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The Neurobiology of Sleep–Wake Systems: An Overview

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Narcolepsy

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Abstract

Following studies of patients with postinfluenza encephalitis, the neuropathologist von Economo reported that inflammatory lesions of the preoptic area (POA) were often associated with insomnia and therefore proposed that the POA was critical for the production of normal sleep [1]. Then, Ranson in monkeys, Nauta in rats, and McGinty in cats showed that POA lesions induce a profound and persistent insomnia [2–4]. It was later shown in cats that POA electrical stimulation induces EEG slow-wave activity and sleep (SWS) [5]. Finally, putative sleep-promoting neurons displaying an elevated discharge rate during SWS compared to waking (W), diffusely distributed within a large region encompassing the horizontal limb of the diagonal bands of Broca and the lateral preoptic area-substantia innominata were recorded in freely moving cats [6]. Altogether, these studies indicate that the POA is a unique brain structure containing neurons that directly promote sleep.

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Abbreviations

Ach:

Acetylcholine

ADA:

Adenosine

BF:

Basal Forebrain

CTb:

Cholera toxin b subunit

DPGi:

Dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus

dDpMe:

Dorsal deep mesencephalic reticular nucleus

DRN:

Dorsal raphe nucleus

Fos+:

Neuron immunoreactive for Fos

GAD:

Glutamate decarboxylase

GiA:

Alpha gigantocellular nucleus

GiV:

Ventral gigantocellular reticular nucleus

Gly:

Glycine

Hcrt:

Hypocretin

His:

Histamine

LC:

Locus coeruleus

LDT:

Laterodorsal pontine nucleus

LHA:

Lateral hypothalamic area

Mc:

Nucleus reticularis magnocellularis

MCH:

Melanin-concentrating hormone

MnPn:

Median preoptic nucleus

NA:

Norepinephrine

PeF:

Perifornical hypothalamic area

peri-LC alpha:

Peri-locus coeruleus alpha

PH:

Posterior hypothalamus

PnC:

Pontis caudalis nucleus

PnO:

Pontis oralis nucleus

POA:

Preoptic area

PPT:

Pedunculopontine nucleus

SCN:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

SLD:

Sublaterodorsal nucleus

TMN:

Tuberomamillary nucleus

vlPAG:

Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray

VLPO:

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

ZI:

Zona incerta

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by CNRS and Université Claude Bernard Lyon.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UMR5167 CNRS, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon, 7 rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon cedex 08, France

    Pierre-Hervé Luppi

  2. UMR5167 CNRS, Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon (IFR 19), Université de Lyon, Lyon, France

    Pierre-Hervé Luppi

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  1. Pierre-Hervé Luppi
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  2. Patrice Fort
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Correspondence to Pierre-Hervé Luppi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, Zurich, 8091, Switzerland

    Christian R. Baumann

  2. Neurocenter EOC of Southern Switzerland, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Via Tesserete 46, Lugano, 6903, Switzerland

    Claudio L. Bassetti

  3. and Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA

    Thomas E. Scammell

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Luppi, PH., Fort, P. (2011). The Neurobiology of Sleep–Wake Systems: An Overview. In: Baumann, C., Bassetti, C., Scammell, T. (eds) Narcolepsy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8390-9_10

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