Abstract
By tackling the debates and circulation of information about the ruins found close to Santo Domingo de Palenque (Chiapas), this chapter attempts to analyse the discourse network in which a manuscript wrote in Guatemala circulated in late colonial times was appropriated and transformed. The first part of this chapter focuses on its 1822 translation into English and the path it followed in the European literary circles, including the German translations of 1823 and 1832. The chapter aims at displaying the creation of meanings of Palenque in a world integrated and fragmented by global commerce, journals, books, post, trade routes and languages.
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Notes
- 1.
“American Antiquities”. The Knickerbocker (1833: 371).
- 2.
- 3.
Cf. Miguel A. Díaz Perera, “El reino de los incapaces. Antigüedad del indio americano en el testimonio de Frédéric Waldeck y François Corroy”, http://www.posgrado.unam.mx/filosofiadelaciencia/assets/pdf/WaldeckResumen.pdf.
- 4.
Scherzer had already underlined the relationship between revolutionary war, the destruction and scattering of the archives, and the difficulties to write and understand ancient American history. He wrote as early as 1857: “Al mismo tiempo se encuentra en las pocas bibliotecas que ya existen en las cinco repúblicas una gran falta de manuscritos que tratan esta materia. En ningún lugar de los Estados de Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras y San Salvador se halla un solo documento relativo a la historia antigua de este país. Esta falta completa de escritos no puede explicarse de otra manera, sino por el estrago de las diversas revoluciones que las republicas de Centro-América han experimentado desde su separación de la metrópoli en 1823, en las cuales un gran número de documentos importantes fueron perdidos o sacados del país. Se sabe que, cuando en el año 1829, después de la supresión de todos los conventos por el general Morazán, muchas de esas casas venerables se transformaron en cuarteles y presidios, montones de libros y manuscritos fueron sacados de sus depósitos para fabricar cartuchos. Otros tesoros antiguos se extraían por La Habana, Madrid, Toledo y Sevilla adonde los monjes expulsados y los partidarios fugitivos de la Corona de Castilla los quisieron poner en seguridad” (Scherzer 1857: IV–V). In the same sense, Cañizares-Esguerra (2001: 322) expressed: “This widely scattered distribution has not only contributed to keeping the wealth of eighteenth-century Spanish American intellectual debates hidden but also exemplifies the fate of the great collections of indigenous sources put together by most eighteenth-century Spanish American antiquarians”.
- 5.
The reception and different editions of del Río’s memoir had been addressed by Brasseur de Bourbourg n/d; Cabello Caro 1984; García Sáiz 1994; Baudez and Picasso 1987 and Riese (in del Río 1993).
- 6.
- 7.
Later on, Alexander von Humboldt would make use of Berthoud’s publication in an article he published in 1826 on the new State of Central America, feeding the reliability of the source as a piece that was worth quoting (Humboldt 1826).
- 8.
“Description of the Ruins of an Ancient City, discovered near Palenque, in Guatemala, in Spanish America. Translated from the Spanish. 4to. pp. 128. London, 1823”. European Magazine, London Review: Illustrative of the Literature, History, Biography, Politics, Arts, Manners, and amusements of the age. Embellished with Portraits. 83: 454.
- 9.
“Art. IV. Description of the Ruins of an Ancient City, discovered near Palenque, in Guatemala, in Spanish America. Translated from the Original Manuscript Report of Captain Antonio del Rio, followed by a Critical Investigation and Research into the history of the Americans, by Doctor Paul Felix Cabrera, of the city of New Guatemala, 4to. Pp. XIV, 128. (17 plates). Price 1l. 8.s. London, 1822”. The Eclectic Review. 18 (1823: 523–532).
- 10.
In 1846, 25 years after its publication, it could still be acquired at a moderate price of 15 schillings, as listed with the number 846 on John Russell Smith’s catalogue from Soho Square. cf. A catalogue of choice, useful, and curious books in most classes of literature, English and foreign, now on sale at very moderate prices by John Russell Smith. London. 1846. However, in the late 1830s some reviews mentioned that Del Rio’s work had been “scarcely published in this country,” cf. “Antiquités mexicaines, Voyage pittoresque… and Colección de antigüedades mexicanas que existen en el Museo Nacional”. The foreign quarterly review. 18 (1836–1837: 33) London Edition.
- 11.
“Description of the Ruins of an Ancient City…” European Magazine. 83: 456.
- 12.
Ibid.
- 13.
“The Family Magazine”. 1837: 143.
- 14.
“Überreste der altamerikanischen Stadt Huehuetlapallan”. Taschenbuch zur Verbreitung geographischer Kenntnisser. 1825: 225–237.
- 15.
Such as “Allgemeines Repertorium der neuesten in- und ausländischen Literatur für 1824” (Leipzig).
- 16.
“Neue Allgemeine Geographische und Statistische Ephemeriden”. Weimar 1824: 437.
- 17.
“Nach der Art, wie die spanische Regierung nach Möglichkeit um alle ihre transatlantischen Besitzungen eine chinesische Mauer zog, darf dies gerade nicht wundern. Die Beschreibung dieser Ruinen und der in ihnen gefundenen zahlreichen hieroglyphischen Bilder u. s. w. gibt allerdings Raum zu vielen Vermuthungen, die, hätten die Spanier, gleich echten Vandalen, nicht Mexiko’s Adel und (Bilder) Schriften vernichtet, wohl längst aufgekläit seyn würden. Die zweyte Abtheilung, welche die längste ist, sucht, treu der mosaischen Zeitrechnung, zu beweisen, dass Mexiko von Phönicien und Karthago aus bevölkert sey. Solche theologische Beweise mögen kaum dem orthodoxesten Theologen zusagen, geschweige dem, der in solchen Dingen lieber seine Unwissenheit bekennen, als solche Ansichten durchgefochten wissen will”.
- 18.
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie: 771–772. http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb021/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0210773).
- 19.
As the reviews mentioned, some writers found resemblances between the temples of Belus and the pyramid of Cholula, eight graduated square towers that terminated in a topmost sanctuary.
- 20.
“Uebrigens fehlt uns noch immer eine genaue Untersuchung der verschiedentlich bekannt gewordenen mexikanischen Denkmale und eine Zusammenstellung und Vergleichung mit den alt-ägyptischen, wie solches, wenn wir nicht sehr irren, bereits vor einem Jahre zum Gegenstand einer Preisaufgabe, die aber leider unbeantwortet geblieben, gemacht worden ist. Eine solche Arbeit würde aber gewiss höchst belehrend werden, Bähr 1832: 202–203”.
- 21.
In his preface Minutoli explained that he did not have neither opportunity nor the time to contrast the information in his possession with the new materials presented at the costly London facsimiles, of which he was aware thanks to the reviews published in different journals. The story of Berthoud’s failure, as told by Minutoli, seems to have foreseen the history of Edward King, whose debt with the printers landed him in debtors’ prison.
- 22.
Augustine Maria (Agostino Maria) Aglio (1777–1857) was already well known to the public and among the Catholics of London as the artist, who had executed the altar piece (a panorama of the crucifixion) and ceiling of the Catholic chapel of Moorfields. cf. “Mr. A. Aglio’s Mexican Antiquities”. The Olio; or, Museum of entertainment. 5: 376. and http://www.stmarymoorfields.net/documents/SMMbooklet.pdf.
- 23.
“Art. IV. Antiquities of Mexico”. The Foreign Quarterly Review. 9 (1832): 92.
- 24.
Edward King proposed that America was peopled by the ten lost Jewish tribes carried away by the king of Assyria and that the people who authored the monuments of his work were Jewish.
- 25.
“Mexican Antiquities”. The Gentleman’s magazine. August (1831): 99.
- 26.
The “History of America” was a great editorial success, even more marked on the continent, where it was considered as Robertson’s masterpiece going through nine editions between 1777 and 1780. It was translated into Spanish in 1827 by Bernardino de Amati.
- 27.
“Antiquities of Mexico”. The Monthly review. 1831: 274.
- 28.
Moreover, the complete gathering of the materials was attributed to Aglio. However, Edward King had agents in Mexico, Madrid and other European cities: this network of manuscript and document providers still deserves further research.
- 29.
“Antiquities of Mexico”. The Monthly review. 1831: 256.
- 30.
“Antiquities of Mexico”. The foreign quarterly review. 9 (17) 1832: 110–111.
- 31.
“Antiquités mexicaines, Voyage pittoresque… and Colección de antigüedades mexicanas que existen en el Museo Nacional”. The foreign quarterly review. 18 (1836–1837): 31 (London Edition), 17 (American Edition).
- 32.
“Mr. A. Aglio’s Mexican Antiquities”. The Olio; or, Museum of entertainment. 5: 395.
- 33.
Id.. p. 396.
- 34.
“Antiquités mexicaines, Voyage pittoresque…”, p. 32 (London edition).
- 35.
“Diese Zeichnungen sind die Früchte der Reise des Hauptmanns Dupe, eines mexikanischen Altertumsforschers, mit dem ich mehre interessante Erkursionen gemacht. Ich besitze selbst eine Zeichnung von der Anbetung eines heiligen Kreuzes aus dem Paleuque, von denen, die in dem engländischen Werke abgebildet sind, ganz verschieden” (Humboldt 1826: 160).
- 36.
“Neue Forschungen und Nachrichten über die Ruinen von Palenque”. Das Ausland. 1832: 347.
- 37.
“Arancel para las aduanas marítimas y de frontera de la República Mexicana” 16th Nov 1827. In: en Legislación Mexicana. México, Imp. del Comercio, t. 2, 1876: 26–30. cf. Morales-Moreno 1994. Cochineal was Mexico’s second most valued export after silver. The Mexican Independence involved that the monopoly on cochineal came to an end: large scale production of cochineal emerged in other places, especially in Guatemala.
- 38.
“Original Correspondence to the Editor. Ruins of Palenque”. The London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, 1831: 665–666. Galindo was right: the Gazette was sold in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dublin, Paris and North America.
- 39.
“Original correspondence…”, op.cit.; also published in Galindo 1834: 62.
- 40.
“Original correspondence…”, op.cit.
- 41.
“Original correspondence…”, op.cit.
- 42.
“American antiquities”, The Knickerbocker. 1833: 371.
- 43.
Cf. “Antiquités mexicaines, Voyage pittoresque…”, The foreign quarterly review. 18 (1836–1837), pp. 31–63.
- 44.
Ibid. p. p. 38.
- 45.
Ibid. p. 41.
- 46.
In that same sense, Juan Pimentel has analyzed the iconic “Megatherium” as a non human go-between of the transatlantic world of the late eighteenth century. For him, that unknown beast represents a mobile object that condensed the complexity of the exchange between Spanish America and European savant circles. Juan Pimentel, “Across nations and ages. The Creole collector and the many lives of the Megatherium”, en Lisa Roberts, Simon Schaffer, and James Delbourgo (eds.), Go-Betweens and Imperial Networks of Knowledge, 1770–1830, Amsterdam: Chicago University Press (forthcoming 2009).
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Acknowledgments
Thanks to the Newberry Library/IES abroad short term Fellowship for enabling to write this chapter. I also acknowledge the support of DAAD, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, PIP 5675 (CONICET), PICT 32111 and PICT 35611, which enabled the access to different bibliographical materials, including the Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut and Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Biblioteca Fl. Ameghino (Museo de La Plata), Biblioteca del Museo Etnográfico (Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UBA), and Biblioteca do Museu Nacional (Río de Janeiro, Brazil). Maribel Martínez Navarrete, Juan Pimentel, Ineke Phaf-Rheinberger and Wolfgang Schäffner read and commented on earlier versions of this paper. Klaus Gallo, Marina Rieznik, Guillermina Espósito and Laura Piazze helped in the search of some of the works quoted in the bibliography.
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Podgorny, I. (2011). “Silent and Alone”: How the Ruins of Palenque Were Taught to Speak the Language of Archaeology. In: Lozny, L. (eds) Comparative Archaeologies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8225-4_15
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