Skip to main content

Abstract

Phosphorus is a key component of many biochemical structures. Although phosphorus can exist in stable oxidation states ranging from −3 to + 5, the stable oxidation state of phosphorus in biological molecules is + 5 and consequently it acts as an electrophile. The phosphate group, PO4, consisting of four electronegative oxygens attached to a central phosphorus atom with tetrahedral geometry, is the predominant form of phosphorus in biological systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Addeo, F., Chianese, L., Sacchi, R., Musso, S.S., Ferranti, P. and Malorni, A. (1994) Characterization of the oligopeptides of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese soluble in 120 g trichloroacetic acid/L. J. Dairy Res., 61, 365–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, Y.S. and Snow, L.D. (1993) Selective extraction of alkaline phosphatase and 5′ nucleotidase from milk fat globule membrane by a single-phase n-butanol procedure. Prep. Biochem., 23, 409–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akuzawa, R. and Fox, P.F. (1998) Purification and characterization of an acid phosphatase from cell membrane fraction of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis 303. Food Res. Int., 31, 157–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M., Brooker, B.E., Andrews, A.T. and Alichanidis, E. (1975) Membrane material in bovine skim-milk from udder quarters infused with endotoxin and pathogenic organisms. J. Dairy Res., 42, 401–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A.T. (1974) Bovine milk acid phosphatase. II. Binding to casein substrates and heat-inactivation studies. J. Dairy Res., 41, 229–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A.T. (1976a) Bovine milk acid phosphatase. III. Purification and characterization of the enzyme. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 434, 345–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A.T. (1976b) Further studies on acid phosphatase of leucocyte origin in normal and mastitic bovine milks. J. Dairy Res., 43, 127–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A.T. (1992) Indigenous enzymes in milk: phosphatases, in Advanced Dairy Chemistry-I-Proteins, (P.F. Fox ed.) Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, pp. 322–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A.T. and Alichanidis, E. (1975a) Acid phosphatase activity in cheese and starters. J. Dairy Res., 42, 327–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A.T. and Alichanidis, E. (1975b) The acid phosphatases of bovine leucocytes, plasma and the milk of healthy and mastitic cows. J. Dairy Res., 42, 391–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A.T. and Pallavicini, C. (1973) Bovine milk acid phosphatase. I. Some kinetic studies and other properties using a partially purified preparation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 321, 197–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, A.T., Anderson, M. and Goodenough, P.W. (1987) A study of the heat stabilities of a number of indigenous milk enzymes. J. Dairy Res., 54, 237–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelino, P.D., Christen, G.L., Penfiled, M.P. and Beatie, S. (1999) Residual alkaline phosphatase activity in pasteurized milk heated at various temperatures-Measurement with the Fluorophos and Scharer Rapid phosphatase tests. J. Food Prot., 62, 81–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AOAC (1995) Phosphatase (reactivated and residual) in milk, Official Method 961.08. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th edn, Vol. 2, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, pp. 33–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aschaffenburg, R. and Mullen, J.E.C. (1949) A rapid and simple phosphatase test for milk. J. Dairy Res., 16, 58–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battistotti, B., Brambille, E., Cappa, F. and Ferreandi, G. (1997) Alkaline phosphatase in milk and ripened cheeses. Sci. Teen. Latt.-Casearia, 48, 157–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bindith, O., Cordier, J. and Jost, R. (1996) Cross-flow microfiltration of skim milk: germ reduction and effect on alkaline phosphatase and serum proteins, in Heat Treatments and Alternative Methods, Special Issue, 9501, International Dairy Federation, Brussels, pp. 222–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, E.W. and Zittle, C.A. (1963) Purification and properties of acid phosphatase in bovine milk. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 101, 471–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, E.W., Jasewicz, L. and Zittle, C.A. (1961) Acid phosphatase in cream and in skim milk. J. Dairy Sci., 44, 1247–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, E.W. and Malin, E.L. (1992) Alkaline phosphatase in the lactating bovine mammary gland and the milk fat globule membrane. Release by phosphatidyl-inositol-specific phospholipase. C. Comp. Biochem., 102, 213–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bredholt, R., Hansson, E. and Sjostrom, G. (1960) Some properties of the acid phosphatase of cow’s milk. Report, Milk and Dairy Research, Alnarp, Sweden, 61, 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Noni, I., Pellegrino, L., Resmini, P. and Ferranti, P. (1997) About the presence of free phosphoserine in ripened cheese and in enzymatic hydrolysate of casein. Nahrung, 41, 268–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dulley, J.R. and Kitchen, B.J. (1972) Phosphopeptides and bitter peptides produced by rennet. Aust. J. Dairy Technol, 27, 10–1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dulley, J.R. and Kitchen, B.J. (1973) The acid phosphatases of Cheddar cheese. Aust. J. Dairy Technol., 28, 114–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etzel, M.R., Suen, S.Y., Halverson, S.L. and Budijono, S.C. (1995) Enzyme inactivation in a droplet forming a bubble during drying. J. Food Eng., 27, 17–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernley, H.N. (1971) The Enzymes, Vol. 4, 3rd edn., Academic Press, New York, pp. 417–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferranti, P., Barone, F., Chianese, L., Addeo, F., Scaloni, A., Pellegrino, L. and Resmini, P. (1997) Phosphopeptides from Grana Padano cheese: nature, origin and changes during ripening. J. Dairy Res., 64, 601–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, C.M. (2000) Purification and Characterisation of Acid Phosphatase from Bovine Skimmed Milk, MSc Thesis, National University of Ireland, Cork.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, N.K.R. (1999) Isolation and Characterisation of Bovine Milk Acid Phosphatase, MSc Thesis, National University of Ireland, Cork.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, P.F. and McSweeney, P.L.H. (1996) Proteolysis in cheese during ripening. Food Rev. Int., 12, 457–509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, P.F. and Morrissey, P.A. (1981) Indigenous enzymes of bovine milk, in Enzymes and Food Processing, (G.G. Birch, N. Blakeborough and K.J. Parker eds.) Applied Science Publishers, London, pp. 213–38.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Girrotti, S., Ferri, E., Ghini, S., Budini, R. and Roda, A. (1994) Chemiluminescent assay for alkaline phosphatase in milk. Neth. Milk Dairy J., 48, 213–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, M.W. (1986) Use of milk enzymes as indices of heat treatment. J. Food Protect., 49, 696–705.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haab, W. and Smith, L.M. (1956) Variations in alkaline phosphatase activity of milk. J. Dairy Sci., 39, 1644–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, H. and Talalay, P. (1948) Sodium phenolphthalein phosphate as a substrate for phosphatase tests. J. Biol. Chem., 159, 399–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • IDF (1971) Milk and milk powder, buttermilk and buttermilk powder, whey and whey powder: determination of phosphatase activity (reference method) Standard 63, International Dairy Federation, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • IDF (1987) Milk and dried milk, buttermilk and buttermilk powder, whey and whey powder-phosphatase activity (screening method) Standard 82A, International Dairy Federation, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • IDF (1992) Milk and milk based drinks. Determination of alkaline phosphatase activity (fluorometric method) Standard 155, International Dairy Federation, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenness, R. and Patton, S. (1959) Principles of Dairy Chemistry, Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmas, R. and Kleyn, D.H. (1990) Determination and interpretation of alkaline phosphatase activity in experimental and commercial butters. J. Dairy Sci., 73, 584–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, H.D. and Graham, W.R. (1933) Phosphorus compounds of milk: the effect of heat on milk phosphatase. J. Dairy Res., 5, 65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, H.D. and Graham, W.R. (1935) The phosphatase test for pasteurised milk. J. Dairy Res., 6, 191–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiermeier, F. and Meinl, E. (1961a) Zur Kenntnis der Milchphosphatasen. I. Zur Bestimmung der Phosphomonoesterasen in Rohmilch. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 114, 110–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiermeier, F. and Meinl, E. (1961b) Zur kenntnis de Milchphosphatasen. III. Einfluss der Temperatur auf der Activity der sauren Milchphosphatase. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 114, 407–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchen, B.J. (1985) Indigenous milk enzymes, in Developments in Dairy Chemistry, Vol. 3, (P.F. Fox ed.) Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, pp. 239–79.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchen, B.J., Taylor, G.C. and White, I.C. (1970) Milk enzymes — their distribution and activity. J. Dairy Res., 37, 279–88.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosikowski, F.V. (1951) The effectiveness of the Cornell phosphatase test for dairy products. J. Dairy Sci., 34, 1151–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosikowski, F.V. (1964) Evolutionary changes in the Cornell phosphatase test. J. Milk Food Technol., 27, 268–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosikowski, F.V. (1966) Innovations and biological applications of the dialysis phosphatase test, Proc. XVII Int. Dairy Congr. (Munich), Section B:2, 269–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzuya, Y., Kanamaru, Y. and Tanahashi, T. (1982) Purification of bovine milk alkaline phosphatase with affinity chromatography and effect of flavanoids and saccharides on the enzyme activities. Jap. J. Zootech. Sci., 53, 45–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwee, W.S. (1983) Phosphatase reactivation in cream samples. Aust. J. Dairy Technol., 38, 160–2.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenhardt, L., Dudrikova, E. and Svicky, E. (1994) A histoenzymatic study of healthy mammary gland of dairy cows. Folia Veterineria, 38, 103–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, G., Mazeron, P., Michalowski, J.B. and Alais, C. (1974) Phosphatase alcaline du lait de vache. I. Purification et properties moleculaires. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 358, 82–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorient, D. and Linden, G. (1976) Dephosphorylation of bovine casein by milk alkaline phosphatase. J. Dairy Res., 43, 19–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyster, R.J.L. and Aschaffenburg, R. (1962) The reactivation of milk alkaline phosphatase after heat treatment. J. Dairy Sci., 29, 21–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martley, F.G. and Lawrence, R.C. (1972) Cheddar cheese flavour. II. Characteristics of single strain starters associated with good or poor flavour development. N.Z. J. Dairy Sci. Technol., 7, 38–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McComb, R.B., Bowers, G.N. and Posen, S. (1979) Alkaline Phosphtase. Plenum Press, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McFarren, E.F., Thomas, R.C., Black, L.A. and Campbell, J.E. (1960) Differentiation of reactivated from residual phosphatase in high-temperature short-time pasteurized milk and cream. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 43, 414–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKellar, R.C., Modler, H.W., Couture, H., Hughes, A., Mayers, D., Gleeson, T. and Ross, W.H. (1994) Killing time. Dairy Ind. Int., 59 (10), 49–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mistry, V.V. (1989) Thermal inactivation characteristics of alkaline phosphatases in ultrafiltered milk. J. Dairy Sci., 72, 1112–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, R.K. (1953) Alkaline phosphatase of milk. Biochem. J., 55, 785–800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullen, J.E.C. (1950) The acid phosphatase of cows’ milk. J. Dairy Res., 17, 288–305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, G.K. and Peeler, J.T. (1979) Rapid methods for differentiating reactivated from residual phosphatase in milk and cream: Collaborative study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 62, 822–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, G.K., Cox, S. and Taylor, L. (1976) Reactivation of alkaline phosphatase in ultra-high temperature, short time processed liquid milk products. J. Dairy Sci., 59, 1699–710.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, G.K., Kleyn, D.H., Richardson, T. and Rocco, R.M. (1993) Alkaline phosphatase methods, in Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products, 15th edn, (R.T. Marshall ed.) American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, pp. 413–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mussa, D.M. and Ramaswamy, H.S. (1997) Ultra high pressure pasteurisation of milk: kinetics of microbial destruction and changes in physico-chemical characteristics. Lebensm.-Wissen. u. Technol., 30, 551–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, I.E. (1966) Automated test for milk phosphatase. J. Dairy Sci., 49, 1482–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keeffe, R.B. and Kinsella, J.E. (1979) Alkaline phosphatase from bovine mammary tissue: Purification and some molecular and catalytic properties. Int. J. Biochem., 10, 125–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, C.J. and Bradley, R.L. (1997) Residual alkaline phosphatase activity in milk subjected to various time-temperature treatments. J. Food Prot., 60, 525–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallegrino, L., Batteli, G., Resmini, P., Barone, F. and Addeo, F. (1997) Effect of heat load gradient in moulding on characterisation and ripening of Grana Padano. Lait, 77, 217–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallegrino, L., Resmini, P. and Luf, W. (1995) Assessment (indices) of heat-treatment of milk, in Heat Induced Changes in Milk, 2nd edn, (P.F. Fox ed.) Special Issue, 9501, International Dairy Federation, Brussels, pp. 409–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrino, L., Battelli, G., Resmini, P., Ferranti, P., Barone, F. and Addeo, F. (1997) Effects of heat load gradient occurring in moulding on characterization and ripening of Grana Padano. Lait, 77, 217–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R.G. and Telford, W.J.P. (1966) Application of an automated procedure to the milk phosphatase test. J. Food Technol., 30, 21–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, L.A., McFarren, E.F. and Campbell, I.E. (1964) Phosphatase reactivation. J. Dairy Sci., 47, 205–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocco, R.M. (1990) Fluorometric analysis of alkaline phosphatase in fluid dairy products. J. Food Prot., 53, 588–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, I., Bernstein, S. and Rosen, B. (1996) Alkaline phosphatase activity in Penicillium roqueforti and in blue veined cheese. J. Dairy Sci., 79, 16–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scharer, H. (1938) A rapid phosphomonoesterase test for control of dairy pasteurization. J. Dairy Sci., 21, 21–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schormuller, J., Lehmann, K. and Belitz, H.-D. (1960) Phosphate and organic phosphorus compounds in foods. VI. Separation and characterization of phosphopeptides from enzymic casein hydrolysates. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 111, 180–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, T.K., Fox, P.F., Højrup, P. and Healy, A. (1994) A scheme for the fractionation of cheese nitrogen and identification of principal peptides. Int. Dairy J., 4, 111–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, T.K., Fox, P.F. and Healy, A. (1995) Water-soluble peptides in Cheddar cheese: isolation and identification of peptides in the diafiltration retentate of the water-soluble fraction. J. Dairy Res., 62, 629–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, T.K., Fox, P.F. and Healy, A. (1997) Isolation and identification of further peptides in the diafiltration retentate of the water-soluble fraction of Cheddar cheese. J. Dairy Res., 64, 433–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trammer, J. and Wight, J. (1950) The phosphatase test of Aschaffenburg and Mullen. Use of permanent colour standards and comparison with Kay-Graham test. J. Dairy Res., 17, 194–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Troth, J.R. and James, C.S. (1998) Comparisons between alkaline phosphatase activity in raw and heat-treated sheep and bovine milks. Bulletin, 15, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Land Use, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK, pp. 28–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vega-Warner, A.V., Wang, C.H., Smith, D.M. and Ustunol, Z. (1999) Milk alkaline phosphatase purification and production of polyclonal antibodies. J. Food Sci., 64, 601–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, C. (1979) Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. W.H. Freeman and company, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, R.McL. (1958) The minor proteins of milk. J. Dairy Sci., 41, 1303–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, R.C. and Tramer, J. (1953) Reactivation of milk phosphatase following heat treatment. J. Dairy Res., 20, 117–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziobro, G.C. (1995) Screening method for phosphatase (residual) in cheese, in Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 8th Editional, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Chapter 27, pp. 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shakeel-ur-Rehman, Fleming, C.M., Farkye, N.Y., Fox, P.F. (2003). Indigenous Phosphatases in Milk. In: Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H. (eds) Advanced Dairy Chemistry—1 Proteins. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8602-3_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8602-3_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47271-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8602-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics