Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders pp 435–446Cite as

Phobias and Anxiety-Related Problems in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Young people with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk for anxiety disorders; for example, Dekker and Koot (2003a, b) reported that 22% of a Dutch community sample of 474 7–20 year old young people with intellectual disabilities met DSM-IV criteria for some form of ­anxiety disorder. This chapter will focus on the literature specific to children and young people with intellectual disabilities, but will make reference to the wider literature where there is good reason to suggest that the general principles identified will apply to this population (e.g. Dagnan & Jahoda, 2006).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Ruffle, T. M. (2000). The child behavior checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatric Review, 21, 265–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, N. M., & Andrews, T. M. (2003). Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for Use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC-LD) and the diagnosis of anxiety disorders: a review. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 50–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S. (1989). Do autistic children have obsessions and compulsions? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 193–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A., Daley, D., Hastings, R. P., & Stevenson, J. (2004). Mothers’ expressed emotion towards children with and without intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 628–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borthwick-Duffy, S. A. (1994). Epidemiology and prevalence of psychopathology in people with mental retardation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 17–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, E., Bolton, P. F., & Bryson, S. E. (2004). Psychiatric comorbidity in persons with intellectual disability (ID) with and without autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 296–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brereton, A. V., Tonge, B. J., & Einfeld, S. L. (2006). Psychopathology in children and adolescents with autism compared to young people with intellectual disability. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 863–870.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chalfant, A. M., Rapee, R., & Carroll, L. (2007). Treating anxiety disorders in children with high functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: A controlled trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1842–1857.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooney, G., Jahoda, A., Gumley, A., & Knott, F. (2006). Young people with intellectual disabilities attending mainstream and segregated schooling: perceived stigma, social comparison and future aspirations. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 432–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dagnan, D. (2007). Psychosocial interventions for people with intellectual disabilities and mental ill-health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 456–460.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dagnan, D., & Chadwick, P. (1997). Cognitive behaviour therapy for people with learning disabilities: assessment and intervention. In B. S. Kroese, D. Dagnan, & K. Loumides (Eds.), Cogntive Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities (pp. 110–123). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagnan, D., & Jahoda, A. (2006). Cognitive-behavioural intervention for people with intellectual disability and anxiety disorders. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19, 91–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dagnan, D., & Lindsay, W. R. (2004). Research issues in cognitive therapy. In E. Emerson, C. Hatton, T. Thompson, & T. R. Parmenter (Eds.), The International Handbook of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities (pp. 517–530). Brighton: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dagnan, D., & Sandhu, S. (1999). Social comparison, self-esteem and depression in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 372–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davey, G. C. L. (1992). Classical-conditioning and the acquisition of human fears and phobias – A review and synthesis of the literature. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 29–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, E., Saeed, S. A., & Antonacci, D. J. (2008). Anxiety disorders in persons with developmental disabilities: Empirically informed diagnosis and treatment – Reviews literature on anxiety disorders in DD population with practical take-home messages for the clinician. Psychiatric Quarterly, 79, 249–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, T. E., Kurtz, P. F., Gardner, A. W., & Carman, N. B. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for specific phobias with a child demonstrating severe problem behavior and developmental delays. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Behavior-Analysis, Atlanta, GA, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2003a). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. I: Prevalence and impact. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 915–922.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, M. C., & Koot, H. M. (2003b). DSM-IV disorders in children with borderline to moderate intellectual disability. II: Child and family predictors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 923–931.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doherr, L., Reynolds, S., Wetherly, J., & Evans, E. H. (2005). Young children’s ability to engage in cognitive therapy tasks: Associations with age and educational experience. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 33, 201–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, C. L., & Spence, S. H. (2000). Prevention of childhood anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 509–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dykens, E. M. (2000). Annotation: Psychopathology in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 407–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dykens, E. M. (2003). Anxiety, fears, and phobias in persons with Williams syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology, 23, 291–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edelson, S. M., Edelson, M. G., Kerr, D. C. R., & Grandin, T. (1999). Behavioral and physiological effects of deep pressure on children with autism: A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of Grandin’s Hug Machine. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 53, 145–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Einfeld, S. L., Piccinin, A. M., Mackinnon, A., Hofer, S. M., Taffe, J., Gray, K. M., et al. (2006). Psychopathology in young people with intellectual disability. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(16), 1981–1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1977). The basic clinical theory of rational emotive therapy. In A. Ellis & R. Grieger (Eds.), Handbook of rational-emotive therapy (pp. 10–37). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, E. M., Ala’i-Rosales, S. S., Glenn, S. S., Rosales-Ruiz, J., & Greenspoon, J. (2006). The effects of graduated exposure, modeling, and contingent social attention on tolerance to skin care products with two children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 27, 585–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 51–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2007a). Mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 493–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, E., & Hatton, C. (2007b). Poverty, socio-economic position, social capital and the health of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Britain: A replication. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 866–874.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. W., Canavera, K., Kleinpeter, F. L., Maccubbin, E., & Taga, K. (2005). The fears, phobias and anxieties of children with autism spectrum disorders and down syndrome: Comparisons with developmentally and chronologically age matched children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 36, 3–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, W. M. L., & Lyons, E. (2001). Methodological issues in interviewing and using self-report questionnaires with people with mental retardation. Psychological Assessment, 13, 319–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gothelf, D., Goraly, O., Avni, S., Stawski, M., Hartmann, I., Basel-Vanagaite, L., et al. (2008). Psychiatric morbidity with focus on obsessive-compulsive disorder in an Israeli cohort of adolescents with mild to moderate mental retardation. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115, 929–936.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gullone, E. (1996). Normal fear in people with a physical or intellectual disability. Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 689–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagopian, L. P., Crockett, J. L., & Keeney, K. M. (2001). Multicomponent treatment for blood-injury-injection phobia in a young man with mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 22, 141–149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagopian, L. P., & Jennett, H. K. (2008). Behavioral assessment and treatment of anxiety in individuals with intellectual disabilities and autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 20, 467–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, R. P., & Brown, T. (2002). Behavioural knowledge, causal beliefs and self-efficacy as predictors of special educators’ emotional reactions to challenging behaviours. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 144–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, R. P., Daley, D., Burns, C., & Beck, A. (2006). Maternal distress and expressed emotion: Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships with behavior problems of children with intellectual disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 111, 48–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heal, L. W., & Sigelman, C. K. (1995). Response biases in interviews of individuals with limited mental ability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 331–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hedley, D., & Young, R. (2006). Social comparison processes and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome. Autism, 10, 139–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, H. (1983). Current trends in the treatment of phobias in autistic and mentally retarded persons. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 9, 191–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, H. J., & King, N. J. (1982). The therapeutic management of an autistic childs phobia using laughter as the anxiety inhibitor. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 10, 364–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., & Ryan, S. M. (1997). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, N. J., Ollendick, T. H., Gullone, E., Cummins, R. A., & Josephs, A. (1990). Fears and phobias in children with intellectual disabilities: Assessment and intervention strategies. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16, 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegel, R. L., Openden, D., & Koegel, L. K. (2004). A systematic desensitization paradigm to treat hypersensitivity to auditory stimuli in children with autism in family contexts. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 29, 122–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenberg, R., Greenberg, D., Reymore, L., & Hass, G. (1972). Behavior modification and the management of mentally retarded dental patients. ASDC J Dent Child, 39, 61–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leyfer, O. T., Folstein, S. E., Bacalman, S., Davis, N. O., Dinh, E., Morgan, J., et al. (2006). Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 849–861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. R. (1999). Cognitive therapy. Psychologist, 12, 238–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. R., Fee, M., Michie, A., & Heap, I. (1994). The effects of cue control relaxation on adults with severe mental-retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 15, 425–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. R., Neilson, C., & Lawrenson, H. (1997). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for anxiety in people with learning disabilities. In B. Stenfert Kroese, D. Dagnan, & K. Loumides (Eds.), Cognitive-behaviour therapy for people with learning disabilities (pp. 124–140). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, S. R., Matson, J. L., & West, D. (1990). Mothers as effective therapists for autistic children’s phobias. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 379–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luiselli, J. K. (1977). Case-report – attendant administered contingency management program for treatment of a toileting phobia. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 21, 283–288.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luiselli, J. K. (1978). Treatment of an autistic child’s fears of riding a school bus through exposure and reinforcement. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 9, 169–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luscre, D. M., & Center, D. B. (1996). Procedures for reducing dental fear in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(5), 547–556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNally, R. J. (2007). Mechanisms of exposure therapy: How neuroscience can improve psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 750–759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacNeil, B. M., Lopes, V. A., & Minnes, P. M. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masi, G., Brovedani, P., Mucci, M., & Favilla, L. (2002). Assessment of anxiety and depression in adolescents with mental retardation. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 32, 227–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L. (1981). Assessment and treatment of clinical fears in mentally retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 287–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, J., Oliver, C., Arron, K., Burbidge, C., & Berg, K. (2009). The prevalence and phenomenology of repetitive behavior in genetic syndromes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 572–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullins, J. L., & Christian, L. (2001). The effects of progressive relaxation training on the disruptive behavior of a boy with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 22, 449–462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Luijten, M. (2002). The connection between cognitive development and specific fears and worries in normal children and children with below-average intellectual abilities: A preliminary study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 37–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muris, P., Steerneman, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., & Meesters, C. (1998). Comorbid anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12, 387–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, C., & Adams, K. (2004). Dog done good: managing dog phobia in a teenage boy with a learning disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32, 35–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ooi, Y. P., Lam, C. M., Sung, M., Tan, W. T. S., Goh, T. J., Fung, D. S. S., et al. (2008). Effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on anxiety for children with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorders. Singapore Medical Journal, 49, 215–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paclawskyj, T. R., Kurtz, P. F., & O’Connor, J. T. (2004). Functional assessment of problem behaviors in adults with mental retardation. Behavior Modification, 28, 649–667.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quigley, A., Murray, G. C., McKenzie, K. & Elliot, G. (2001). Staff knowledge about symptoms of mental health in people with a learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 5, 235–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reaven, J., & Hepburn, S. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a child with Asperger syndrome – A case report. Autism, 7, 145–164.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, S., Girling, E., Coker, S., & Eastwood, L. (2006). The effect of mental health problems on children’s ability to discriminate amongst thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 599–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricciardi, J. N., Luiselli, J. K., & Camare, M. (2006). Shaping approach responses as intervention for specific phobia in a child with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39(4), 445–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, K. S., Bowman, L. G., Eidman, S. L., Toole, L. M., & Mortenson, B. P. (2004). Assessing psychopathology in individuals with developmental disabilities. Behavior Modification, 28(5), 621–637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Tizard, J., Yule, W., Graham, P., & Whitmore, K. (1976). Isle of Wight Studies1964–1974. Psychological Medicine, 6(2), 313–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., et al. (1997). Children’s Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(6), 844–852.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shabani, D. B., & Fisher, W. W. (2006). Stimulus fading and differential reinforcement for the treatment of needle phobia in a youth with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39(4), 449–452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sovner, R. (1986). Limiting factors in the use of DSM-III criteria with mentally-ill mentally-retarded persons. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22(4), 1055–1059.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sovner, R., & Lowry, M. A. (1990). A behavioral methodology for diagnosing affective disorders in individuals with mental retardation. The Habilitative Mental Health Newsletter, 9, 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • State, M. W., Dykens, E. M., Rosner, B., Martin, A., & King, B. H. (1999). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Prader-Willi and “Prader-Willi-like” patients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(3), 329–334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturmey, P. (2006). On some recent claims for the efficacy of cognitive therapy for people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19(1), 109–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suveg, C., Comer, J. S., Furr, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2006). Adapting manualized CBT for a cognitively delayed child with multiple anxiety disorders. Clinical Case Studies, 5(6), 488–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sze, K. M., & Wood, J. J. (2008). Enhancing CBT for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders and concurrent anxiety. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(4), 403–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szivos, S. E. (1991). Social comparisons with siblings made by adolescents with a learning-difficulty. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 1(3), 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonge, B. J. (2007). The psychopathology of children with intellectual disabilities. In N. Bouras & G. Holt (Eds.), Psychiatric and behavioural disorders in intellectual and developmental disabilities (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toole, L. M., Bowman, L. G., Thomason, J. L., Hagopian, L. P., & Rush, K. S. (2003). Observed increases in positive affect during behavioral treatment. Behavioral Interventions, 18(1), 35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, J., Robbins, I., & Woodhead, M. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder in young people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 872–875.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenhout, M., & Merckelbach, H. (1991). Classical conditioning – Still going strong. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 19(1), 59–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. E., Aman, M. G., & Singh, N. N. (1988). The psychopathology instrument for mentally retarded adults – Psychometric characteristics, factor structure and relationships to subject characteristics. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 9(3), 277–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wehmeyer, M. L., & Mithaug, D. (2006). Self-determination, causal agency, and mental retardation. In L. M. Glidden (Series Ed.) & H. Swtizky (Vol. Ed.), International Review of Research in Mental Retardation: Vol. 31 Current Perspectives on Individual Differences in Personality and Motivation in Persons with Mental Retardation and Other Developmental Disabilities (pp. 31–71). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, S. W., Oswald, D., Ollendick, T., & Scahill, L. (2009). Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(3), 216–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, R. M., Tudway, J. A., Look, R., & Kroese, B. S. (2006). Adapting individual psychotherapy for adults with intellectual disabilities: A comparative review of the cognitive-behavioural and psychodynamic literature. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 19(1), 55–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitman, T. L. (1990). Self-regulation and mental-retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 94(4), 347–362.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. J., Drahota, A., Sze, K., Har, K., Chiu, A., & Langer, D. A. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(3), 224–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock, K., Oliver, C., & Humphreys, G. (2009). Associations between repetitive questioning, resistance to change, temper outbursts and anxiety in Prader-Willi and Fragile-X syndromes. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 265–278.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zigler, E. & Bennett-Gates, D. (Eds.) (1999). Personality development in individuals with mental retardation. Boston: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Community Learning Disabilities Team, The Old School, Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Main Street, Distington, Cumbria, CA14 5UJ, UK

    Dave Dagnan

  2. University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK

    Dave Dagnan

Authors
  1. Dave Dagnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dave Dagnan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Psychology, Fordham University, East Fordham Road 441, Bronx, 10458, New York, USA

    Dean McKay

  2. , Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, a, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33612, Florida, USA

    Eric A. Storch

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dagnan, D. (2011). Phobias and Anxiety-Related Problems in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. In: McKay, D., Storch, E. (eds) Handbook of Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7784-7_29

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation