Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ethnic Identity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Handbook of Identity Theory and Research

Abstract

The current chapter reviews existing empirical work on ethnic identity and its relation to psychosocial functioning among ethnic minorities in the United States. A working definition of the construct of ethnic identity is presented, followed by an overview of the theoretical frameworks that have informed the literature on ethnic identity. Existing work with Latino, Black, Asian, and American Indian samples is then reviewed and the strengths and limitations of this work are presented. Although there is much heterogeneity in ethnic identity experiences within and among ethnic minority groups in the United States, the current review of the existing research suggests that, among all groups, ethnic identity appears to serve a promotive and/or protective function for individuals’ psychosocial functioning. Despite this potential commonality, it is recommended that researchers not assume homogeneity in ethnic identity experiences and outcomes within or among ethnic minority groups. Suggestions for future research are presented and focus largely on conducting longitudinal work that captures multiple developmental periods and that considers (a) within group diversity, (b) the influence of community ethnic concentration, and (c) the interaction of ethnic identity and other salient social identities in informing individuals’ psychosocial functioning and development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abu-Ali, A. (1999). Gender role identity among adolescent Muslim girls living in the US. Current Psychology, 18, 185–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alba, R. D. (1990). Ethnic identity: The transformation of white America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbona, C., Jackson, R. H., McCoy, A., & Blakely, C. (1999). Ethnic identity as a predictor of attitudes of adolescents toward fighting. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 323–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, A. A. (2004). Alcohol, tobacco, other drug use, and violent behavior among native Hawaiians: Ethnic pride and resilience. Substance Use and Misuse, 39, 721–746.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baca Zinn, M., & Wells, B. (2000). Diversity within Latino families: New lessons for family social science. In D. Demo, K. Allen, & M. A. Fine (Eds.), Handbook of family diversity (pp. 252–273). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belgrave, F. Z., Van Oss Marin, B., & Chambers, D. B. (2000). Cultural, contextual, and intrapersonal predictors of risky sexual attitudes among urban African American girls in early adolescence. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 309–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bracey, J. R., Bámaca-Gómez, M. Y., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2004). Examining ethnic identity and self-esteem among biracial and monoracial adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 123–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 187–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Duan, T., Brook, D. W., & Ning, Y. (2007). Pathways to nicotine dependence in African American and Puerto Rican young adults. American Journal on Addictions, 16, 450–456.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., & Pahl, K. (2005). The protective role of ethnic and racial identity and aspects of an Afrocentric orientation against drug use among African American young adults. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166, 329–345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Balka, E. B., Win, P. T., & Gursen, M. D. (1998). Drug use among Puerto Ricans: Ethnic identity as a protective factor. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 20, 241–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Case, M. H., & Robinson, W. L. (2003). Interventions with ethnic minority populations: The legacy and promise of community psychology. In G. Bernal, J. E. Trimble, A. K. Burlew, & F. T. L. Leong (Eds.), Handbook of racial and ethnic minority psychology (pp. 573–590). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447–466.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, G., & Feldman, S. (1990). At the threshold: The developing adolescent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A., & Fenton, R. E. (2000). Discrimination distress during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 679–695.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, S. E., Kim, T. E., & Pillado, O. (2006). Ethnic identity, social group membership, and youth violence. In N. G. Guerra & E. P. Smith (Eds.), Preventing youth violence in a multicultural society (pp. 47–73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, S. E., Seidman, E., Allen, L., & Aber, J. L. (2006). The development of ethnic identity during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuligni, A. J., Witkow, M., & Garcia, C. (2005). Ethnic identity and the academic adjustment of adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, and European backgrounds. Developmental Psychology, 41, 799–811.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord-Harden, N. K., Ragsdale, B. L., Mandara, J., Richards, M. H., & Petersen, A. C. (2007). Perceived support and internalizing symptoms in African American adolescents: Self-esteem and ethnic identity as mediators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 77–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gee, G. C., Delva, J., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2007). Relationships between self-reported unfair treatment and prescription medication use, illicit drug use, and alcohol dependence among Filipino Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97(5), 933–940.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Go, C. G., & Le, T. N. (2005). Gender differences in Cambodian delinquency: The role of ethnic identity, parental discipline, and peer delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 51(2), 220–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helms, J. E. (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helms, J. E. (2007). Some better practices for measuring racial and ethnic identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 235–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, C. (2004). The origins and demise of the concept of race. Population and Development Review, 30, 385–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hishinuma, E. S., Johnson, R. C., Kim, S. P., Nishimura, S. T., Makini, G. K., Jr., Andrade, N. N., et al. (2005). Prevalence and correlates of misconduct among ethnically diverse adolescents of native Hawaiian/Part-Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian ancestry. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51(3), 242–258.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hitlin, S., Brown, J. S., & Elder, G. H. (2007). Measuring Latinos: Racial versus ethnic classification and self-understandings. Social Forces, 86, 587–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, R. M. (2006). Gender self-definition and gender self-acceptance in women: Intersections with feminist, womanist, and ethnic identities. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84, 358–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S. D., Muñoz, R. F., Barlow, D. H., Beardslee, W. R., Bell, C. C., Bernal, G., et al. (2002). Psychosocial intervention development for the prevention and treatment of depression: Promoting innovation and increasing access. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 610–630.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hovey, J. D., Kim, S. E., & Seligman, L. D. (2006). The influences of cultural values, ethnic identity, and language use on the mental health of Korean American college students. Journal of Psychology, 140, 499–511.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Juang, L. P., Nguyen, H. H., & Lin, Y. (2006). The ethnic identity, other-group attitudes, and psychosocial functioning of Asian American emerging adults from two contexts. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21, 542–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keating, D. P. (1990). Adolescent thinking. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 54–89). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiang, L., Yip, T., & Fuligni, A. J. (2008). Multiple social identities and adjustment in young adults from ethnically diverse backgrounds. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 643–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulis, S., Napoli, M., & Marsiglia, F. F. (2002). Ethnic pride, biculturalism, and drug use norms of urban American Indian adolescents. Social Work Research, 26(2), 101–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. M. (2003). Do ethnic identity and other-group orientation protect against discrimination for Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., & Lerner, J. V. (1983). Temperament and adaptation across life: Theoretical and empirical issues. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behaviors (Vol. 5, pp. 197–231). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahalingam, R., Balan, S., & Haritatos, J. (2008). Engendering immigrant psychology: An intersectionality perspective. Sex Roles, 59, 326–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcia, J. E. (1994). The empirical study of ego identity. In H. A. Bosma, T. G. Graafsma, H. D. Grotevant, & D. J. de Levita (Eds.), Identity and development: An interdisciplinary approach (4th ed., pp. 281–321). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsiglia, F. F., Kulis, S., & Hecht, M. L. (2001). Ethnic labels and ethnic identity as predictors of drug use among middle school students in the southwest. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 21–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsiglia, F. F., Kulis, S., Hecht, M. L., & Sills, S. (2004). Ethnicity and ethnic identity as predictors of drug norms and drug use among preadolescents in the US southwest. Substance Use and Misuse, 39, 1061–1094.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2003). Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1005–1017.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHale, S. M., Whiteman, S. D., Kim, J., & Crouter, A. C. (2007). Characteristics and correlates of sibling relationships in two-parent African American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 227–235.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. D., & Watts, R. J. (2002). Ethnic identity in urban African American youth: Exploring links with self-worth, aggression, and other psychosocial variables. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 411–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meeus, W., van de Schoot, R., Keijsers, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Branje, S. (2010). On the progression and stability of adolescent identity formation: A five-wave longitudinal study in early-to-middle-to-late adolescence. Child Development, 81, 1565–1581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mossakowski, K. N. (2003). Coping with perceived discrimination: Does ethnic identity protect mental health? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 318–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasim, A., Belgrave, F. Z., Jagers, R. J., Wilson, K. D., & Owens, K. (2007). The moderating effects of culture on peer deviance and alcohol use among high-risk African-American adolescents. Journal of Drug Education, 37, 335–363.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, D. L., Sontag, L. M., & Salvato, R. (2006). Psychosocial aspects of body mass and body image among rural American Indian adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 281–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Padilla, A. (1999). Psychology. In J. A. Fishman (Ed.), Handbook of language and ethnic identity (pp. 109–121). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pahl, K., & Way, N. (2006). Longitudinal trajectories of ethnic identity among urban Black and Latino adolescents. Child Development, 77, 1403–1415.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pegg, P. O., & Plybon, L. E. (2005). Toward the theoretical measurement of ethnic identity. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 250–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez, A. D., & Hirschman, C. (2009). The changing racial and ethnic composition of the US population: Emerging American identities. Population and Development Review, 35, 1–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S. (1989). Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 34–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 156–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S. (1993). A three-stage model of ethnic identity development. In G. P. Knight & M. E. Bernal (Eds.), Ethnic identity: Formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities (pp. 61–79). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S. (1996). When we talk about American ethnic groups, what do we mean? American Psychologist, 51, 918–927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S., & Kohatsu, E. L. (1997). Ethnic and racial identity development and mental health. In J. Schulenberg, J. L. Maggs, & K. Hurrelmann (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence (pp. 420–443). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S., & Ong, A. D. (2007). Conceptualization and measurement of ethnic identity: Current status and future directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 271–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittinsky, T. L., Shih, M., & Ambady, N. (1999). Identity adaptiveness: Affect across multiple identities. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 503–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponterotto, J. G., Gretchen, D., Utsey, S. O., Stracuzzi, T., & Saya, R. (2003). The multigroup ethnic identity measure (MEIM): Psychometric review and further validity testing. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 502–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2006). Immigrant America: A portrait (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prado, G., Schwartz, S. J., Pattatucci-Aragón, A., Clatts, M., Pantin, H., Fernández, M. I., et al. (2006). The prevention of HIV transmission in Hispanic adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84S, S43–S53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnicow, K., Soler, R. E., Braithwaite, R. L., Selassie, M. B., & Smith, M. (1999). Development of a racial and ethnic identity scale for African American adolescents: The survey of black life. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 171–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivas-Drake, D., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2009). A preliminary analysis of associations among ethnic-racial socialization, ethnic discrimination, and ethnic identity among urban sixth graders. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 558–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L. M., Settles, I. H., & Jellison, W. A. (2008). Predicting strategic identity management of gender and race. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 8, 269–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. E., Phinney, J. S., Masse, L. C., Chen, Y. R., Roberts, C. R., & Romero, A. (1999). The structure of ethnic identity of young adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 301–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chen, Y. R. (1997). Ethnocultural differences in prevalence of adolescent depression. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 95–110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romero, A. J., Carvajal, S. C., Valle, F., & Orduña, M. (2007). Adolescent bicultural stress and its impact on mental well-being among Latinos, Asian Americans, and European Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 519–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero, A. J., & Roberts, R. E. (2003). The impact of multiple dimensions of ethnic identity on discrimination and adolescents’ self-esteem. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 2288–2305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., & Jarvis, L. H. (2007). Ethnic identity and acculturation in Hispanic early adolescents: Mediated relationships to academic grades, prosocial behaviors, and externalizing symptoms. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 364–373.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shih, M., Pittinsky, T. L., & Trahan, A. (2006). Domain-specific effects of stereotypes on performance. Self and Identity, 5, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, J. M., Yancey, A. K., Aneshensel, C. S., & Schuler, R. (1999). Body image, perceived pubertal timing, and adolescent mental health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25, 155–165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, S., Hardin, C. D., & Lowery, B. S. (2006). Self-stereotyping in the context of multiple identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 529–542.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, L. A., Cleveland, J. N., & Thornton, G. C. (2006). Support for affirmative action initiatives among diverse groups: The role of ethnic identity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 527–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, M. B., & Markstrom-Adams, C. (1990). Identity Processes among racial and ethnic minority children in America. Child Development, 61, 290–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sridhar, K. K. (1988). Language maintenance and language shift among Asian-Indians: Kannadigas in the New York area. International Journal of Sociology of Language, 69, 73–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613–629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Supple, A. J., Ghazarian, S. R., Frabutt, J. M., Plunkett, S. W., & Sands, T. (2006). Contextual influences on Latino adolescent ethnic identity and academic outcomes. Child Development, 77, 1427–1433.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syed, M., Azmitia, M., & Phinney, J. S. (2007). Stability and change in ethnic identity among Latino emerging adults in two contexts. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7, 155–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1981). Human group and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worschel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations. Chicago: Nelson Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. G. (2001). Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, J. L., Morensen, H., Wong, Y., & Hess, D. (2002). What does “being American” mean? A comparison of Asian American and European American young adults. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 257–273.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2003). Ethnic and racial identities. In J. R. Miller, R. M. Lerner, L. B. Schiamberg, & P. M. Anderson (Eds.), Human ecology: An encyclopedia of children, families, communities, and environments (pp. 245–247). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2004). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: Examining the role of social context. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 139–146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2005). The Ethnic Identity Scale. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? Conceptualizing and measuring indicators of positive development (pp. 75–91). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Alfaro, E. C. (2006). Ethnic identity among US Latino adolescents: Theory, measurement, and implications for well being. In F. A. Villaruel & T. Luster (Eds.), The crisis in youth mental health: Disorders in adolescence (pp. 195–211). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Bámaca, M. Y. (2004). Immigrant mothers’ experiences with ethnic socialization of adolescents growing up in the US: An examination of Colombian, Guatemalan, Mexican, and Puerto Rican mothers. Sociological Focus, 37, 329–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Diversi, M., & Fine, M. A. (2002). Ethnic identity and self-esteem among Latino adolescents: Making distinctions among the Latino populations. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17, 303–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Gonzales-Backen, M. A., & Guimond, A. (2009). Latino adolescents’ ethnic identity: Is there a developmental progression and does growth in ethnic identity predict growth in self-esteem? Child Development

    Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Shin, N. (2007). An examination of the ethnic identity scale with diverse populations: Exploring variation by ethnicity and geography. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 178–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Updegraff, K. (2007). Latino adolescents’ mental health: Exploring the role of discrimination, ethnic identity, acculturation, and self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 549–567.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Vargas-Chanes, D., Garcia, C. D., & Gonzales-Backen, M. (2008). A longitudinal examination of Latino adolescents’ ethnic identity, coping with discrimination, and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 28, 16–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Yazedjian, A., & Bámaca-Gómez, M. Y. (2004). Developing the ethnic identity scale using Eriksonian and social identity perspectives. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4, 9–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utsey, S. O., Chae, M. H., Brown, C. F., & Kelly, D. (2002). Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 366–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. L., Wingate, L. R., Obasi, E. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). An empirical investigation of acculturative stress and ethnic identity as moderators for depression and suicidal ideation in college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 75–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, T. A., Murry, V. M., Brody, G. H., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Walker, C., et al. (2007). Ethnic pride and self-control related to protective and risk factors: Test of the theoretical model for the strong African American families program. Health Psychology, 26, 50–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American adolescents’ school and socioemotional adjustment. Journal of Personality, 71, 1197–1232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Worrell, F. C. (2000). A validity study of scores on the multigroup ethnic identity measure based on a sample of academically talented adolescents. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 439–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrell, F. C., & Gardner-Kitt, D. L. (2006). The relationship between racial and ethnic identity in Black adolescents: The cross racial identity scale (CRIS) and the multigroup ethnic identity measure (MEIM). Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 6, 293–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasui, M., Dorham, C. L., & Dishion, T. J. (2004). Ethnic identity and psychological adjustment: A validity analysis for European American and African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 807–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuen, N. Y. C., Nahulu, L. B., Hishinuma, E. S., & Miyamoto, R. H. (2000). Cultural identification and attempted suicide in native Hawaiian adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 360–367.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zamboanga, B. L., Raffaelli, M., & Horton, N. J. (2006). Acculturation status and heavy alcohol use among Mexican American college students: Investigating the moderating role of gender. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 2188–2198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S. J., Jarvis, L. H., & Van Tyne, K. (2009). Acculturation and substance use among Hispanic early adolescents: Investigating the mediating roles of acculturative stress and self-esteem. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 315–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

A special thanks to Aaron Foley for his assistance with a search of the literature on ethnic identity and externalizing behaviors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social and Family Dynamics, Program in Family and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor

Authors
  1. Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public He, University of Miami, N.W. 10th Avenue, Suite 321 1425, Miami, 33136, Florida, USA

    Seth J. Schwartz

  2. , Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Leuven, 3000, Belgium

    Koen Luyckx

  3. School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom

    Vivian L. Vignoles

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Umaña-Taylor, A.J. (2011). Ethnic Identity. In: Schwartz, S., Luyckx, K., Vignoles, V. (eds) Handbook of Identity Theory and Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_33

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation