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Later Soviet space science: the observatories

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Russian Space Probes

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Abstract

Chapter 2 showed how key space science programs evolved in the late 1950s and early 1960s: object D, MS, Elektron, the DS and DS-U satellites, Proton (with descendants Efir and Energiya), Ionosfernaya, and, later, Prognoz and Intercosmos. We know that a number of key projects approved in 1964 never flew and it is apparent that space science became quite dispersed across the Cosmos program, flying as instruments on military missions or as nauka modules. During the later Soviet period, from the late 1970s, throughout the 1980s, and up to the collapse of the Soviet Union, a more visible scientific program reasserted itself and continued into the Russian period of 1992 onwards. The program passed from pioneering projects to programs focused on astrophysics and space physics. Four dedicated astronomical observatories were flown (Astron, Kvant, Granat, and Gamma). These were the high-visibility, prestige projects of later Soviet space science. The main volume of scientific work in the later period was focused on the Intercosmos program, two spin-off projects, Ionozond and Oval, and climaxed in the APEX and Aktivny projects. The retrenchment of the 1990s led to severe cuts in the science program, but some projects survived, notably Prognoz M (Interball) and the Koronas solar observatories. Biological science became a program in its own right (Bion), as did materials science (Foton), both becoming international cooperative ventures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 2 Rathdown Crescent Terenure, Dublin 6W, Ireland

    Brian Harvey FBIS

  2. Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 84/32, Moscow, GSP-7, 117997, Russia

    Dr Olga Zakutnyaya

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Harvey, B., Zakutnyaya, O. (2011). Later Soviet space science: the observatories. In: Russian Space Probes. Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8150-9_7

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