Skip to main content

The -Omics in Drug Development

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pharmacokinetics in Drug Development

Abstract

New advancement in genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics created significant excitement about the use of these relatively new technologies in drug design, discovery, development, and molecular-targeted therapeutics by identifying new drug targets and better tools for safety and efficacy studies in preclinical and clinical stages of drug development as well as diagnostics. In this chapter, we will briefly discuss the application of genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics in drug discovery and development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • CFR Part 50, Protection of Human Subjects (FDA) http://www1.va.gov/oro/apps/compendium/Files/21CFR50.htm. Accessed December 21, 2009

  • Ala-Korpela M. Critical evaluation of 1H NMR metabonomics of serum as a methodology for disease risk assessment and diagnostics. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:27–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson L. Candidate-based proteomics in the search for biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. J Physiol 2005;563:23–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson GD. Gender differences in pharmacological response. Int Rev Neurobiol 2008;83:1–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NL, Anderson NG. The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects. Mol Cell Proteomics 2002;1:845–867.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NL, Matheson AD, and Steiner S. Proteomics: applications in basic and applied biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000;11:408–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo RP, Liotta LA. A control theoretic paradigm for cell signaling networks: a simple complexity for a sensitive robustness. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006;10:81–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo RP, Doran C, Liotta LA, and Petricoin EF. Network-targeted combination therapy: a new concept in cancer treatment. Drug Discov Today Ther Strateg 2004;1:425–433.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo RP, Petricoin EF, and Liotta LA. A mathematical model of combination therapy using the EGFR signaling network. Biosystems 2005;80:57–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo RP, Liotta LA, and Petricoin EF. Proteins, drug targets and the mechanisms they control: the simple truth about complex networks. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007;6:871–880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo RP, Petricoin EF, and Liotta LA. Mathematical modeling of the cancer cell's control circuitry: paving the way to individualized therapeutic strategies. Curr Signal Transduction Ther 2007;2:145–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo RP, Petricoin EF, and Liotta LA. Critical dependence of blood-borne biomarker concentrations on the half-lives of their carrier proteins. J Theor Biol 2008;253:616–622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beano A, Signorino E, Evangelista A, Brusa D, Mistrangelo M, Polimeni MA, Spadi R, Donadio M, Ciuffreda L, Matera L. Correlation between NK function and response to trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer patients. J Transl Med 2008;6:25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckmann MW, Koelbl H, Weinshilboum RM, Ingle JN, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Brauch H. Association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen. JAMA 2009;302(13):1429–1436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard R, Nguyen A, Ullmer L, Hayden J, Lemler S, Weinshilboum RM, Rae JM, Hayes DF, Flockhart DA. CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97(1):30–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bollard ME, Keun HC, Beckonert O, Ebbels TMD, Antti H, Nicholls AW, Shockcor JP, Cantor GH, Stevens G, Lindon JC, Holmes E, and Nicholson JK. Comparative metabonomics of differential hydrazine toxicity in the rat and mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005;204:135–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brindle JT, Antti H, Holmes E, Tranter G, Nicholson JK, Bethell HW, Clarke S, Schofield PM, McKilligin E, Mosedale DE, and Grainger DJ. Rapid and noninvasive diagnosis of the presence and severity of coronary heart disease using 1H-NMR-based metabonomics. Nat Med 2002;8:1439–1444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burczynski ME. Pharmacogenomic approaches in clinical studies to identify biomarkers of safety and efficacy. Toxicol Lett 2009;186(1):18–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?FR=50.25. Accessed December 21, 2009

  • Claridge TDW (2008) High-resolution NMR techniques in organic chemistry. Elsevier Science, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton TA, Lindon JC, Cloarec O, Antti H, Charuel C, Hanton G, Provost JP, Le Net JL, Baker D, Walley RJ, Everett JR, and Nicholson JK. Pharmaco-metabonomic phenotyping and personalized drug treatment. Nature 2006;440:1073–1077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton TA, Baker D, Lindon JC, Everett JR, and Nicholson JK. Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. PNAS USA 2009; 106:14728–14733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloarec O, Dumas ME, Craig A, Barton RH, Trygg J, Hudson J, Blancher C, Gauguier D, Lindon JC, Holmes E, and Nicholson J. Statistical total correlation spectroscopy: an exploratory approach for latent biomarker identification from metabolic 1H NMR data sets. Anal Chem 2005;77:1282–1289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coen M, Ruepp SU, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK, Pognan F, Lenz EM, and Wilson ID. Integrated application of transcriptomics and metabonomics yields new insight into the toxicity due to paracetamol in the mouse. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004;35:93–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coen M, Hong YS, Clayton TA, Rohde CM, Pearce JT, Reily MD, Robertson DG, Holmes E, Lindon JC, and Nicholson JK. The mechanism of galactosamine toxicity revisited; A metabonomic study. J Proteome Res 2007;6:2711–2719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig A, Sidaway J, Holmes E, Orton T, Jackson D, Rowlinson R, Nickson J, Tonge R, Wilson I, and Nicholson J. Systems toxicology: integrated genomic, proteomic and metabonomic analysis of methapyrilene induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. J Proteome Res 2006;5:1586–1601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crockford DJ, Holmes E, Lindon JC, Plumb RS, Zirah S, Bruce SJ, Rainville P, Stumpf CL, and Nicholson JK. Statistical heterospectroscopy, an approach to the integrated analysis of NMR and UPLC-MS data sets: application in metabonomic toxicology studies. Anal Chem 2006;78:363–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalma-Weiszhausz DD, Warrington J, Tanimoto EY, and Miyada CG. The affymetrix GeneChip platform: an overview. Meth Enzymol 2006;410:3–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Leon J, Susce MT, Johnson M, Hardin M, Maw L, Shao A, Allen AC, Chiafari FA, Hillman G, Nikoloff DM. DNA microarray technology in the clinical environment: the AmpliChip CYP450 test for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotyping. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(1):19–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desta Z, Ward BA, Soukhova NV, Flockhart DA. Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;310(3):1062–1075.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diamandis EP, van der Merwe DE. Plasma protein profiling by mass spectrometry for cancer diagnosis: opportunities and limitations. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:963–965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DMET™ Plus Premier Pack.

    Google Scholar 

  • Druker BJ, Lydon NB. Lessons learned from the development of an Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Invest 2000;105:3–7. PMID 10619854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Druker BJ, Sawyers CL, Kantarjian H, Resta DJ, Reese SF, Ford JM, Capdeville R, and Talpaz M. Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. N Engl J Med 2001;344(14):1038–1042.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, Peng B, Buchdunger E, Ford JM, Lydon NB, Kantarjian H, Capdeville R, Ohno-Jones S, and Sawyers CL. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2001;344(14):1031–1037.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evan GI. Can’t kick that oncogene habit. Cancer Cell 2006;10:345–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan J, Ren Y. Statistical analysis of DNA microarray data in cancer research. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(15):4469–4473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer-Dufol A, Menao-Guillen S. Toxicogenomics and clinical toxicology: an example of the connection between basic and applied sciences. Toxicol Lett 2009;186(1):2–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geho DH, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA, and Araujo RP. Modeling of protein signaling networks in clinical proteomics. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2005;70:517–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geho DH, Luchini A, Garaci E, Belluco C, Petricoin E, and Liotta LA. Nanotechnology in clinical proteomics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007;2:1–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GeneChip Microarray System. http://www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/other/genechip_system_brochure.pdf. Accessed June 1, 2009.

  • Gomez A, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Pharmacoepigenetics: its role in interindividual differences in drug response. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009;85(4):426–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanai T, Hamada H, Okamoto M. Application of bioinformatics for DNA microarray data to bioscience, bioengineering and medical fields. J Biosci Bioeng 2006;101(5):377–384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman G, Nikoloff DM. DNA microarray technology in the clinical environment: the AmpliChip CYP450 test for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotyping. CNS Spectr 2009;14(1):19–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes E, Loo RL, Stamler J, Bictash M, Yap IK, Chan Q, Ebbels T, De Iorio M, Brown IJ, Veselkov KA, Daviglus ML, Kesteloot H, Ueshima H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK and Elliott P. Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature 2008;453:396–400. http://www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/byproduct.affx?product=dmet_2 Accessed June 1, 2009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Infinium HD BeadChips technology http://www.illumina.com/pages.ilmn?ID=40 Accessed June 1, 2009.

  • Invader UGT1A1 molecular assay. http://www.genzymegenetics.com/testmenu/tests/cancer/gene_p_testmenu_can_test_ugt1a1.asp Accessed June 1, 2009.

  • Janes KA, Lauffenburger DA. A biological approach to computational models of proteomic networks. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006;10:73–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin Y, Desta Z, Stearns V, Ward B, Ho H, Lee KH, Skaar T, Storniolo AM, Li L, Araba A, Blanchard R, Nguyen A, Ullmer L, Hayden J, Lemler S, Weinshilboum RM, Rae JM, Hayes DF, Flockhart DA. CYP2D6 genotype, antidepressant use, and tamoxifen metabolism during adjuvant breast cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97(1):30–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones D. Pathways to cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:875–876.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalow W. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: origin, status, and the hope for personalized medicine. Pharmacogenomics J 2006;6(3):162–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King G, Payne S, Walker F, and Murray GI: A highly sensitive detection method for immunohistochemistry using biotinylated tyramine. J Pathol 1997;183:237–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschenlohr HL, Griffin JL, Clarke SC, Rhydwen R, Grace AA, Schofield PM, Brindle KM, and Metcalfe JC. Proton NMR analysis of plasma is a weak predictor of coronary artery disease. Nat Med 2006;12:705–710.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kola I, Landis J. Can the pharmaceutical industry reduce attrition rates? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004;3:711–715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindon JC, Holmes E, and Nicholson JK. Pattern recognition methods and applications in biomedical magnetic resonance. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2001;39:1–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindon JC, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Antti H, Bollard ME, Keun H, Beckonert O, Ebbels TM, Reilly MD, Robertson D, Stevens GJ, Luke P, Breau AP, Cantor GH, Bible RH, Niederhauser U, Senn H, Schlotterbeck G, Sidelmann UG, Laursen SM, Tymiak A, Car BD, Lehman-McKeeman L, Colet JM, Loukaci A, and Thomas C. Contemporary issues in toxicology – The role of metabonomics in toxicology and its evaluation by the COMET project. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003;187:137–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindon JC, Holmes E, and Nicholson JK. Toxicological applications of magnetic resonance. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2004;45:109–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindon JC, Keun HC, Ebbels TMD, Pearce JMT, Holmes E, and Nicholson JK. The Consortium for Metabonomic Toxicology (COMET): aims, activities and achievements. Pharmacogenomics 2005;6:691–699.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindon JC, Holmes E, and Nicholson JK. Metabonomics techniques and applications to pharmaceutical research & development. Pharm Res 2006;23:1075–1088.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindon JC, Nicholson JK, and Holmes E (2007) The handbook of metabonomics and metabolomics. Elsevier, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liotta L, Petricoin E. Nanomedicine – the power of proteins: a conversation with Lance Liotta and Emanual Petricoin. Interview by Barbara J Culliton. Health Aff (Millwood) 2008;27:w310–w314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liotta LA, Espina V, Mehta AI, Calvert V, Rosenblatt K, Geho D, Munson PJ, Young L, Wulfkuhle J, and Petricoin EF. Protein microarrays: Meeting analytical challenges for clinical applications. Cancer Cell 2003;3:317–325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luchini A, Geho DH, Bishop B, Tran D, Xia C, Dufour RL, Jones CD, Espina V, Patanarut A, Zhou W, et al. Smart hydrogel particles: biomarker harvesting: one-step affinity purification, size exclusion, and protec tion against degradation. Nano Lett 2008;8:350–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, Harris PL, Haserlat SM, Supko JG, Haluska FG, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2129–2139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MammaPrint. http://usa.agendia.com/en/mammaprint.html Accessed June 1, 2009.

  • Mark S. Boguski. Comparative genomics: The mouse that roared. Nature 2002;420:515–516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McHale D (2008) Applications of pharmacogenomics in drug discovery, 73–87 in: Cohen N (ed) Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. Humana Press, Clifton, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Moridani, Pharmacogenomics Testing: “Required”, “Recommended”, or “For Information Only”. PGx Highlights 2009;1(1):6–7. http://www.aapspharmaceutica.com/inside/focus_groups/PGX/imagespdfs/PGxHighlightsJun2009.pdf Accessed June 1, 2009.

  • Mouse Genome Resources. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/guide/mouse/ Accessed May 29, 2009.

  • NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast Cancer. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/breast.pdf Accessed December 19, 2009

  • Nicholson JK, Lindon JC. Systems biology: Metabonomics. Nature 2008;455:1054–1056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odunsi K, Wollman RM, Ambrosone CB, Hutson A, McCann SE, Tammela J, Geisler JP, Miller G, Sellers T, Cliby W, Qian F, Keitz B, Intengan M, Lele S, and Alderfer JL. Detection of epithelial ovarian cancer using 1H-NMR-based metabonomics. Int J Cancer 2005;113:782–788.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PathVysion HER-2 DNA Probe Kit. http://www.pathvysion.com/WhyPathVysionisrightforyourpatients_934.aspx Accessed June 1, 2009.

  • Paweletz CP, Charboneau L, Bichsel VE, Simone NL, Chen T, Gillespie JW, Emmert-Buck MR, Roth MJ, Petricoin IE, and Liotta LA. Reverse phase protein microarrays which capture disease progression show activation of pro-survival pathways at the cancer invasion front. Oncogene 2001;20:1981–1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petricoin EF, Liotta LA. SELDI-TOF-based serum proteomic pattern diagnostics for early detection of cancer. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2004;15:24–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pounds SB. Estimation and control of multiple testing error rates for microarray studies. Brief Bioinform 2006;7(1):25–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rantalainen M, Cloarec O, Beckonert O, Wilson ID, Jackson D, Tonge R, Rowlinson R, Rayner S, Nickson J, Wilkinson RW, Mills JD, Trygg J, Nicholson JK, and Holmes E. Statistically integrated metabonomic-proteomic studies on a human prostate cancer xenograft model in mice. J Proteome Res 2006;5:2642–2655.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roche Amplichip CYP450 Test. http://www.amplichip.us/?gclid=CM6Nr9Oo6poCFR0Sagodqi7PBw Accessed June 1, 2009.

  • Sauro HM, Kholodenko BN. Quantitative analysis of signaling networks. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2004;86:5–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroth W, Goetz MP, Hamann U, Fasching PA, Schmidt M, Winter S, Fritz P, Simon W, Suman VJ, Ames MM, Safgren SL, Kuffel MJ, Ulmer HU, Boländer J, Strick R, Beckmann MW, Koelbl H, Weinshilboum RM, Ingle JN, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, and Brauch H. Association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen. JAMA 2009;302(13):1429–1436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tirumalai RS, Chan KC, Prieto DA, Issaq HJ, Conrads TP, and Veenstra TD. Characterization of the low molecular weight human serum proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2003;2(10):1096–1103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toi M, Horiguchi K, Bando H, Saji S, and Chow LW. Trastuzumab: updates and future issues. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2005;56(Suppl 1):94–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trugene HIV-1 test. http://www.research.bayer.com/edition_16/16_HIV_Test_en.pdfx Accessed June 1, 2009.

  • U.S. FDA, Guidance for Industry Pharmacogenomic Data Submissions. http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/6400fnl.pdf Accessed May 29, 2009.

  • U.S. FDA. Table of Valid Genomic Biomarkers in the Context of Approved Drug Labels. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/Pharmacogenetics/ucm083378.htm Accessed December 15, 2009.

  • van’t Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, He YD, Hart AA, Mao M, Peterse HL, van der Kooy K, Marton MJ, Witteveen AT, Schreiber GJ, Kerkhoven RM, Roberts C, Linsley PS, Bernards R, and Friend SH. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 2002;415(6871):530–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang DY, Fulthorpe R, Liss SN, and Edwards EA. Identification of estrogen-responsive genes by complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarray and characterization of a novel early estrogen-induced gene: EEIG1. Mol Endocrinol 2004;18(2):402–411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson ID, Nicholson JK, Castro-Perez J, Granger JH, Johnson KA, Smith BW and Plumb RS. High resolution “ultra performance” liquid chromatography coupled to oa-TOF mass spectrometry as a tool for differential metabolic pathway profiling in functional genomic studies. J Proteome Res 2005;4:591–598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wulfkuhle JD, Edmiston KH, Liotta LA, and Petricoin EF. Technology insight: pharmacoproteomics for cancer – promises of patient-tailored medicine using protein microarrays. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2006;3:256–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Majid Y. Moridani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moridani, M.Y., Araujo, R.P., Johnson, C.H., Lindon, J.C. (2011). The -Omics in Drug Development. In: Bonate, P., Howard, D. (eds) Pharmacokinetics in Drug Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7937-7_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics