Skip to main content

The Archaeology of Israel and Palestine

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Comparative Archaeologies

Abstract

The geographical scope of this review includes modern Israel, and the lands of the Palestinian authority, including Gaza. The archaeology of each of these current geopolitical areas is so intertwined that we cannot separate one from the other without reducing drastically our understanding of the whole. This overview will address the issues of different periods in the history of this region’s archaeology as well as the character of its archaeology. The scope of this chapter cannot be as complete as a major synthesis of the archaeology of the region. Readers who would wish to read much more comprehensive overviews are strongly encouraged to turn to Ben-Tor’s The Archaeology of Israel (1993), Stern’s massive four volume, The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (1993), or Richards more recent, Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader (2003).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abu El-Haj, N. (2001). Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self Fashioning in Israeli Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abu El-Haj, N. (2003). Reflections on Archaeology and Israeli Settler-Nationhood. Radical History Review 86: 149–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aharoni, Y. (1957). The Settlement of the Israelite Tribes in Upper Galilee (Hebrew). Jerusalem: Magnes Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aharoni, Y, (ed.) (1973). Beer-sheba I: Excavations at Tel Beer-sheba, 1969–1971 Seasons. Tel-Aviv: Institute of Archaeology: Tel-Aviv University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albright, W.F. (1932). The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim in Palestine I: The Pottery of the First Three Campaigns, Annual of the American School of Oriental Research 12, New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albright, W.F. (1933). The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim IA: The Bronze Age Pottery of the Fourth Campaign, Annual of the American School of Oriental Research 13. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albright, W.F. (1938). The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim II: The Bronze Age. Annual of the American School of Oriental Research 17. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albright, W.F. (1943). The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim III: The Iron Age. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 21–22. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiran, R. (1970). Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land from its beginnings in the Neolithic Period to the end of the Iron Age. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amiran, R. (1978). Early Arad: the Chalcolithic settlement and Early Bronze City. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avigad, N. (1970a). Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jersusalem, 1969. Israel Exploration Journal 20 (1–2): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avigad, N. (1970b). Excavations in the Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem, 1970. Israel Exploration Journal 20 (1–2): 129–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avigad, N. (1972). Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 22 (4): 193–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avigad, N. (1975). Excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, 1969–1971. In Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeology in the Holy City. Y. Yadin (ed.). pp. 38–49. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avigad, N. (1983a). The Burnt House captures a moment in time. Biblical Archaeology Review 9: 66–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avigad, N. (1983b). Discovering Jerusalem: Recent Archaeological Excavations in the Upper City. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barag, D. et al. (1995). Masada IV. Jersusalem: Hebrew University Press/Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Nathan, R. (2006a). Masada VII. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press/Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Nathan, R. (2006b). Qumran and the Hasmonaean and Herodian Winter Palaces of Jericho. In The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates, (Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah, Vol. 57), K. Galor, J-B. Humbert, and J. Zangenberg (eds.), pp. 263–277. Leiden: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. (1989). The PPNA in the Levant – an Overview. Paleorient 15: 67–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. and A. Mazar (1982). Israeli Archaeology. World Archaeology 13: 310–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar Yosef, O. and B. Vandermeersch (1981). Note concerning the possible age of the Mousterian layers in Qafzeh cave” In Préhistoire du Levant. J. Cauvin and P.Sanlaville (eds.) pp. 281–285: Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar Yosef, O. and B. Vandermeersch (1991). Premiers hommes modernes et Néandertaliens au Proche-Orient : chronologie et culture, In Aux origines d’Homo sapiens, J.J. Hublin and A.M. Tillier (eds.) pp 217–250 Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O., Vandermeersch, B., Arensburg, B., Belfer-Cohen, A., Goldberg, P., Laville, H., Meignen, L., Rak, Y., Speth, J., Tchernov, E., Tillier, A-M., Weiner, S. (1992) The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mount Carmel, Current Anthropology 33: 497–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkai, O. and Y. Kahanov (2007). The Tantura F Shipwreck, Israel. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36: 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beit-Arieh, I. (2003). Archaeology of Sinai: The Ophir Expedition. Monograph Series of the Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 21. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University/Institute of Archaeology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ami, D. (2008). Monolithic Pillars in Canaan: Reconsidering the Date of the High Place at Gezer. Levant 40:17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Tor, A. (ed.) (1994). The Archaeology of Israel. R. Greenberg, translator. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Tor, A. (1996). Hazor Excavations in Memory of Yigael Yadin – Aims and Preliminary Results. Eretz-Israel 25:67–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Tor, A. (ed.) (1997). Hazor V – The James A. de Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavation, 1968, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Hebrew University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Tor, A. (1998). The Fall of Canaanite Hazor – The “Who” and “When” Questions. In Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern, (eds.), pp. 456–467. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Tor, A. (2005). Hazor and Chronology. Aegypten und Levante XIV: 45–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Tor, A. and D. Ben-Ami (1998). Hazor and the Archaeology of the 10th Century B.C.E. Israel Exploration Journal 48:1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlin, A. (2003). The Hellenistic Period. In Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader, S. Richard, (ed.) pp. 418–433. Winona Lake: Eisenbaums.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biran, A. (1992). Dan: 25 Years of Excavation (Hebrew), Kibbutz Hameuhad: Kibbutz Hameuhad Press and the Society for the Exploration of Israel and its Antiques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biran, A. (1994). Biblical Dan, Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biran, A. and J. Naveh (1993). An Aramaic Stele Fragment from Tel Dan. Israel Exploration Journal 43: 81–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biran, A. and J. Naveh (1995). The Tel Dan Inscription: A New Fragment. Israel Exploration Journal 45: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boas, A. (1999). Crusader Archaeology: the Material Culture of the Latin East. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block-Smith, E. and B.A. Nakhai (1999). A Landscape Comes to Life: The Iron Age I. Near Eastern Archaeology 62:62–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broshi, M. (1992). The Archaeology of Qumran- A Reconsideration. In The Dead Sea Scrolls, Forty Years of Research, D. Diamant & U. Rappaport (eds), pp. 113–115. Leiden: Brill-Magnes Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broshi, M. and H. Eshel. (1999). Residential Caves at Qumran. Dead Sea Discoveries 6: 328–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broshi, M. and H. Eshel. (2006). Was There Agriculture at Qumran? In The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates, (Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah, Vol. 57), K. Galor, J-B. Humbert, and J. Zangenberg, (eds.) pp. 249–252. Leiden: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgoyne, M. and D.S. Richards (1987). Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study. London: World of Islam Festival Trust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canter, C. (2003). Syria-Palestine in the Persian Period. In Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader, S. Richard, (ed.) pp. 398–412. Winona Lake: Eisenbaums

    Google Scholar 

  • Cargill, R. (2009). Qumran through (Real) Time: A Virtual Reconstruction of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Bible in Technology 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chancey, M. and A. Porter (2001). The Archaeology of Roman Palestine. Near Eastern Archaeology 64: 164–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, H.M. and J. Geiger (1989). Masada II: The Latin and Greek Documents. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press/Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, F. and L. Stager (2006). Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions Found in Ashkelon, Israel Exploration Journal 56: 129–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowfoot, J. W. and G.M. Crowfoot (1938). Early Ivories from Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste 2). London: Palestine Exploration Fund.Crowfoot, J. W., Kenyon. K.M. and E.L. Sukenik (1942). The Buildings at Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste 1). London: Palestine Exploration Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowfoot, J. W., Kenyon, K.M. and G.M. Crowfoot (1957). The Objects from Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste 3). London: Palestine Exploration Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowfoot, J. W., Kenyon. K.M. and Sukenik, E.L. (1942). The Buildings at Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste 1). London: Palestine Exploration Fund

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowfoot, J. W., Kenyon, K.M. and Crowfoot, G.M. (1957). The Objects from Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste 3). London: Palestine Exploration Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vaux, R. (1973). Archaeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. (1995). In Search of ‘Ancient Israel’. 2nd edition. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. (2004). Whose Bible is it Anyway? London: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, L, Levy, T. and P. Smith (2003). Evidence of Interpersonal Violence at the Chalcolithic Village of Shiqmim (Israel). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 13: 115–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dever, W.G. (ed.) (1974). Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II, (Annual of the Hebrew Union College/Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology 2), Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College/Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dever, W.G. (1982). Retrospects and Prospects in Biblical and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology. Biblical Archaeology 45: 103–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dever, W.G. (ed.) (1986). Gezer IV: The 1969–71 Seasons in Field VI, the “Acropolis”, (Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology 4), 2 volumes. Jerusalem: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dever, W.G. (1993). The Rise of Complexity in Palestine in the Early Second Millennium B.C., Biblical Archaeology Today, Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem 1990, pp. 98–109. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dever, W.G., Lance, D.H. and G.E. Wright (1970). Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964–66 Seasons, (Hebrew Union College Biblical and Archaeological School Annual 1). Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College Biblical and Archaeological School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dever, W.G. (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauphin, C.M. and S. Gibson 1994). The Byzantine City of Dor/Dora Discovered. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 14:9–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donceel, R. and Donceel-Voûte P.H.E. (1994). The Archaeology of Khirbet Qumran. In Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects. M. Wise, N. Golb, J. Collins, and D. Pardee (eds.) pp. 1–38. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 722. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, M. (1971). Ashdod II–III: The second and third seasons of excavations, 1963, 1965, soundings in 1967. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, M. (1982a). Ashdod IV: Excavation of area M: the fortifications of the lower city. Jerusalem: Department of Antiquities and Museums, Ministry of Education and Culture, The Department of Archaeology, Hebrew University, The Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, M. (1982b). Ashdod. Jerusalem: Dept. of Antiquities and Museums, Ministry of Education and Culture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, M. (1985). Ten Seasons of Excavations at Ancient Acco, Qadmoniot 18: 2–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, M. and D.N. Freedman (1967). Ashdod I: The First Season of Excavations, 1962 (Atiqot English Series, Volume VII), Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, T. (1978). Excavations at the Cemetery of Deir el-Balah (Qedem 10), Jerusalem: Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, T. (1982c). The Philistines and their Material Culture. Jerusalem/Cambridge MA: Israel Exploration Society/Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, T. (1997). Tel Miqne-Ekron: An Iron Age I Philistine Settlement in Canaan. In The Archaeology of Israel, Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present. N.A. Silberman and D.B. Small (eds.) pp. 96–106. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, T. and M. Dothan (1992). People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dothan, T., Mazar, B., and I. Dunayevsky (1966). En Gedi Excavations in 1961–1962 (Atiqot V) Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, C. (1996). The Philistines in Transition: A History from ca. 1000 – 730 B.C.E. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faust, A. (2000). The Rural Community in Ancient Israel during Iron Age I. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 317: 17–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, P.D. (2004). William Foxwell Albright and the Origins of Biblical Archaeology. Berrien Springs, Mich: Andrews University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, I. (1997). Pots and People Revisited: Ethnic Boundaries in the Iron Age In The Archaeology of Israel, Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, N.A. Silberman and D.B. Small (eds.) pp. 216–237. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, I. (1988). The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, I. (1996a). Archaeology of the United Monarchy: An Alternative View. Levant 28: 177–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, I. (1996b). The Stratigraphy and Chronology of Megiddo and Beth-Shan in the 12th-11th Centuries B.C.E. Tel Aviv 23:170–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, I. (2003). City-States to States: Polity Dynamics in the 10th – 9th Centuries BCE. In Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palestine. W.M. Dever and S. Gitin (eds.) pp. 75–84. Philadelphia: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, I., Herzong, A., Singer-Avitz, L., and D. Ussishkin, (2007). Has King David’s Palace in Jerusalem been Found?. Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 34: 123–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and B. Halpern (eds.), (2000). Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University 18. Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and B. Halpern (eds.), (2006). Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology. Tel Aviv University 24, Tel Aviv: Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foerster, G. (1996). Masada V. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press/Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, D. N., MacDonald, R. B., Mattson, D. L. (1975). The Published Works of William Foxwell Albright: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Cambridge, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galili, E. and B. Rosen (2008). Fishing Gear from a 7th-Century Shipwreck off Dor, Israel. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 37:67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galili, E., Eshed, V., Gopher, A., and I. Hershkovitz (2005). Burial Practices at the Submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic C Site of Atlit-Yam, Northern Coast of Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 339: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, J. (1924a). Tanturah (Dora). Bulletin of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem 4:35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garstang, J. (1924b). Tanturah (Dora). Bulletin of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem 6: 65–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gates, M-H. (1992). Nomadic pastoralists and the Chalcolithic hoard from Nahal Mishmar. Levant 24: 131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S., Kingsley, S. and J. Clarke (1999). Town and Country in the Southern Carmel: Report on the Landscape Archaeology Project at Dor (LAPD) Levant 31:71–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I. (1988). The Chalcolithic Period in the Levant. Journal of World Prehistory 2/4: 397–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitin, S. (1990). Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer, (Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology 3), 2 volumes, Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitin, S. and W.M. Dever (eds.) (1989). Recent Excavations in Israel: Studies in Iron Age Archaeology. Philadelphia: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glock, A. (1994). Archaeology as Cultural Survival: The Future of the Palestinian Past. Journal of Palestine Studies 23:48–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck, N. (1934). Explorations in Eastern Palestine I. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 14:1–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck, N. (1935). Explorations in Eastern Palestine II Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 15:1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck, N. (1939). Explorations in Eastern Palestine III. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 18–19: xi-288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck, N. (1940). The Other Side of the Jordan. New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck, N. (1951a). Explorations in Eastern Palestine Vol. IV, pt 1, text. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glueck, N. (1951b). Explorations in Eastern Palestine Vol. IV, pt 2, pottery and notes. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 25–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golb, N. (1994). Khirbet Qumran and the Manuscript Finds of the Judaean Wilderness. In Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects, M. Wise, N. Golb, J. Collins, and D. Pardee (eds.) pp. 51–72.; ANYAS 722. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golb, N. (1995). Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?: The Search for the Secret of Qumran. New York: Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren, Y., Goring-Morris, A.N., and I. Segal (2001). The Technology of Skull Modelling in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. (PPNB): Regional Variability, the Relation of Technology and Iconography and the their Archaeological Implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 671–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goring-Morris, A.N. (1993). From Foraging to Herding in the Negev and Sinai: the Early to Late Neolithic Transition. Paleorient 19: 65–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govaars, M., Spiro, M. and L. White (2009). Joint Expedition to Caesarea Maritima Excavation Reports Field O: Synagogue Site Excavations. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, D. (2003). The Middle Bronze Age (circa 2000-1500 BCE). In Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader, S. Richard (ed.), pp. 331–348. Winona Lake: Eisenbaums.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, B. (1990). Pig Lovers and Pig Haters: Patterns of Palestinian Pork Production. Journal of Ethnobiology 10: 195–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, B. (1995). Husbandy, Dietary Taboos, and the Bones of the Ancient Near East: Zooarchaeology in a Post-processual World. In Methods in the Mediterranean: Historical and Archaeological Views on Texts and Archaeology. D.B. Small (ed) pp. 197–232. Leiden: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hesse, B. and P. Wapnish (1997). Can Pig Remains be Used for Ethnic Diagnosis in the Ancient Near East? In The Archaeology of Israel, Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, N.A. Silberman and D.B. Small (eds.) pp. 238–270. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holum, K., Hohlfelder, R., Bull, R. and A. Raban (1988). King Herod’s Dream. New York and London: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfeld, Y. (2004). Qumran in Context: Reassessing the Archaeological Evidence. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humbert, J.-B. and A. Chambon (1994). Fouilles de Khirbet Qumran et de Ain Feshka, Vol. I. Editions Universitaires Fribourg Suisse. Goettingen: Vandeerhoeck and Ruprecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humbert, J.-B. and A. Chambon (2003). The Excavations of Khirbet Qumran and Ain Feshkha, Vol. 1B. trans by Stephen J. Pfann, Editions Universitaires Fribourg Suisse. Goettingen: Vanderhoeck and Ruprecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humbert, J.-B. and J. Gunneweg (2003). Khirbet Qumran et Ain Feshkha, Vol. II. Editions Universitaires Fribourg Suisse. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek, A. (1982). The Tabun cave and the Palaeolithic man in the Levant, Science 216: 1369–1375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, K. (1957). Digging Up Jericho. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, K. (1974). Digging Up Jerusalem. London: Benn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killebrew, A. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: an Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300 – 1100 B.C.E. Williston, VT: Society of Biblical Literature.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, P. J. (1983). American Archaeology in the Mideast: A History of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Philadelphia: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingsley, S.A. (2002). A Sixth-Century AD Shipwreck off the Carmel Coast, Israel Dor D and Holy Land Wine Trade. BAR International Series S1065. Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingsley, S.A. and K. Raveh (1996). The Ancient Harbour and Anchorage at Dor, Israel. Results of the Underwater Surveys, 1976–1991. BAR International Series S 626. Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchen, K. (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamon, R. and G. Shipton (1939). Megiddo 1. Seasons of 1925–34: Strata I-V, Oriental Institute Publication 42, Chicago: Oriental Institute of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, C. and K. Holum (2000). The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Caesarea Maritima. Joint Expedition to Caesarea Maritima, Excavation Reports 5; Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemche, N. (1998). The Israelites in History and Tradition Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, A., Jr. (2003). The Late Bronze Age. In Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader, S. Richard, (ed.) pp. 349–358. Winona Lake: Eisenbaums.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, L. (1997). The Revolutionary Effects of Archaeology of Jewish History Roman-Byzantine Palestine: The Care of the Ancient Synagogue. In The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, N.A. Silberman and D.B. Small (eds.), pp. 166–189. Leiden: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, L., and E. Netzer (1986). Excavations at Caesarea Maritima: 1975, 1976,1979. Final Report. Qedem 21. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. (1995). Cult, Metallurgy and Rank Societies – Chalcolithic Period. In Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. T. Levy (ed.) pp. 226–244. Leicester: Leicester University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, T. (2003). The Chalcolithic in the Southern Levant. In Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader, S. Richard (ed.) pp. 263–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, B.O. (1997a). Planting and Reaping Albright: Politics, Ideology, and Interpreting the Bible. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, B.O. (1997b). Historical Imaginings, Ideological Gestures: W.F. Albright and the “Reasoning Faculties of Man”. In The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, N.A. Silberman and D. Small (eds.), pp. 82–95. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 237. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loud, G, (1948). Megiddo 2. Seasons of 1935–1939, Oriental Institute Publication 62, Chicago: Oriental Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, J. (2004). The Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods in the Southern Levant: New data from the site of Teleilat Ghassul, Jordan. BAR International Series 974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macalister, R.A.S. (1911). The Excavation of Gezer 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, Volume I. London: John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macalister, R.A.S. (1912a). The Excavation of Gezer 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, Volume II. London: John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macalister, R.A.S. (1912b). The Excavation of Gezer 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, Volume III. London: John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magness, J. (2002). The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masterman, E.W.G. (1923). The Ophel Hill. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 55: 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, A. (1997). Iron Age Chronology: A Reply to I. Finkelstein. Levant 29: 157–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, A. (1999). The 1997–1998 Excavations at Tel Rehov: Preliminary Report. Israel Exploration Journal 49: 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, A. (ed.) (2001). Studies in the Archaeology of Iron Age Israel and Jordan. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, A. (2003a). The Excavations at Tel Rehov and their Significance for the Study of the Iron Age in Israel. Eretz Israel 27: 143–160.(Hebrew).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, A. (2003b). Three 10th–9th Century B.C.E. Inscriptions from Tel Rehov. In Saxa loquentur: Studien zur Archäologie Palästinas/Israels. Festschrift für Volkmar Fritz zum 65. Geburtstag, C.G. Den Hertog, U. Hübner and S. Münger (eds.) pp. 171–184. Alter Orient und Altes Testament, 302. Münster: Ugarit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, A. (2005). The Debate over the Chronology of the Iron Age in the Southern Levant: Its History, the Current Situation, and a Suggested Resolution.In The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science, T. L. Levy and T. Higham (eds.) pp. 5–30. London: Equinox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, A.; Bruins, H.; Panitz-Cohen, N.; and J. van der Plicht, (2005). Ladder of Time at Tel Rehov: Stratigraphy, Archaeological Context, Pottery and Radiocarbon Dates. In The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science, T. Levy and T. Higham (eds.) pp. 193–255. London: Equinox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, A. and N. Panitz-Cohen (2007). It is the Land of Honey: Beekeeping at Tel Rehov. Near Eastern Archaeology 70: 202–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, B. (1969a). The Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: Preliminary Report of the First Season, 1968. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, B. (1969b). Jerusalem – Old City. Israel Exploration Journal 29:249–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, B. (1975). The archaeological excavations near the Temple Mount. In Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeology in the Holy City 1968–1974. Y. Yadin (ed.) pp. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, E. (1997). King David’s Palace. Biblical Archaeology Review 23: 50−57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, E. (2006a). Did I Find King David’s Palace? Biblical Archaeology Review 32: 16−27, 70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, E. (2006b). It Looks Like King David’s Palace. In New Studies on Jerusalem Baruch, E., Greenhut, Z.and Faust, A., (eds.) pp. 7−16 (Hebrew).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazar, E. and B. Mazar. (1989). Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount: The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem. Jersusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Herbrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazie, A. (1925). The Tomb of Jehoshphat in relation to Hebrew Art. Proceedings of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 1: 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moorey, R. (1988). The Chalcolithic hoard from Nahal Mishmar, Israel, in context. World Archaeology 20: 172–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzer, E. (1981). Greater Herodium. Qedem 13. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology: Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzer, E. (1994). Masada III: The Buildings. Stratigraphy and Architecture. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press/Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzer, E. (2001). The Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho: final reports of the 1973–1987 excavations, volume 1. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society/Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzer, E. and R. Bar-Nathan (2002). The Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho: final reports of the 1973–1987 excavations, vol. 3. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society/Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzer, E., la-hakirat Erets-Yisrael ve-atikoteha, H., Bar-Nathan, R. and R. Laureys-Chachy (2004). The Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho: final reports of the 1973–1987 excavations, vol. 2. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society/Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzer, E. and Laureys–Chachy (2004). The Architecture of Herod, the Great Builder. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Netzer, E. and S. Rozenberg (2008). The Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho: final reports of the 1973–1987 excavations, vol. 4. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society/Herbrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. (1999). The Byzantine Period: An Empire’s New Holy Land. Near Eastern Archaeology 62: 134–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrich, J. (1994). Khirbet Qumran in the Light of New Archaeological Explorations in the Qumran Caves, In Methods of Investigation of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Khirbet Qumran Site: Present Realities and Future Prospects ,M. Wise, N. Golb, J. Collins, and D. Pardee, (eds.) pp. 73–95; Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 722. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrich, J. (2000). Did Extra-Mural Dwelling Quarters Exist at Qumran? in The Dead Sea Scrolls: Fifty Years After Their Discovery. L. Schiffman, E. Tov, J. VanderKam, and G. Marquis, (eds.) pp. 720–727. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrie, W.M.F. (1890a). “Explorations in Palestine”. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 22: 159–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrie, W.M.F. (1890b). Journals of Mr. W.M. Flinders Petrie. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement 22: 219–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrie, W.M. F. (1891). Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raban A. and Holum K. G. (eds.), (1996). Caesarea Maritima A Perspective after Two Millennia; Leiden, New York, Leiden: E.J. Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regev, E. (2009). Access Analysis of Khirbet Qumran: Reading Spatial Organization and Social Boundaries. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 355: 85–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richard, S. (2003a). Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader. Winona Lake: Eisenbaums.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richard, S. (2003b). The Early Bronze Age. In Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader, S. Richard, (ed.) pp. 286–302. Winona Lake: Eisenbaums.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollefson, G. (2003). The Neolithic Period. In Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader, S. Richard (ed.) pp. 254–262. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollefson, G. and I. Kohler Rollefson (1993). PPNC Adaptations in the First Half of the 6th Millennium BC. Paleorient 19: 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rollefson, G, Simmons, A. and Z. Kafafi (1992). Neolithic Cultures at ‘Ain Ghazal, Jordan. Journal of Field Archaeology 19: 443–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen-Ayalon, M. (2006). Islamic Art and Archaeology in Palestine. Walnut Creek, Ca.: Left Coast Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, Y. and J. Golden (2009). The Chalcolithic Period of the Southern Levant: A Synthetic Review. Journal of World Prehistory 22: 1–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Running, L, G., and Freedman, D.N. (1975). William Foxwell Albright: A Twentieth-Century Genius. Berrien Springs, Mich.: Andrews University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasson, T. and S. Kelner (2008). From Shrine to Forum: Masada and the Politics of Jewish Extremism. Israel Studies 13: 146–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, G. and Watzinger C. (1908). Tell el Mutesellim I; Bericht über die 1903 bis 1905 mit Unterstützung SR. Majestät des deutschen Kaisers und der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft vom deutschen Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas Veranstalteten Ausgrabungen,Leipzig: Rudoph Haupt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz H., Grün R., Vandermeersch B., Bar Yosef O., Valladas H., and E. Tchernov (1988). ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Qafzeh in Israel. Journal of Human Evolution, 17: 733–738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seger, J.D., ed. (2001). An ASOR Mosaic: a Centennial History of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1900–2000. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanks, H. (1997). Face to Face: Biblical Minimalists Meet Their Challengers. Biblical Archaeology Review. 23: 26–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharon, I. (1987). Phoenician and Greek Ashlar Construction Techniques at Tel Dor,Israel, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 267: 21–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiloh, Y. (1973). The Four-Room House – the Israelite Type House? Eretz Israel 11: 277–285 (Hebrew).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiloh, Y. (1984). Excavations at the City of David I, 1978–1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons. Qedem 19 (Hebrew).

    Google Scholar 

  • Slousch, N. (1925). The excavations around the Monument of Absalom. Proceedings of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 8. Jerusalem: Jewish Palestine Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, D.B. (1997). Group Identification and Ethnicity in the Construction of the Early State of Israel: from the Outside Looking In. In The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past/Interpreting the Present, N.A. Silberman, D.B. Small (eds.), pp. 271–289, Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stager, L., Schloen, D. and D. Master (eds) (2008).   Ashkelon 1: Introduction andOverview (1985–2006). (Final Reports of The Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon 1),Winona Lake: Harvard Semitic Museum: Eisenbrauns.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, L. (1961). The Balfour Declaration. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, M. L. (2001). Excavations by Kathleen M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961–1967, Volume III—The Settlement in the Bronze and Iron Ages, London: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stekelis, M. (1972). The Yarmukian Culture of the Neolithic Period. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stekelis, M., Bar Yosef, O. and T. Shick (1969). Archaeological Excavations at Ubeidiya, 1964–1966 Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, E. (1982). The Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period. Aris & Phillips, Israel Exploration Society (Warminster, Wiltshire, England, Jerusalem, Israel).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, E. (1989). The Beginning of the Greek Settlement in Palestine in the Light of the Excavations at Tel Dor, In Recent Excavations in Israel S. Gitin and W. Dever (eds.) pp. 102–131, Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, E. (1993a). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Carta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, E. (1993b). Dor, In The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, E. Stern (ed.) pp. 357–368. Jerusalem: Carta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, E. (1997). Discoveries at Tel Dor. In The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present. N. A. Silberman and D.B. Small (eds.) pp. 128–143. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, E. (2000). Dor – Ruler of the Seas, 2nd ed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, E. et al. (1996). The Excavations at Tel Dor Areas A and C, Qedem (Reports of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University) Vols. I and II. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiebel, G. and J. Magness et al. (2007) Masada VIII. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press/Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sukenik, E. L. (1932). The Ancient Synagogue at Beth Alpha: An Account of the Excavations Conducted on Behalf of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Jerusalem: Oxford University Press: 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tadmor, M. (1989). The judean desert treasure from Nahal Mishmar: a Chalcolithic trader’s hoard?. In Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented to Helene J. Kantor. A. Leonard and B.B. Williams, (eds.) Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Talmon, S. et al. (1999). Masada VI. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press/Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. (1999). The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past. London: Pimlico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. (1992). The Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written and Archaeological Sources. Leiden and New York: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tubb, J. (1998). Canaanites. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ussishkin, D. (1971). The “Ghassulian” temple at Ein Gedi and the origin of the hoard from Nahal Mishmar. The Biblical Archaeologist 24: 23–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ussishkin, D. (1980). Was the “Solomonic” City Gate at Megiddo Built by King Solomon?. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 239: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valladas H., Reyss J.L., Joron J.L., Valladas G., Bar Yosef O., and Vandermeersch B. (1988). Thermoluminescence dates for the Mousterian Proto-Cro-Magnons from Qafzeh Cave (Israel), Nature 331: 614–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vandermeersch, B. (1981). Les Hommes Fossiles de Qafzeh (Israël). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, L.-H. (1991). Jerusalem sous Terre. London: H. Cox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watzinger, C. (1929). Tell el-Mutesellim II, Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadin, Y. (1958). Solomon’s City Wall and Gate at Gezer, Israel Exploration Journal 8: 80–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadin, Y. (1966). Masada: Herod’s Fortress and the Zealot’s Last Stand. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadin, Y. et al. (1958). Hazor I – The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the First Season of Excavations, 1955, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadin, Y. et al. (1960). Hazor II – The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Second Season of Excavations, 1956, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadin, Y. et al. (1961). Hazor III–IV – The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations, 1957–1958 – Plates, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadin, Y. et al. (1961/1989). Hazor III–IV – The James A. Rothschild Expedition at Hazor: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations, 1957–1958 – Text, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadin, Y., Naveh, J., and Meshorer Y., (1989a). Masada I: The Aramaic and Hebrew Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions. Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press/Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadin Y., Naveh, J., and Meshorer Y., (1989b). Masada I: The Aramaic and Hebrew Ostraca and Jar Inscriptions. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Younker, R. (2003). The Iron Age in the Southern Levant. In Near Eastern Archaeology, A Reader, S. Richard, (ed.) pp. 367–382. Winona Lake: Eisenbaums.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David B. Small .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Small, D.B. (2011). The Archaeology of Israel and Palestine. In: Lozny, L. (eds) Comparative Archaeologies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8225-4_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics