Abstract
As we think about work with students in schools, we must focus on both prevention and intervention. Two aspects of emotion science that are strongly related to these goals are emotion understanding and emotion regulation (Southam-Gerow & Kendall, 2002). The goal is to use emotion research to enhance our work with children. In the case of prevention at Tier 1, the goal is to improve emotion literacy and to teach some life skills. In the case of Tier 2 and 3 counseling work, the goal would include more advanced training in emotion regulation with more explicit teaching of strategies. Emotion understanding includes: the ability to label, appraise, and understand other’s facial expressions; to understand our own internal emotions as well as those of others; to be able to label emotions and emotional experiences; and to understand cultural display rules. Emotion regulation has to do with ability to manage or change how we think of our emotional experiences and events. Emotion regulation involves a particular focus on regulating intensity and duration of negative emotions as needed and to use those skills when interacting with others, which may involve decreasing or masking the emotions we feel. Emotion regulation includes increasing positive emotions (Izard, 2002; Kats-Gold & Priel, 2009). Emotion regulation is int tely related to a sense of well-being, self-efficacy, and successful communication.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (2004). Emotion cognition in children and adolescents: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(4), 271–275. doi:10.1016/j.jecp. 2004.08.003.
Ahearn, E. P. (1997). The use of visual analog scales in mood disorders: A critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31(5), 569–579. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(97)00029-0.
Ambady, N., & Gray, H. M. (2002). On being sad and mistaken: Mood effects on the accuracy of thin-slice judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 947–961. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.4.947.
Amsterlaw, J., Lagattuta, K. H., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2009). Young children’s reasoning about the effect of emotional and physiological states on academic performance. Child Development, 80(1), 115–133. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01249.x.
Aviezer, H., Hassin, R. R., Ryan, J., Grady, C., Susskind, J., Anderson, A., et al. (2008). Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Studies on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychological Science, 19(7), 724–732. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02148.x.
Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004). Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35(2), 205–230. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80036-4 DOI:dx.doi.org.
Barrett, L. F., Gross, J., Christensen, T., & Benvenuto, M. (2001). Knowing what you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 713–724. doi:10.1080/02699930143000239.
Beck, J. S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford.
Beesdo, K., Bittner, A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., et al. (2007). Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(8), 903–912. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.022. Retrieved from http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/
Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Using neuroscience to broaden emotion regulation: Theoretical and methodological considerations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4), 475–493. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00186.x.
Berti, A. E., Garattoni, C., & Venturini, B. (2000). The understanding of sadness, guilt, and shame in 5-, 7- and 9-year old children. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(3), 292–318. doi:10.1177/1359104508100137.
Boone, R. T., & Cunningham, J. G. (1998). Children’s decoding of emotion in expressive body movement: The development of cue attunement. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 1007–1016. Retrieved from http://facpub.stjohns.edu/∼booner/Publications/DP2B.pdf
Bortoli, A., & Brown, M. (2002). The social attention of children with disabilities during social engagement opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/02pap/bor02050.htm
Burke, C. A. (2009). Mindfulness-based approaches with children and adolescents: Preliminary review of current research in an emergent field. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(2), 133–144. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9282-x.
Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 183–204. doi:10.1037/a0013965.
Ciarrochi, J., & Blackledge, J. T. (2006). Mindfulness-based emotional intelligence training: A new approach to reducing human suffering and promoting effectiveness. In J. Ciarrochi, J. P. Forgas, & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), Emotional intelligence in everyday life (2nd ed., pp. 206–228). New York: Psychology Press.
Cole, P. M., Dennis, T. A., Martin, S. E., & Hall, S. E. (2008). Emotion regulation and the early development of psychopathology. In M. Vandekerckhove, C. von Scheve, S. Ismer, S. Jung, & S. Kronast (Eds.), Regulating emotions: Culture, social necessity and biological inheritance (pp. 171–188). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Cole, P. M., Dennis, T. A., Smith-Simon, K. E., & Cohen, L. H. (2009). Preschoolers’ emotion regulation strategy understanding: Relations with emotion socialization and child self-regulation. Social Development, 18(2), 324–352. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00503.x.
Cole, P. M., Luby, J., & Sullivan, M. W. (2008). Emotions and the development of childhood depression: Bridging the gap. Child Development Perspectives, 2(3), 141–148. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2008.00056.x.
Davidson, R. J., Fox, A., & Kalin, N. H. (2007). Neural bases of emotion regulation in nonhuman primates and humans. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 47–68). New York: Guilford.
Dennis, T. A., & Chen, C. (2007a). Emotional face processing and attention performance in three domains: Neurophysiological mechanisms and moderating effects of trait anxiety. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 65(1), 10–19. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.02.006.
Doyle, B. G., & Bramwell, W. (2006). Promoting emergent literacy and social-emotional learning through dialogic reading. The Reading Teacher, 59(6), 554–564. doi:10.1598/RT.59.6.5.
Dunn, B. D., Billotti, D., Murphy, V., & Dalgleish, T. (2009). The consequences of effortful emotion regulation when processing distressing material: A comparison of suppression and acceptance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(9), 761–773. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.05.007.
Ehrenreich, J. T., Fairholme, C. P., Buzzella, B. A., Ellard, K. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). The role of emotion in psychological therapy. Clinical Psychology, 14(4), 422–428. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00102.x.
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665–697. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665.
Eisenberg, N., Sadovsky, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2005). Associations of emotion-related regulation with language skills, emotion knowledge, and academic outcomes. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 109, 109–118. doi:10.1002/cd.143.
Ekman, P. (2003). Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life (2nd ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
Feindler, E. L., & Ecton, R. B. (1986). Adolescent anger control: Cognitive behavioral techniques. New York: Pergamon.
Folkman, S. (2008). The case for positive emotions in the stress process. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 21(1), 3–14. doi:10.1080/10615800701740457.
Friedberg, R. D., & McClure, J. M. (2002). Clinical practice of cognitive behavioral therapy with children and adolescents: The nuts and bolts. New York: Guilford.
Gao, X., & Maurer, D. (2009). Influence of intensity on children’s sensitivity to happy, sad, and fearful facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102(4), 503–521. doi:10.1016/j.jecp. 2008.11.002.
Garland, E., Gaylord, S., & Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisals. The Journal of Science and Healing, 5(1), 37–44. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2008.10.001.
Gazelle, H., & Rudolph, K. D. (2004). Moving toward and away from the world: Social approach and avoidance trajectories in anxious solitary youth. Child Development, 75(3), 829–849. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00709.x.
Gerdes, A. B., Alpers, G. W., & Pauli, P. (2008). When spiders appear suddenly: Spider-phobic patients are distracted by task-irrelevant spiders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(2), 174–187. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.010.
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The neural bases of emotion regulation: Reappraisal and suppression of negative emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 63(6), 577–586. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031.
Goldsmith, H. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Disambiguating the components of emotion regulation. Child Development, 75, 361–365. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00678.x.
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69–119. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1.
Gray, J. R. (1999). A bias toward short-term thinking in threat-related negative emotional states. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(1), 65–75. doi:10.1177/0146167299025001006.
Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work thought their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Grinspan, D., Hemphill, A., & Nowicki, S. (2003). Improving the ability of elementary school-age children to identify emotion in facial expression. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 164(1), 88–100. doi:10.1080/00221320309597505.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348–362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348.
Gullone, E., Hughes, E. K., King, N. J., & Tonge, B. (2009). The normative development of emotion regulation strategy use in children and adolescents: A 2-year follow-up study (advance online publication). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02183.x.
Haga, S. M., Kraft, P., & Corby, E. (2009). Emotion regulation: Antecedents and well-being outcomes of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in cross-cultural samples. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(3), 271–291. doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9080-3.
Hauser, D., Carter, M., & Meier, B. (2009). Mellow Monday and furious Friday: The approach-related link between anger and time representation. Cognition and Emotion, 23(6), 1166–1180. doi:10.1080/02699930802358424.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A., & Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 1–25. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006.
Herba, C., & Phillips, M. (2004). Annotation: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: Behavioral and neurological perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 45(7), 1185–1198. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00316.x.
Hoeksma, J. B., Oosterlaan, J., & Schipper, E. M. (2004). Emotion regulation and the dynamics of feelings: A conceptual and methodological framework. Child Development, 75(2), 354–360. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00677.x.
Izard, C. E. (2002). Translating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 796–824. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.128.5.796.
Izard, C. E., Ackerman, B. P., Schoff, K. M., & Fine, S. E. (2002). Self-organization of discrete emotion patterns, and emotion-cognition relations. In M. D. Lewis & I. Granic (Eds.), Emotion, development and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development (pp. 15–36). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jha, A. P., Krompinger, K., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(2), 109–119. doi:10.3758/CABN.7.2.109.
John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1301–1333. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00298.x.
Joseph, G. E., & Strain, P. S. (2003). Enhancing emotional vocabulary in young children. Young Exceptional Children, 6(4), 18–26. doi:10.1177/109625060300600403.
Kats-Gold, I., & Priel, B. (2009). Emotion understanding and social skills among boys at risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychology in the Schools, 46(7), 658–678. doi:10.1002/pits.20406.
Kellner, M. H., & Tutin, J. (1995). A school-based anger management program for developmentally and emotionally disabled high school students. Adolescence, 30(3), 215–230. doi:10.1080/07317100802275520.
Kendall, P. C., Aschenbrand, S. G., & Hudson, J. L. (2003). Child-focused treatment of anxiety. In A. E. Kazdin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 81–100). New York: Guilford.
Kendall, P. C., & Treadwell, K. R. (2007). The role of self-statements as a mediator in treatment for youth with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(3), 380–389. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.380.
Kerr, M. A., & Schneider, B. H. (2008). Anger expression in children and adolescents: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 559–577. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.08.001.
Koole, S. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 23(1), 4–41. doi:10.1080/02699930802619031.
Kovacs, M., Sherrill, J., George, C. J., Pollock, M., Tumuluru, R. V., & Ho, V. (2006). Contextual emotion-regulation therapy for childhood depression: Description and pilot testing of a new intervention. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(8), 892–903. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000222878.74162.5a.
Larsen, J. T., To, Y. M., & Fireman, G. (2007). Children’s understanding and experience of mixed emotions. Psychological Science, 18(2), 186–191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01870.x.
Levine, L. J., Burgess, S. L., & Laney, C. (2008). Effects of discrete emotions on young children’s suggestibility. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 681–694. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.681.
Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421–428. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01916.x.
Lindquist, K., Barrett, L. F., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Russell, J. (2006). Language and the perception of emotion. Emotion, 6, 125–138. doi:10.1177/1088868307309605.
Linehan, M. M. (1993a). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford.
Linehan, M. M. (2000). Opposite action: Changing emotions you want to change. New York: Guilford.
Liverant, G. I., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & Roemer, L. (2008). Emotion regulation in unipolar depression: The effects of acceptance and suppression of subjective emotional experience on the intensity and duration of sadness and negative affect. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1201–1209. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.001.
Liwag, M. D., & Stein, N. L. (1995). Children’s memory for emotional events: The importance of emotion-related retrieval cues. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 60, 2–31. doi:10.1006/jecp. 1995.1029.
Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., Cote, S., & Beers, M. (2005). Emotion regulation abilities and the quality of social interaction. Emotion, 5(1), 113–118. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.113.
Luke, B. (2009). Managing stress: Principles and strategies for health and wellbeing. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Manzoni, G. M., Pagnini, F., Castelnuovo, G., & Molinari, E. (2008). Relaxation training for anxiety: A ten-years systemic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 41. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-41.
Marks, B. A., & Woods, D. W. (2005). A comparison of thought suppression to an acceptance-based technique in the management of personal intrusive thoughts: A controlled evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(4), 433–445. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.005.
Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., Cheng, J. Y., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: Experiential and physiological responses to an anger provocation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66(2), 116–124. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.03.017.
Mauss, I. B., Evers, C., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006). How to bite your tongue without blowing your top: Implicit evaluation of emotion regulation predicts affective responding to anger provocation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 389–602. doi:10.1177/0146167205283841.
McRae, K., Hughes, B., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). The neural bases of distraction and reappraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(2), 248–261. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21243.
Miller, A. L., Rathus, J. H., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal adolescents. New York: Guilford.
Mills, H., Reiss, N., & Dombeck, M. (Updated, 2008). Cognitive therapy techniques for stress reduction. Retrieved from http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=15667&cn=117
Moore, S. A., Zoeliner, L. A., & Mollenholt, M. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(9), 993–1000. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001.
Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 638–662. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.128.4.638.
Moses, E. B., & Barlow, D. H. (2006). A new unified treatment approach for emotional disorders based on emotion science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(3), 146–150. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00425.x.
Mouilso, E., Glenberg, A. M., Havas, D. A., & Lindeman, L. M. (2007). Differences in action tendencies distinguish anger and sadness after comprehension of emotional sentences. In D. S. McNamara & J. G. Trafton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 29th Annual Cognitive Science Society meeting (pp. 1325–1330). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
Muris, P., Hoeve, I., Meesters, C., & Mayer, B. (2004). Children’s perception and interpretation of anxiety-related physical symptoms. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35(3), 233–244. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep. 2004.03.008.
Niedenthal, P. M., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2006). Psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches. New York: Psychology Press.
Oberman, L., Winkielman, P., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007). Face to face: Blocking facial mimicry can selectively impair recognition of emotional expressions. Social Neuroscience, 2, 167–178. doi:10.1080/17470910701391943.
Ochsner, K. N. (2006). Characterizing the function architecture of affect regulation: Emerging answers and outstanding questions. In J. T. Cacioppo, P. S. Visser, & C. L. Pickett (Eds.), Social neuroscience: People thinking about thinking people (pp. 245–268). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(8), 1215–1229. doi:10.1162/0898929042947829.
Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Science, 9(5), 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010.
Parker, J. G., Low, C. M., Walker, A. R., & Gamm, B. K. (2005). Friendship jealousy in young adolescents: Individual differences and links to sex, self-esteem, aggression, and social adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 235–250. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.235.
Penno, J. F., Wilkinson, I. A. G., & Moore, D. W. (2002). Vocabulary acquisition from teacher explanation and repeated listening to stories: Do they overcome the Matthew effect? Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 23–33. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.94.1.23.
Philippot, P., Chapelle, G., & Blairy, S. (2002). Respiratory feedback in the generation of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 16(5), 605–627. doi:10.1080/02699930143000392.
Powers, M. B., Vörding, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2009). Acceptance and commitment therapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78, 73–80. doi:10.1159/000190790.
Rice, J., Levine, L. J., & Pizarro, D. A. (2007). “Just stop thinking about it”: Effects of emotional disengagement on children’s memory for educational material. Emotion, 7(4), 812–823. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.812.
Richards, J. M. (2002). Emotion, emotion regulation and hopeful thinking. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 308–311. Retrieved from http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/journal.asp?issn=1047-840X&linktype=44
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 410–424. doi:I0.I037//0022-3514.79.3.410.
Rivers, S. E., Brackett, M. A., Katulak, N. A., & Salovey, P. (2007). Regulating anger and sadness: An exploration of discrete emotions in emotion regulation. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 393–427. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9017-2.
Saarikallio, S. (2009). Emotional self-regulation through music in 3-8-year old children. Proceedings of the 7th Triennial Conference of European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music (ESCOM 2009), Jyväskylä, Finland.
Salovey, P. (2006). Applied emotional intelligence: Regulating emotions to become healthy, wealthy and wise. In J. Ciarrochi, J. P. Forgas, & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), Emotional intelligence in everyday life (2nd ed., pp. 229–248). New York: Psychology Press.
Salters-Pedneault, K., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2004). The role of avoidance of emotional material in the anxiety disorders. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11(2), 95–114. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2004.09.001. SAMHSA/CSAT Treatment Improvement Protocols. Tip 34: Chapter 4 – Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=hssamhsatip&part=A59652
Sams, K., Collins, S., & Reynolds, S. (2006). Cognitive therapy abilities in people with learning disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19(1), 25–33. doi:wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00303.x.
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., & Joiner, T. E. (2008). Understanding the relationship between emotional and behavioral dysregulation: Emotional cascades. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(5), 593–611. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.02.002.
Semple, R. J., Reid, E. F., & Miller, L. (2005). Treating anxiety with mindfulness: An open trial of mindfulness training for anxious training. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 19(4), 379–392. Retrieved from http://www.springerpub.com/product/08898391
Sharoff, K. (2002). Cognitive coping therapy. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Sheppes, G., & Meiran, N. (2008). Divergent cognitive costs for online forms of reappraisal and distraction. Emotion, 8(6), 870–874. doi:10.1037/a0013711.
Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74(6), 1869–1880. doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x.
Sinha, S. P., & Gupta, S. (2006). State self esteem and causal attribution in reattribution training among self worth protective students. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 32(3), 145–151. doi:10.1177/0143034309106946.
Southam-Gerow, M. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2002). Emotion regulation and understanding: Implications for child psychopathology and therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 189–222. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00087-3.
Spett, M. (2004). Expressing negative emotions: Healthy catharsis or sign of pathology? Retrieved February 1, 2009, from http://www.nj-act.org/article3.html
Stewart, J. L., Silton, R. L., Sass, S. M., Fisher, J. E., Edgar, J. C., Heller, W., et al. (2010). Attentional bias to negative emotion as a function of approach and withdrawal anger styles: An ERP investigation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 76(1), 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.008.
Suveg, C., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 750–759. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_10.
Tabibnia, G., Lieberman, M. D., & Craske, M. G. (2008). The lasting effect of words on feelings: Words may facilitate exposure effects to threatening images. Emotion, 8(3), 307–317. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.307.
Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Lagattuta, K. H. (2005). Can children recognize pride? Emotions, 5(3), 25–257. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.3. 251.
Travris, C. (1982). Anger: The misunderstood emotion. New York: Simon and Shuster.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2007). Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 311–333. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9015-4.
Wang, L., LaBar, K. S., & McCarthy, G. (2006). Mood alters amygdala activation to sad distractors during an attentional task. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1139–1146. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.021.
Watson, D. (2009). Locating anger in the hierarchical structure of affect: Comment on Carver and Harmon-Jones. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 205–208. doi:10.1037/a0014413.
Weisz, J. R. (2004). Psychotherapy for children and adolescents: Evidence-based treatments and case examples. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wesson, M., & Salmon, K. (2001). Drawing and showing: Helping children to report emotionally laden events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15(3), 301–319. doi:10.1002/acp. 706.
Whitmer, A. J., & Banich, M. T. (2007). Inhibition versus switching deficits in different forms of rumination. Psychological Science, 18(6), 546–553. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01936.x.
Wierzbicki, M., & Sayler, M. K. (2006). Depression and engagement in pleasant and unpleasant activities in normal children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 499–505. doi:0.1002/1097-4679(199107)47:4<499::AID-JCLP2270470405>3.0.CO;2-Q.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Macklem, G.L. (2011). Emotion Regulation Training at Tiers 1, 2, and 3. In: Evidence-Based School Mental Health Services. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7907-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7907-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7906-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7907-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)