vegetatio 80:107–138.
Likens, G. E., editor. 1991. Long-term studies in ecology: approaches and alternatives. New York: Springer-Verlag.
MacDonald, L. H.; Smart, A. W.; Wissmar, R. C. 1991. Monitoring guidelines to evaluate effects of forestry activities on streams in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Report EPA/910/9-91-001. Seattle, WA: Env. Protect. Agency.
Magnuson, J. J., Kratz, T. K.; Frost, T. M.; Bowser, C. J.; Benson, B. J.; Nero, R. 1991. Expanding the temporal and spatial scales of ecological research and comparison of divergent ecosystems: roles for LTER in the United States. In: Risser, P. G., ed. Long-term ecological research: an international perspective. SCOPE 47. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 45–70.
Messer, J. J.; Linthurst, R. A.; Overton, W. S. 1991. An EPA program for monitoring ecological status and trends. Environ. Monit. Assess. 17:67–78.
Michener, W. K., editor. 1986. Research data management in the ecological sciences. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number 16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
Miller, I.; Lachance, D.; Burkman, W. G.; Allen, D. C. 1991. North American sugar maple decline project: organization and field methods. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-154. Radnor, PA: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv. Northeastern Field Exp. Sta.
National Research Council. 1990. Forest research: a mandate for change. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1994. Rangeland health: new methods to classify, inventory, and monitor rangelands. Committee on Rangeland Classification, Board of Agriculture. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Oppenheimer, C. H.; Oppenheimer, D.; Brogden, W. B., editors. 1974. Environmental data management. New York: Plenum Press.
Palmer, C. J.; Ritters, K. H.; Strickland, J.; Cassell., D. C.; Byers, G. E.; Papp, M. L.; Liff, C. I. 1991. Monitoring and research strategy for forests—Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). EPA/600/4-91/012. Washington, DC: U.S. Env. Protect. Agency.
Parsons, D. J.; Workinger, A. C.; Esperanza, A. E. 1992. Composition, structure and physical and pathological characteristics of nine forest stands in Sequoia National Park U.S. Dept. Interior, Natl. Park Serv.; CPSU Tech. Rep. No. NPS/WRUC/NRTR 92/50. Davis, CA: University of California.
Riegel, G. M.; Green, S. E.; Harmon, M. E.; Franklin, J. F. 1988. Characteristics of mixed conifer forest reference stands at Sequoia National Park, California.U.S. Dept. Interior, Natl. Park Serv.; CPSU Technical Report No. 32. Davis, CA: University of California.
Risser, P. G., editor. 1991. Long-term ecological research: an international perspective. SCOPE 47. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Risser, P. G.; Treworgy, C. G. 1986. Overview of research data management. In: Michener, W. K., ed. Research data management in the ecological sciences. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number 16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press: 9–22.
Scott, J. M.; Davis, F.; Csuti, B.; Noss, R.; Butterfield, B.; Groves, C.; Anderson, H.; Caicco, S.; D’Erchia, F.; Dewards, T. C, Jr.; Ulliman, J.; Wright, R. G. 1993. GAP analysis: a geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Wildlife Monogr. 123:1–41.
Seilkop, S. K. 1986. Management and analysis of spatially oriented data. In: Michener, W. K., ed. Research data management in the ecological sciences. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number 16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press: 227–246.
Shampine, W. J. 1993. Quality assurance and quality control in monitoring programs. Environ. Monit. Assess. 26:143–151.
Shmida, A. 1984. Whittaker’s plant diversity sampling method. Israel J. Bot. 33:41–46.
Stafford, S. G. 1993. Data, data everywhere but not a byte to read: managing monitoring information. Environ. Monit. Assess. 26:125–141.
Stafford, S. G.; Alabach, P. B.; Waddell, K. L.; Slagle, R. L. 1986a. Data management procedures in ecological research. In: Michener, W. K., ed. Research data management in the ecological sciences. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number 16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press: 93–114.
Stafford, S. G.; Klopsch, M. W.; Waddell, K. L.; Slagle, R. L.; Alabach, P. B. 1986b. Optimizing the computational environment for ecological research. In: Michener, W. K., ed. Research data management in the ecological sciences. Belle W. Baruch Library in Marine Science Number 16. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press: 73–92.
Stohlgren, T. J. 1994. Planning long-term vegetation studies at landscape scales. In: Powell, T. M.; Steele, J. H., eds. Ecological time series. New York: Chapman and Hall: 208–241.
Stohlgren, T. J. 1999. Measuring and monitoring biodiversity in nature reserves, forests, and grasslands in the United States. In: Aguirre-Bravo, C.; C.R. Franco, compilers. North American Science Symposium: Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources.USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings RMRS-P-12. Fort Collins, CO 80526.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Bachand, R. R. 1997. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) ecotones in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. Ecology 78:632–41.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Quinn, J. F. 1992. An assessment of biotic inventories in western U.S. national parks. Nat. Areas J. 12:145–154.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Falkner, M. B.; Schell, L. D. 1995a. A modified-Whittaker nested vegetation sampling method. Vegetatio 117:113–121.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Binkley, D.; Veblen, T. T; Baker, W. L. 1995b. Attributes of landscape-scale, long-term studies: malpractice insurance for landscape ecologists. Environ. Monit. Assess. 36:1–25.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Quinn, J. F.; Ruggiero, M.; Waggoner, G. 1995c. Status of biotic inventories in U.S. National Parks. Biol. Conserv. 71:97–106.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Chong, G. W.; Kalkhan, M.A.; Schell, L. D. 1997a. Multi-scale sampling of plant diversity: effects of the minimum mapping unit. Ecol. Appl. 7:1064–1074.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Chong, G. W.; Kalkhan, M. A.; Schell, L. D. 1997b. Rapid assessment of plant diversity patterns: a methodology for landscapes. Environ. Monit. Assess.48: 25–43.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Coughenour, M. B.; Chong, G. W.; Binkley, D.; Kalkhan, M.; Schell, L. D.; Buckley, D.; Berry, J. 1997. Landscape analysis of plant diversity. Landscape Ecol.12:155–170.
Stohlgren, T. J.; Bull, K; Otsuki, Y. 1998. Comparison of rangeland sampling techniques in the Central Grasslands. J. Range Manage.51:164–172.
Strayer, D.; Glitzenstein, J. S.; Jones, CG.; Kolasa, J.; Lichens, G. E.; McDonnell, M. J.; Parker, G. G.; Pickett, S. T. A. 1986. Long-term ecological studies: an illustrated account of their design, operation, and importance to ecology. Millbrook, NY: Institute of Ecosystem Studies Occasional Publication Number 2.
Tilman, D. 1989. Ecological experiments: strengths and conceptual problems. In: Likens, G.E., ed. Long-term studies in ecology: approaches and alternatives. New York: Springer-Verlag: 136–157.
Whittaker, R. H.; Niering, W. A.; Crisp, M. O. 1979. Structure, pattern, and diversity of a mallee community in New South Wales. Vegetatio 39:65–76.
Zedaker, S. M.; Nicholas, N. S. 1990. Quality assurance methods manual for forest site classification and field measurements. Document EPA/600/3-90/082. Corvallis, OR: U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stohlgren, T.J. (2001). Data Acquisition. In: Jensen, M.E., Bourgeron, P.S. (eds) A Guidebook for Integrated Ecological Assessments. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8620-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8620-7_6
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98583-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8620-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive