Skip to main content

Importance of Emotion Regulation Training for Children and Adolescents

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Evidence-Based School Mental Health Services

Abstract

Emotion regulation is a critical component of affect education that has attracted a significant amount of research and clinical interest. This aspect of emotion education has not been overlooked in that strategies to downregulate excessive and maladaptive emotion are included in a wide variety of Tier 1, 2, and 3 interventions. Emotion regulation is a complex concept; however, even developing a definition has currently generated discussion and debate resulting in no agreed upon definition (Bridges, Denham, & Ganiban, 2004; Eisenberg & Spinrad, 2004; Greenberg, 2007; Hoeksma, Oosterlaan, & Schipper, 2004).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ackerman, B. P., & Izard, C. E. (2004). Emotion cognition in children and adolescents: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(4), 271–275. doi:10.1016/j.jecp. 2004.08.003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnsten, A. (2009). Stress signaling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 410–422. doi:10.1038/nrn2648.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashcraft, M. H., & Kirk, E. P. (2001). The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 130(2), 224–237. doi:10.1177/0734282908330580.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Ego depletion and self-control failure: An energy model of the self’s executive function. Self and Identity, 1(2), 129–136. doi:10.1080/152988602317319302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauminger, N., & Kimhi-Kind, I. (2008). Social information processing, security of attachment, and emotion regulation in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 41(4), 315–332. doi:10.1177/0022219408316095.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bäuml, K., & Kuhbandner, C. (2007). Remembering can cause forgetting-but not in negative moods. Psychological Science, 18(2), 95–191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01857.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (2005). Distinctions between emotions and mood. Cognition and Emotion, 19(6), 847–878. doi:10.1080/02699930541000057.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beilock, S. L., & Decaro, M. S. (2007). From poor performance to success under stress: Working memory, strategy selection, and mathematical problem solving under pressure. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33(6), 983–998. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.6.983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beilock, S. L., Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2007). Stereotype threat and working memory mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 136(2), 256–276. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M. A., & Wolfe, C. D. (2004). Emotion and cognition: An intricately bound developmental process. Child Development, 75(2), 366–370. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00679.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., Friedman, S. L., & Hsieh, K. (2001). Testing a core emotion-regulation prediction: Does early attentional persistence moderate the effect of infant negative emotionality on later development? Child Development, 72(1), 123–133. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, K. A., Denham, S. A., Kochanoff, A., & Whipple, B. (2004). Playing it cool: Temperament, emotion regulation, and social behavior in preschoolers. Journal of School Psychology, 42(6), 419–443. doi:10.1016/j.jsp. 2004.10.002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blandon, A. Y., Calkins, S. D., Keane, S. P., & O’Brien, M. (2008). Individual differences intrajectories of emotion regulation processes: The effects of maternal depression symptomatology and children’s physiological regulation. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1110–1123. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/dev/

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg, H. P., Kaufman, J., Martin, A., Whiteman, R., Zhang, J. H., Gore, J. C., et al. (2003). Amygdala and hippocampal volumes in adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(12), 1201–1208. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1201 DOI:dx.doi.org.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bortoli, A., & Brown, M. (2002). The social attention of children with disabilities during social engagement opportunities. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/02pap/bor02050.htm

  • Bradley, B. P., Garner, M., Hudson, L., & Mogg, K. (2007). Influence of negative affect on selective attention to smoking-related cues and urge to smoke cigarette smokers. Behavioural Pharmacology, 18(4), 255–263. doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e328173969b.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, L. J., Denham, S. A., & Ganiban, J. M. (2004). Definitional issues in emotion regulation research. Child Development, 75, 340–345. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00675.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotman, M. A., Rich, B. A., Guyer, A. E., Lunsford, J. R., Horsey, S. E., Reising, M. M., et al. (2010). Amygdala activation during emotion processing of neutral faces in children with severe mood dysregulation versus ADHD or bipolar disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 61–69. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp. 2009.09010043.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruedigam, A. E. (2004). Father’s emotion framing and children’s emotional competence (unpublished master’s thesis). Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calkins, S. (2004). Temperament and emotional regulation: Multiple models of early development. In M. Beauregard (Ed.), Consciousness, emotional self-regulation and the brain (pp. 35–60). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calkins, S. D., Gill, K. L., Johnson, M. C., & Smith, C. L. (1999). Emotional reactivity and emotion regulation strategies of social behavior with peers during toddlerhood. Social Development, 8(3), 310–334. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00098.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calkins, S. D., & Howse, R. B. (2004). Individual differences in self-regulation: Implications for childhood adjustment. In P. Philipport & R. S. Feldman (Eds.), The regulation of emotion (pp. 307–332). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos, J. J., Frankel, C. B., & Camras, L. (2004). On the nature of emotion regulation. Child Development, 75(2), 377–394. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00681.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Canino, I. A., & Spurlock, J. (2000). Culturally diverse children and adolescents: Assessment, diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carretié, L., Mercado, F., Tapia, M., & Hinojosa, J. (2001). Emotion, attention, and the ‘negativity bias’, studied through event-related potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 41(1), 75–85. doi:10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00195-1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caston, A. T., & Mauss, I. B. (2010). Resilience in the face of stress: Emotion regulation as a protective factor. In S. Southwick, D. Charney, M. Friedman, & B. Litz (Eds.), Resilience to stress. New York: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved February 10, 2010, from http://www.du.edu/psychology/erl/caston%20mauss_resilience.pdf

  • Chang, F., & Burns, B. M. (2005). Attention in preschoolers: Associations with effortful control and motivation. Child Development, 6(1), 247–263. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00842.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhury, S., Blakemore, S., & Charman, T. (2006). Social cognitive development during adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(3), 165–174. doi:10.1093/scan/nsl024.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P. C., & Supavadeeprasit, S. (2008). The link between emotion identification skills and socio-emotional functioning in early adolescence: A 1-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 31(5), 565–582. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.10.004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciarrochi, J., Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., & Rickwood, D. (2003). Do difficulties with emotions inhibit help-seeking in adolescence? The role of age and emotional competence in predicting help-seeking intentions. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(2), 103–120. doi:10.1080/0951507031000152632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. M., Hall, S., Ta, P., & Gumble, A. (2007). Developmental changes in emotion regulation and their implications for neurocortical contributions. Symposium presented at the International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 13th Scientific Meeting, London, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. M., Tan, P. Z., Hall, S. E., & Gumble, A. L. (2007). Developmental changes in emotion regulation: Implications for neurocortical development. London, England: International Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colwell, M. J., & Hart, S. (2006). Emotion framing: Does it relate to children’s emotion knowledge and social behavior? Early Child Development and Care, 176(6), 591–603. doi:10.1080/03004430500147367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compton, R. J., Robinson, M. D., Ode, S., Quandt, L. C., Fineman, S. L., & Carp, J. (2008). Error monitoring ability predicts daily stress regulation. Psychological Science, 19(7), 702–708. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02145.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, E. T., Greenberg, M. T., & Kuche, C. A. (1994). The relations between emotional understanding intellectual functioning and disruptive behavior problems in elementary-school-aged children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22(2), 205–219. doi:10.1177/1077559505278452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costafreda, S. G., Brammer, M. J., David, A. S., & Fu, C. Y. (2008). Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies. Brain Research Reviews, 58(1), 57–70. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.012.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Côté, S. M., Boivin, M., Liu, X., Nagin, D. S., Zoccolillo, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2009). Depression and anxiety symptoms: Onset, developmental course and risk factors during early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(10), 1201–1208. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02099.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crnic, K. A., Hoffman, C., & Baker, J. K. (2006). Maternal depression and parenting: Implications for children’s emergent emotion regulation and behavioral functioning. Parenting, 6(4), 271–295. doi:10.1207/s15327922par0604_1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crone, M. R., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2007). The association of behavioural and emotional problems with tobacco use in adolescence. Addictive Behaviors, 32(8), 1692–1698. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.11.006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R. (2009, October 8). Attention, emotional regulation and learning. Washington, DC: Mind and Life Institute: Educating World Citizens for the 21st Century. Retrieved from http://www.educatingworldcitizens.org/schedule.html#session2

  • Davidson, R. J., Fox, A., & Kalin, N. H. (2007). Neural bases of emotion regulation in nonhuman primates and humans. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 47–68). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. A. (2005). Assessing social-emotional development in children from a longitudinal perspective for the National Children’s Study. Prepared for the National Children’s Study by Battelle Memorial Institute. Retrieved from http://www.nationalchildrensstudy.gov/research/reviewsreports/Pages/Assessing-Social-Emotional-Development-in-Children-From-a-Longitudinal-Perspective-for-the-National-Children-s-Study.pdf

  • Dennis, T. (2006). Emotional self-regulation in preschoolers: The interplay of child approach reactivity, parenting and control capacities. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 84–97. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, T. A., & Chen, C. (2007a). Emotional face processing and attention performance in three domains: Neurophysiological mechanisms and moderating effects of trait anxiety. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 65(1), 10–19. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.02.006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, T. A., & Keleman, D. A. (2009). Can i make myself feel happy when i feel bad? Children’s understanding of the intentional control of emotion. Powerpoint presentation retrieved from http://slidefinder.net/c/can_make_myself_feel_happy/7698399

  • Dennis, T. A., Malone, M. M., & Chen, C. (2009). Emotional face processing and emotion regulation in children: An ERP study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(1), 85–102. doi:10.1080/87565640802564887.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., & Garber, J. (1991). Domains of emotion regulation. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 3–10). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunsmore, J. C., Her, P., Halberstadt, A. G., & Perez-Rivera, M. B. (2009). Parents’ beliefs about emotions and children’s recognition of parents’ emotions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(2), 121–140. doi:10.1007/s10919-008-0066-6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M. (2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 136–157. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78. 1.136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B. C., Wosinski, M., Polazzi, L., et al. (1996). The relations of children’s dispositional prosocial behavior to emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Child Development, 67(3), 974–992. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01777.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Michalik, N., Spinrad, T. L., Hofer, C., Kupfer, A., & Valiente, C. (2007). The relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children’s sympathy: A longitudinal study. Cognitive Development, 22(4), 544–567. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.08.003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Sadovsky, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2005). Associations of emotion-related regulation with language skills, emotion knowledge, and academic outcomes. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 109, 109–118. doi:10.1002/cd.143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: Sharpening the definition. Child Development, 75(2), 334–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00674.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. J. (2004). The connection between social-emotional learning and learning disabilities: Implications for intervention. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27(1), 53–63. Retrieved from http://www.cldinternational.org/Publications/LDQ.asp

  • Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feito, J. A. (1997). Children’s beliefs about the social consequences of emotional expression (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Berkley, CA: University of California. Retrieved from http://www.bookpump.com/dps/pdf-b/585647Xb.pdf

  • Feng, X., Keenan, K., Hipwell, A. E., Henneberger, A. K., Rischall, M. S., Butch, J., et al. (2009). Longitudinal associations between emotion regulation and depression in preadolescent girls: Moderation by the caregiving environment. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 798–808. doi:10.1037/a0014617.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forgas, J. P. (2007). When sad is better than happy: Negative affect can improve the quality and effectiveness of persuasive messages and social influence strategies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 513–528. doi:10.1016/j.jesp. 2006.05.006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. Motivation and Emotion, 27(1), 7–26. doi:10.1023/A:1023622324898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, T. W., Dishion, T. J., & Posner, M. I. (2006). Attention and adolescent tobacco use: A potential self-regulatory dynamic underlying nicotine addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 531–553. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.018.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, H. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Disambiguating the components of emotion regulation. Child Development, 75, 361–365. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00678.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, S., & Naglieri, J. A. (2008). The school neuropsychology of ADHD: Theory, assessment and intervention. Psychology in the Schools, 45(9), 859–874. doi:10.1002/pits.20331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goswami, U. (2006). Neuroscience and education: From research to practice? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 406–413. doi:10.1038/hrn1907.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. R., Braver, T. S., & Raichle, M. E. (2002). Integration of emotion and cognition in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(6), 4115–4120. doi:10.1073/pnas.062381899.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graziano, P. A., Reavis, R. D., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2007). The role of emotion regulation in children’s early academic success. Journal of School Psychology, 45(1), 3–19. doi:10.1016/j.jsp. 2006.09.002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, L. S. (2007). Emotion coming of age. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14(4), 414–421. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00101.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J. (2008). Emotion regulation. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Hand book of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 497–512). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gumora, G., & Arsenio, W. F. (2002). Emotionality, emotion regulation and school performance in middle school children. Journal of School Psychology, 40(5), 395–413. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(02)00108-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunlicks-Stoessel, M. L., & Powers, S. I. (2008). Adolescents’ emotional experiences of mother-adolescent conflict predict internalizing and externalizing symptom. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(4), 621–642. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00574.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, L. M., McLoyd, V. C., & Tokoyawa, T. (2005). Financial strain, neighborhood stress parenting behaviors and adolescent adjustment in Urban African American families. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15(4), 425–449. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00106.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hample, P., & Petermann, F. (2005). Age and gender effects on coping in children and adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(2), 73–83. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-3207-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannesdottir, D. K., & Ollendick, T. H. (2007). The role of emotion regulation in the treatment of child anxiety disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(3), 275–293. doi:10.1007/s10567-007-0024-6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herba, C., & Phillips, M. (2004). Annotation: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: Behavioral and neurological perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 45(7), 1185–1198. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00316.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hessler, D., & Katz, L. (2009). Brief report: Associations between emotional competence and adolescent risky behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 241–246. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.007 DOI:dx.doi.org.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hildyard, K., & Wolfe, D. (2007). Cognitive processes associated with child neglect. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(8), 895–907. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill-Soderlund, A. L., & Braungart-Reiker, J. M. (2008). Early individual differences in temperamental reactivity and regulation: Implications for effortful control in early childhood. Infant Behavior and Development, 31(3), 386–397. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.12.007.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeksma, J. B., Oosterlaan, J., & Schipper, E. M. (2004). Emotion regulation and the dynamics of feelings: A conceptual and methodological framework. Child Development, 75(2), 354–360. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00677.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, D. M. (2009). Reflecting on social emotional learning: A critical perspective on trends in the United States. Review of Educational Research, 79(2), 533–566. doi:10.3102/0034654308325184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holodynski, M., & Friedlmeier, W. (2006). Development of emotions and emotion regulation. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howse, R., Calkins, S., Anastopoulos, A., Keane, S., & Shelton, T. (2003). Regulatory contributors to children’s academic achievement. Early Education and Development, 14(1), 101–120. doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1401_7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, J. A., & Coie, J. D. (1994). Emotional correlates of social competence in children’s peer relationships. Merrell-Palmer Quarterly, 40(1), 1–20. Retrieved from http://www.asu.edu/clas/ssfd/mpq/

  • Johnson, D. R., & Gronlund, S. D. (2009). Individual lower in working memory capacity are particularly vulnerable to anxiety’s disruptive effect on performance. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 22(2), 201–213. doi:10.1080/10615800802291277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalpidou, M. D., Power, T. G., Cherry, K. E., & Gottfried, N. W. (2004). Regulation of emotion and behavior among 3- and 5-year-olds. The Journal of General Psychology, 131(2), 159–178. doi:10.3200/GENP.131, 2, 159-180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan, T. B. (2007). New developments in emotion regulation with an emphasis on the positive spectrum of human functioning. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 303–310. doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9013-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kats-Gold, I., & Priel, B. (2009). Emotion understanding and social skills among boys at risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychology in the Schools, 46(7), 658–678. doi:10.1002/pits.20406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesek, A., Zelazo, P. D., & Lewis, M. D. (2009). The development of executive cognitive function and emotion regulation in adolescence. In N. B. Allen & L. B. Sheeber (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 135–155). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. (2009). The effects of children’s perceptions of attachment security and emotion regulation on school disengagement among elementary school truants. Paper presented at the 21st National Symposium on Doctoral Research in Social Work. Retrieved from https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/36785/2/21_1kim_paper.pdf

  • Kopp, C. B. (1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 343–354. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, K., & Kinsley, C. (2004). Clinical neuroscience. New York: Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishing Group, LLC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lengua, L. J. (2003). Associations among emotionality, self-regulation, adjustment problems, and positive adjustment in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(5), 596–618. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2003.08.002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letcher, P., Smart, D., Sanson, A., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2009). Psychosocial precursors and correlates of differing internalizing trajectories from 3 to 15 years. Social Development, 18(3), 618–646. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00500.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, F. (2004). Synaptic gating and ADHD: A biological theory of comorbidity of ADHD and anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1589–1596. doi:10.1038/sj.npp. 1300469.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. D., Granic, I., Lamm, C., Zelazo, P. D., Stieben, J., Todd, R. M., et al. (2008). Changes in the neural bases of emotion regulation associated with clinical improvement in children with behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 913–939. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. D., & Stieben, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in the brain: Conceptual issues and directions for developmental research. Child Development, 75(2), 371–376. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00680.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., & Luo, Y. (2005). Selective effect of negative emotion on spatial and verbal working memory: An ERP study. Neural Networks and Brain, 2(13–15), 1284–1289. doi:10.1109/ICNNB.2005.1614845.

    Google Scholar 

  • London, B., Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Paltin, I. (2007). Social causes and consequences of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(3), 481–506. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00531.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, K. B. (2008). Effortful control, explicit processing, and the regulation of human evolved predispositions. Psychological Review, 115(4), 1012–1031. doi:10.1037/a0013327.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manassis, K., Tannock, R., Young, A., & Francis-John, S. (2007). Cognition in anxious children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A comparison with clinical and normal children. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 3, 4. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-3-4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S. E., Boekamp, J. R., McConville, D. W., & Wheeler, E. E. (2010). Anger and sadness perception in clinically referred preschoolers: Emotion processes and externalizing behavior symptoms. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41(1), 30–46. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0153-x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167–195. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazaheri, A., Coffey-Corina, S., Mangun, G. R., Bekker, E. M., Berry, A. S., & Corbett, B. A. (2010). Functional disconnection of frontal cortex and visual cortex in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 67(7), 617–623. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.11.022.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, D. J., Kim, M., O’neil, R., & Parke, R. D. (2002). Children’s emotional regulation and social competence in middle childhood: The role of maternal and parental interactive style. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3 & 4), 345–364. doi:10.1300/J002v34n03_07.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRae, K. (2009, July 12–14). The developmental trajectory of emotion regulation. Conference on Neurocognitive Development, Berkley, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirabile, S. P., Scaramella, L. V., Sohr-Preston, S. L., & Robinson, S. D. (2009). Mother’s socialization of emotion regulation: The moderating role of children’s negative emotional reactivity. Child and Youth Care Forum, 38(1), 19–37. doi:10.1007/s10566-008-9063-5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muraven, M. (2008). Autonomous self-control is less depleting. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 763–770. doi:10.1016/j.jrp. 2007.08.002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muraven, M., Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1999). Longitudinal improvement of self-regulation through practice: Building self-control strength through repeated exercise. Journal of Social Psychology, 139(4), 446–457. Retrieved from http://www.heldref.org/pubs/soc/about.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Muraven, M., Gagné, M., & Rosman, H. (2008). Helpful self-control: Autonomy support, vitality and depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 573–585. doi:10.1016/j.jesp. 2007.10.008.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muraven, M., Rosman, H., & Gagné, M. (2007). Lack of autonomy and self-control: Performance contingent rewards lead to greater depletion. Motivation and Emotion, 31(4), 322–330. doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9073-x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, T. R., Mahadeo, M., Bryant, K., & Botvin, G. J. (2008). Examining anger as a predictor of drug use among multiethnic middle school students. Journal of School Health, 78(9), 480–486. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00333.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochsner, K. N., & Lieberman, M. D. (2001). The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 56, 717–734. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.56.9.717.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papolos, D., Mattis, S., Golshan, S., & Molay, F. (2009). Fear of harm, a possible phenotype of pediatric bipolar disorder: A dimensional approach to diagnosis for genotyping psychiatric syndromes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 118(1), 28–38. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.016.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philipose, L. E., Alphs, H., Prabhakaran, V., & Hillis, A. E. (2007). Testing conclusions from functional imaging of working memory with data from acute stroke. Behavioral Neurology, 18(1), 37–43. Retrieved from http://pubs.ama-assn.org/cgi/collection/behavioral_neurology

  • Plessen, K. J., Bansal, R., Zhu, H., Whiteman, R., Amat, J., Quackenbush, G. A., et al. (2006). Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(7), 795–807. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.795.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polo, A. J., & Lopez, S. R. (2009). Culture, context, and the internalizing distress of Mexican American youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(2), 273–285. doi:10.1080/1537441080269837.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007). Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 1–23. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., Vizueta, N., Thomas, K. M., Levy, K. N., Fossella, J., et al. (2003). An approach to the psychobiology of personality disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 15(4), 1093–1106. doi:10.1017/S0954579403000506.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raver, S. S. (2004). Placing emotional self-regulation in sociocultural and socioeconomic contexts. Child Development, 75(2), 346–353. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00676.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, J. (2005). Acute physical and self-reported affect: A review. In A. V. Clark (Ed.), Causes, role, and influence of mood states (pp. 91–114). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Biomedical Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Repetto, P. B., Zimmerman, M. A., & Caldwell, C. H. (2008). A longitudinal study of depressive symptoms and marijuana use in a sample of inner-city African Americans. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 421–447. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00566.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2004). Expressed emotion in multiple subsystems of the families of toddlers with depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 16(3), 689–709. doi:10.1017/S0954579404004730.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosso, I. M., Young, A. D., Femia, L. A., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2006). Cognitive and emotional components of frontal lobe functioning in childhood and adolescence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 355–362. doi:10.1196/annals.1308.045.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. K., Ellis, L. K., Rueda, M. R., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Developing mechanism of temperamental effortful control. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1113–1143. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106009.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rottenberg, J. (2005). Mood and emotion in major depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 167–170. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00354.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005). The development of executive attention: Contributions to the emergence of self-regulation. Developmental Neuopsychology, 28(2), 573–594. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2802_2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rydell, A., Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2003). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and adaptation among 5 to 8 year old children. Emotion, 3(1), 30–47. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rydell, R. J., McConnell, A. R., & Bellock, S. L. (2009). Multiple social identities and stereotype threat: Imbalance, accessibility, and working memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 949–966. doi:10.1037/a0014846.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rydell, A., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2007). Emotion regulation in relation to social functioning: An investigation of child self-reports. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4(3), 293–313. doi:10.1080/17405620600783526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salters-Pedneault, K., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2004). The role of avoidance of emotional material in the anxiety disorders. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11(2), 95–114. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2004.09.001. SAMHSA/CSAT Treatment Improvement Protocols. Tip 34: Chapter 4 – Brief cognitive-behavioral therapy. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=hssamhsatip&part=A59652

  • Sanson, A., Letcher, P., Smart, D., Prior, M., Toumbourou, J. W., & Oberklaid, F. (2009). Associations between early childhood temperament clusters and later psychosocial adjustment. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 55(1), 26–54. doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0032.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, A., Braver, T. S., Reynolds, J. R., Burgess, G. C., Yarkoni, T., & Gray, J. R. (2006). Individual differences in amygdala activity predict response speed during working memory. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(40), 10120–10128. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2567-06.2006.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmeichel, B. J., Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A. (2008). Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1526–1540. doi:10.1037/a0013345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shamosh, N. A., & Gray, J. R. (2007). The relation between fluid intelligence and self-regulatory depletion. Cognition and Emotion, 21(8), 1833–1843. doi:10.1080/02699930701273658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: The contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 381–395. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2704_2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, L. M., Rauch, S. L., & Pitman, R. K. (2006). Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 67–79. doi:10.1196/annals.1364.007.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shipman, K., Schneider, R., & Brown, A. (2004). Emotion dysregulation and psychopathology. In M. Beauregard (Ed.), Consciousness, emotional self-regulation, and the brain (pp. 61–86). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins North America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siever, L. J., & Weinstein, L. A. (2009). The neurobiology of personality disorders: Implications for psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 57(2), 361–398. doi:10.1177/0003065109333502.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J. S., Shaw, D. S., Skuban, E. M., Oland, A. A., & Kovacs, M. (2006). Emotion regulation strategies in offspring of childhood-onset depressed mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(1), 69–78. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01440.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003). Adolescents’ emotion regulation in daily life: Links to depressive symptoms and problem behavior. Child Development, 74(6), 1869–1880. doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, J. M., & Arigo, D. (2009). Recent evidence supports emotion-regulation interventions for improving health in at-risk and clinical populations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(2), 205–210. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283252d6d.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Southam-Gerow, M. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2002). Emotion regulation and understanding: Implications for child psychopathology and therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 189–222. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00087-3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), 69–74. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez-Morales, L., & Lopez, B. (2009). The impact of acculturative stress and daily hassles on pre-adolescent psychological adjustment: Examining anxiety symptoms. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30(3), 335–349. doi:10.1007/s10935-009-0175-y.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Supplee, L. H., Skuban, E. M., Shaw, D. S., & Prout, J. (2009). Emotion regulation strategies and later externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 393–415. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suveg, C., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 750–759. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tarasuik, J. C., Ciorciari, J., & Stough, C. (2009). Understanding the neurobiology of emotional intelligence: A review. In C. Stough, D. H. Saklofski, & J. D. Parker (Eds.), Assessing emotional intelligence theory, research, and applications (pp. 307–320). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tice, D. M., Baumeister, R. F., Shmueli, D., & Muraven, M. (2007). Restoring the self: Positive affect helps improve self-regulation following ego depletion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 379–384. doi:10.1016/j.jesp. 2006.05.007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trentacosta, C. J., & Izard, C. E. (2007). Kindergarten children’s emotion competence as a predictor of their academic competence in first grade. Emotion, 7, 77–88. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tubbs, R. R. (2007). Temperament and emotion regulation: Toward understanding the relationship amongst young children in a psychiatric day-treatment program (unpublished doctoral thesis). West Roxbury, MA: Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Reekum, C. M., Urry, H. I., Johnstone, T., Thurow, M. E., Frye, C., Jackson, C. A., et al. (2007). Individual differences in amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity are associated with evaluation speed and psychological well-being. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(2), 237–248. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.2.237.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vobach, A. M., & Foster, S. F. (2003). The relationship between emotional competence and social competence in early adolescence (ED 475 380). Paper presented at the 2003 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, FL. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000 019b/80/1a/f5/76.pdf

  • Wahlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2008). ADHD symptoms and executive function impairment: Early predictors of later behavioral problems. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33(2), 160–178. doi:10.1080/87565640701884253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., LaBar, K. S., & McCarthy, G. (2006). Mood alters amygdala activation to sad distractors during an attentional task. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 1139–1146. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.021.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, A. S. (1997). Cognitive and social-emotional development in adolescence. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 2(3), 87–92. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/2.3.87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. J., Cowan, P. A., & Baker, B. L. (2002). Behavior problems and peer rejection in preschool boys and girls. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163(1), 72–88. Retrieved from http://www.heldref.org/pubs/gnt/about.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Yap, M. B., Allen, N. B., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2008). Maternal socialization of positive affect: The impact of invalidation on adolescent emotion regulation and depressive symptomatology. Child Development, 79(5), 1415–1431. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01196.x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yap, M. B., Allen, N. B., Leve, C., & Katz, L. F. (2008). Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and socialization of adolescent affect: The moderating role of adolescent temperament. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 688–700. doi:10.1037/a0013104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yap, M. B., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2007). Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role of temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(2), 180–189. doi:10.1007/s10567-006-0014-0.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuki, M., Maddux, W. W., & Masuda, T. (2007). Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and West? Cultural differences in using the eyes and mouth as cues to recognize emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 303–311. doi:10.1016/j.jesp. 2006.02.004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., & Killgore, W. D. (2006). Fear-related activity in the prefrontal cortex increases with age during adolesence: A preliminary study. Neuroscience Letters, 406(3), 194–199. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.046.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlatevska, N., & Cowley, E. (2007, May). Regenerating self-regulatory resources: Identifying individual differences. Paper presented at the European Marketing Academy. Reykjavik, Iceland. Retrieved from http://www.eiasm.org/documents/JMW/jmp/374.pdf

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gayle L. Macklem .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Macklem, G.L. (2011). Importance of Emotion Regulation Training for Children and Adolescents. In: Evidence-Based School Mental Health Services. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7907-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics