Skip to main content

Ecological Assessments and Implementing Ecosystem Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Road Ahead

  • Chapter

Abstract

Ecosystem management is a recent policy alternative proposed to address a new generation of environmental issues characterized by greater sociocultural, political, economic, and biophysical complexity. For most ecosystem management efforts, scientific uncertainty and lack of data commonly are listed among the most significant stumbling blocks to success (Yaffee et al., 1996). As we move beyond the boundaries of the safe and known into the uncharted territory of ecosystem management, at both grand and small scales, the compass that science can provide to assist decision making is frequently the missing element (Lee, 1993). Ecological assessments are fundamental to ecosystem management precisely because they provide a tool pointing the way and giving direction to difficult decisions made in the face of great uncertainty (Lackey, 1998).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bada, C. 1995. Federal agency management plans are “ongoing” actions under Endangered Species Act’s section 7: Pacific Rivers Council vs. Thomas and Northwest Forest Resources Council. Natur. Resour. J.35:981–996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beanlands, G. 1995. Cumulative effects and sustainable development. In: Munasinghe, M.; Shearer, W., eds. Defining and measuring sustainability: the biogeophysical foundations.Washington, DC: The World Bank: 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blahna, D.J.; Yonts-Shepard, S. 1989. Public involvement in resource planning: toward bridging the gap between policy and implementation. Soc. Natur. Resour. 2:209–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blood, E. 1994. Prospects for the development of integrated regional models. In: Groffman, P. M.; Likens, G.E., eds. Integrated regional models: interactions between humans and their environment.New York: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botkin, D. B.; Megonigal, P.; Sampson, R. N. 1997. Considerations of the state of ecosystem science and the art of ecosystem management.Santa Barbara, CA: Center for the Study of the Environment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeron, P. S.; Humphries, H. C.; DeVelice, R. L.; Jensen, M. E. 1994. Ecological theory in relation to landscape evaluation and ecosystem characterization. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds. Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 58–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. S.; Marshall, K. 1996. Ecosystem management in state governments. Ecol. Appl.6(3):721–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, R. D.; Clark, T. W. 1997. A practice-based approach to ecosystem management. Conserv. Biol. 11(1):48–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, R. 1998. Strategic environmental assessment. In: Porter, A. L.; Fittipaldi, J. J., eds. Environmental methods review: retooling impact assessment for the new century. Fargo, ND: The Press Club: 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J. W. 1990. Conflict: resolution and prevention. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Chen, R. S. 1981. Interdisciplinary research and integration: the case of CO2 and climate. Climatic Change 3:429–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, N. L.; Bartuska, A. M.; Brown, J. H.; Carpenter, S.; D’Antonio, C.; Francis, R.; Franklin, J. F.; MacMahon, J. A.; Noss, R. F.; Parsons, D. J.; Peterson, C. H.; Turner, M. G.; Woodmansee, R. G. 1996. The report of the Ecological Society of America committee on the scientific basis of ecosystem management. Ecol. Appl.6(3):665–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CIESIN (Center for International Earth Science Information Network). 1992. Pathways of understanding: the interactions of humanity and global environmental change.University Center, MI: CIESIN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. 1994. Cumulative effects assessment: a tool for sustainable development. Impact Assess.12(3):319–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. N.; Stankey, G. H.; Brown, P. J.; Burchfield, J. A.; Haynes, R. W.; McCool, S. F. 1999. Toward an ecological approach: integrating social, economic, cultural, biological, and physical considerations. In: Sexton, W.T.; Szaro, R.; Johnson, N. C.; Malk, A. J.; ed. Ecological stewardship: a common reference for ecosystem management.Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science: 297–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coggins, G. C. 1998. Of Californicators, quislings and crazies. Chronicle Community 2(2):27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, B. R.; Russell, E. W. B., editors. 1988. Protecting the New Jersey Pinelands.New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooperrider, A. Y. 1996. Science as a model for ecosystem management—panacea or problem? Ecol. Appl. 6(3):736–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortner, H. J.; Shannon, M. A. 1993. Embedding public participation. J. For. 91:14–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Community-based environmental protection: a resource book for protecting ecosystems and communities. Washington, DC: U.S. Environ. Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, P. L.; White, P. S.; Leidy, R. A. 1997. The paradigm shift in ecology and its implications for conservation. In: Pickett, S. T. A.; Ostfeld, R. S.; Shachak, M.; Likens, G. E., eds. The ecological basis of conservation. New York: Chapman and Hall: 83–92.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T.; Taylor, S. E. 1991. Social cognition.New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimmons, A. K. 1994. Federal ecosystem management: a train wreck in the making. Cato Inst. Policy Analysis 217:1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzsimmons, A. K. 1998. Why a policy of federal management and protection of ecosystems is a bad idea. Landscape Urban Plan. 40:195–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fogleman, V. M. 1993. Toward a stronger national policy on environment. Forum Appl. Res. Public Policy 8(2):79–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folke, C.; Pritchard, L., Jr.; Berkes, F.; Calding, J.; Svedin, U. 1998. The problem of fit between ecosystems and institutions.IHDP Working Paper No. 2. Bonn, Germany: International Human Dimensions Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Funtowicz, S. O.; Ravetz, J. R. 1993. Science for the post-normal age. Futures 25(7):739–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funtowicz, S. O.; Ravetz, J. R. 1994. The worth of a songbird: ecological economics as a post-normal science. Ecol. Econ. 10:197–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George, A. L. 1980. Presidential decisionmaking in foreign policy: the effective use of information and advice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, C.; Ostrom, E.; Ahn, T.-K. 1998. Scaling issues in the social sciences. IHDP Working Paper No. 1. Bonn, Germany: International Human Dimensions Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodland, R. 1998. Strategie environmental assessment. In: Porter, A. L.; Fittipaldi, J. J., eds. Environmental methods review: retooling impact assessment for the new century. Fargo, ND: The Press Club: 87–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grumbine, R. E. 1997. Reflections on “What is ecosystem management?” Conserv. Biol. 11(1):41–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grzybowski, A. G. S.; Slocombe, D. S. 1988. Self-organization theories and environmental management: the case of South Moresby. Environ. Manage. 12(4):463–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haeuber, R. A.; Michener, W. K. 1998. Policy implications of recent natural and managed floods. Bioscience 48(9):765–772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haeuber, R. A. 1996. Setting the environmental policy agenda: the case of ecosystem management. Natur. Resour. J. 36:1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haila, Y. 1998. Assessing ecosystem health across spatial scales. In: Rapport, D. J.; Constanza, R.; Epstein, P. R.; Gaudet, C.; Levins, R., eds. Ecosystem health. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science: 81–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heissenbuttel, A. E. 1996. Ecosystem management— principles for practical application. Ecol. Appl. 6(3): 730–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilborn, R.; Ludwig, D. 1993. The limits of applied ecological research. Ecol. Appl. 3(4):550–552.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S. 1993. Investing in research for sustainability. Ecol. Appl. 3(4):552–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S.; Meffe, G. K. 1996. Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conserv. Biol. 10(2):328–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howes, J.; DeWitt, J.; Minard, R. A., Jr. 1998. Resolving the paradox of environmental protection. Issues Sci. Technol. 14(4):57–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • IEMTF (Interagency Ecosystem Management Task Force). 1995. The ecosystem approach: healthy ecosystems and sustainable communities. Volume I. Overview.Washington, DC: IEMTF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes, J. E. 1996. Planning through consensus building. J. Amer. Plan. Assoc. 62(4):460–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, H. K.; Price, M. F. 1990. A framework for research on the human dimensions of global environmental change. ISSC/UNESCO Series: 3. Paris: International Social Science Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakes, P.; Fish, T.; Carr, D.; Blahna, D. 1998. Functional communities: a tool for national forest planning. J. For. 96(3):33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • John, D. 1994. Civic environmentalism.Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keiter, R. B. 1990. NEPA and the emerging concept of ecosystem management on the public lands. Land Water Law Rev. 25(1):43–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keiter, R. B. 1994. Beyond the boundary line: constructing a law of ecosystem management. Univ. Colorado Law Rev. 65(2):293–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keiter, R. B. 1995. Greater Yellowstone: managing a charismatic ecosystem. Nat. Resour. Environ. Issues 3:75–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keiter, R. B. 1998. Ecosystems and the law: toward an integrated approach. Ecol. Appl.8(2):332–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keiter, R. B.; Adler, R. 1997. NEPA and ecological management: an analysis with reference to military base lands. In: Fittipaldi, J. J.; Wuichet, J. W., eds. Army ecosystem management policy study. Atlanta, GA: Army Environ. Policy Inst.: 6-1 to 6-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, J. J.; Quigley, T. M. 1994. Evolution of Forest Service organizational culture and adaptation issues in embracing ecosystem management. In: Jensen, M. E.; Bourgeron, P. S., tech. eds. Volume II: ecosystem management: principles and applications.PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. Agric., For. Serv., Pacific Northw. Res. Sta.: 16–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingdon, J. W. 1984. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lackey, R. T. 1998. Seven pillars of ecosystem management. Landscape Urban Plan. 40(1/3):21–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, P. 1998. Assessing cumulative health effects in ecosystems. In: Rapport, D. J.; Constanza, R.; Epstein, P. R.; Gaudet, C.; Levins, R., eds. Ecosystem health. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science: 129–153. Lau, R. R.; Sears, D. O., editors. 1986. Political cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. N. 1993. Compass and gyroscope.Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, S. A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73(6):1943–1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lubchenco, J. 1998. Entering the century of the environment: a new contract for science. Science 279:491–497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubchenco, J.; Olson, A. M.; Brubaker, L. B.; Carpenter, S. R.; Holland, M. M.; Hubbell, S. P.; Levin, S. A.; MacMahon, J. A.; Matson, P. A.; Melillo, J. M.; Mooney, H. A.; Peterson, C. H.; Pulliam, H. R.; Real, L. A.; Regal, P. J.; Risser, P. G. 1991. The sustainable biosphere initiative: an ecological research agenda. Ecology 72(2):371–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, C. C.; Plummer, M. L. 1998. Grass-roots seeds of compromise. Washington Post,October 11, C3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattice, J.; Fraser, M.; Ragone, S.; Daugherty, D.; Wisniewski, J. 1996. Managing for biodiversity: emerging ideas for the electric utility industry—summary Statement. Environ. Manage. 20(6):781–788.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCold, L.; Holman, J. 1995. Cumulative impact assessments: how well are they considered? Environ. Professional 17(1):2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meidinger, E. E. 1997. Organizational and legal challenges for ecosystem management. In: Kohm, K. A.; Franklin, J. F., eds. Creating a forestry for the 21st Century: the science of ecosystem management.Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. B. 1994. Interactions and collaboration in global change across the social and natural sciences. Ambio 23(1):19–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moote, M. A.; McClaran, M. P.; Chickering, D. K. 1997. Theory in practice: applying participatory democracy theory to public land planning. Environ. Manage. 21(6):877–889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, P.; Aplet, G. H.; Haufler, J. B.; Humphries, H. C.; Moore, M. M.; Wilson, W. D. 1994. Historical range of variability: a useful tool for evaluating ecosystem change. J. Sustain. For. 2:87–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • NAPA (National Academy of Public Administration). 1997. Principles for federal managers of community-based programs.Washington, DC: NAPA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peelle, E. 1995. From public participation to stakeholder involvement: the rocky road to more inclusiveness. In: Proceedings, National Association of Environmental Professionals Annual Meeting, June 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrie, H. G. 1976. Do you see what I see? The epistemology of interdisciplinary inquiry. J. Aesthet. Educ. 10(1):29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PCSD (President’s Council on Sustainable Development). 1996. Sustainable America: a new consensus. Washington, DC: PCSD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, S. T. A.; Parker, V. T.; Fiedler. P. L. 1992. The new paradigm in ecology: implications for conservation biology above the species level. In: Fiedler, P. L.; Jain, S. K., eds. Conservation biology: the theory and practice of nature conservation preservation and management. New York: Chapman and Hall: 65–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, S. T. A.; Burch, W. R., Jr.; Dalton, S. E.; Foresman, T. W.; Grove, J. M.; Rowntree, R. 1997. A conceptual framework for the study of human ecosystems in urban areas. Urban Ecol. 1(4): 185–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapport, D. J.; Gaudet, C.; Karr, J. R.; Baron, J. S.; Bohlen, C.; Jackson, W.; Jones, B.; Naiman, R. J.; Norton, B.; Pollock, M. M. 1998. Evaluating landscape health: integrating societal goals and biophysical processes. J. Environ. Manage. 53:1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, R. 1985. Public administration and public deliberation: an interpretive essay. Yale Law J. 94: 1617–1641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riebsame, W. E.; Parton, W. J.; Galvin, K. A.; Burke, I. C.; Bohren, L.; Young, R.; Knop, E. 1994. Integrated modeling of land use and cover change. Bioscience 44(5):350–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringold, P. L.; Alegria, J.; Czaplewski, R.; Mulder, B. S.; Tolle, T.; Burnett, K. 1996. Adaptive monitoring design for ecosystem management. Ecol. Appl. 6(3):745–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosati, J. 2001. The power of human images and cognition in foreign policy. Mershon Intern. Studies Rev.

    Google Scholar 

  • RTEEC. 1993. Building consensus for a sustainable future: guiding principles.Ottawa, Ontario: National Roundtable on the Environment and the Economy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawhill, J. C. 1998. Your tree or mine? A blueprint of choices. Washington Post,October 11, C3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sedjo, R. A. 1995. Ecosystem management: an uncharted path for public forests. Resources 121:10, 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, M. A. 1992. Building public decisions: learning through planning. In: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Forest Service planning: accommodating uses, producing outputs, and sustaining ecosystems. Volume II, Part A: Contractor’s documents. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office: 227–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shannon, M. A. 1994. Coordination among federal agencies: cultures, budgets, and policies. In: Committee on environment and public works. U.S. Senate. Ecosystem management: status and potential.S. Prt. 103–98. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slocombe, D. S. 1993a. Environmental planning, ecosystem science, and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development. Environ. Manage. 17(3):289–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slocombe, D. S. 1993b. Implementing ecosystem-based management. Bioscience 43(9):612–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slocombe, D. S. 1998. Defining goals and criteria for ecosystem-based management. Environ. Manage. 22(4):483–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, C. P. 1993. The two cultures.Canto edition. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, T. R., Jr. 1995. Ecosystem management and the arrogance of humanism. Conserv. Biol. 9(2):255–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbruner, J. D. 1974. The cybernetic theory of decision. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, P. C.; Young, O. R.; Druckman, D. 1992. Global environmental change: understanding the human dimensions. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, D. A. 1988. Policy paradox and political reason. Boston: Scott, Foresman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Therivel, R.; Thompson, S.; Wilson, E.; Heaney, D.; Pritchard, D. 1992. Strategic environmental assessment. London: Earthscan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedeld, P. O. 1994. The environment and interdisciplinarity: ecological and neoclassical economical approaches to the use of natural resources. Ecol. Econ. 10:1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verba, S.; Nie, N. 1972. Participation in America: political democracy and social equality.New York: Harper &Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek, P. M.; Mooney, H. A.; Lubchenco, J.; Melillo, J. M. 1997. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277:494–499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walters, C. 1997. Challenges in adaptive management of riparian and coastal ecosystems. Conserv. Ecol. 2(1): 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiens, J. A. 1997. The emerging role of patchiness in conservation biology. In: Pickett, S. T. A.; Ostfeld, R. S.; Shachak, M.; Likens, G. E., eds. The ecological basis of conservation.New York: Chapman and Hall: 93–107.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wuichet, J.W. 1995. Toward an ecosystem management policy grounded in hierarchy theory. Ecosystem Health 1(3):161–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaffee, S. L. 1996. Ecosystem management in practice: the importance of institutions. Ecol. Appl. 6(3):724–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaffee, S. L.; Philips, A. F.; Frentz, I. C.; Hardy, P. W.; Maleki, S. M.; Thorpe, B. E. 1996. Ecosystem management in the United States: an assessment of current experience.Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, O. R.; Underdal, A. 1997. Institutional dimensions of global change.IHDP Scoping Report. Bonn, Germany: International Human Dimensions Programme.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haeuber, R.A. (2001). Ecological Assessments and Implementing Ecosystem Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Road Ahead. In: Jensen, M.E., Bourgeron, P.S. (eds) A Guidebook for Integrated Ecological Assessments. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8620-7_36

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8620-7_36

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-98583-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8620-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics